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Objectives: To describe American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) surgeon submental flap (SMF) practice patterns and to evaluate variables associated with SMF complications., Methods: The design is a cross-sectional study. An online survey was distributed to 782 AHNS surgeons between 11/11/16 and 12/31/16. Surgeon demographics, training, practice patterns and techniques were characterized and evaluated for associations with frequency of SMF complications., Results: Among 212 AHNS surgeons, 108 (50.9%) reported performing SMFs, of whom 86 provided complete responses. Most surgeons who performed the SMF routinely reconstructed oral cavity defects with the flap (86.1%, n = 74). Thirty-seven surgeons (43.0%) experienced "very few" complications with the SMF. Surgeons who practiced in the United States versus internationally (p = 0.003), performed more total career SMFs (p = 0.02), and routinely reconstructed parotid and oropharyngeal defects (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001) with SMFs were more frequently perceived to have "very few" complications. SMF surgeons reported more perceived complications with the SMF compared to pectoralis major (p = 0.001) and radial forearm free flaps (p = 0.01). However, similar perceived complications were reported between all three flaps when surgeons performed >30 SMF. Among 94 surgeons not performing SMFs, 71.3% had interest in a SMF training course., Conclusions: Practice patterns of surgeons performing SMFs are diverse, although most use the flap for oral cavity reconstruction. While 43% of surgeons performing the SMF reported "very few" complications, overall complication rates with the SMF were higher compared to other flaps, potentially due to limited experience with the SMF. Increased training opportunities in SMF harvest and inset are indicated., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Purpose: The specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery has witnessed a large trend of inclusion of maxillofacial oncology and microvascular reconstructive surgery within its scope of practice in recent years. The purpose of this report is to describe the authors' experience with a very active oncologic and microvascular reconstructive surgical service within an academic oral and maxillofacial surgical program at a large university teaching hospital., Materials and Methods: The operative log from July 1, 2010, to June 30, 2011, of 325 operations devoted to head and neck oncology and reconstruction was examined. Thirty-nine patients (group A) received a pedicled flap for head and neck reconstruction. Sixty-three patients (group B) received a microvascular free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction. Financial records of 20 consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous ablative and reconstructive procedures in each group were then reviewed for total hospital charges, including direct (surgical fees) and indirect (hospital stay, operating room expenses, and ancillary services) charges, and length of stay., Results: Total hospital charges and direct surgical fees, were higher for the microvascular reconstruction group (group B). Length of hospital stay was not statistically different between the two groups., Conclusions: Microvascular reconstructive surgery performed within an academic oral and maxillofacial surgical program has many financial and intangible benefits within a medical center., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the criterion standard treatment for high-risk skin cancers. Few data on current MMS Utilization are available., Objective: To better understand current trends in MMS use in the Medicare population., Methods and Materials: The 2009 Medicare Limited Data Set Standard Analytic File (LDSSAF), carrier claims, 5% sample and the Physician Supplier Procedure Master File (PSPMF) 100% summary were analyzed., Results: In 2009, 558,447 Medicare MMS cases were performed, with an average of 1.75 stages per case. In the 5% claims sample, 0.3% and 1.3% of MMS cases were performed for melanoma and carcinoma in situ, respectively. Total annual volume predictions for 1,777 providers showed a left-shifted curve. 65.8% of LDSSAF cases had same-day MMS repairs: 48.7% of repairs were complex, 9.8% intermediate, 32.4% flaps, and 7.4% full-thickness skin grafts., Conclusions: The 5% LDSSAF is highly predictive of total claim volumes and is useful for modeling practice trends. There is wide variation in MMS provider annual case volume. These data reflect only Medicare Part B enrollees in 2009; 5% LDDSAF extrapolations are predictions based on sampling., (© 2012 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The purpose of this study was to objectively assess this widely recognised problem of the bulky adipocutaneous Anterolateral thigh flap in the European population that may have implications in the reconstruction of head and neck cancer patients. We report 50 cases that underwent specific prospective thigh skinfold thickness assessment as part of assessment of suitability for ALT flap reconstruction following cancer ablation. The null hypothesis was that thigh skinfold thickness and circumference in an oral cancer population do not differ significantly from published sino-Asian norms. This study confirms anthropometrically the suspicion that European thigh skinfold thickness in a head and neck cancer population is greater than sino-Asian comparators., (Copyright © 2010 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose of Review: In the current era of organ-preservation therapies, surgical salvage and reconstruction of defects following ablation of mucosa and soft tissue in the head and neck is extremely challenging because of the toxic effects of chemoradiation and intensive radiotherapy on wounds. The anatomical, physiological and immunological properties of the gastro-omental flap make it an ideal reconstructive technique in head and neck surgery., Recent Findings: Several case series published in the past 12 months highlight the utility of this flap in inhospitable wounds and particularly in restoration of circumferential pharyngeal defects. The gastro-omental flap produces satisfactory functional results and morbidity in this group of high-risk patients., Summary: The gastro-omental free flap provides an alternative to traditional reconstructive techniques that is ideally suited to high-risk complex wounds in the head and neck.

Background: Immediate reconstruction of composite head and neck defects using free tissue transfer is an accepted treatment standard. There remains, however, ongoing debate on whether the costs associated with this reconstructive approach merit its selection, especially considering poor patient prognoses and the high cost of care., Methods: A retrospective review of the last 100 consecutive patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction for head and neck cancer by the two senior surgeons was performed to determine whether microsurgical complications or postoperative medical complications had the more profound influence on morbidity and mortality outcomes and the true costs of these reconstructions., Results: Two patients required re-exploration of the microsurgical anastomoses, for a re-exploration rate of 2 percent, and one flap failed, for a flap success rate of 99 percent. The major surgical complication rate requiring a second operative procedure was 6 percent. Sixteen percent had minor surgical complications related to the donor site. Major medical complications, defined as a significant risk to the patient's life, occurred in 5 percent of the patients, but there was a 37 percent incidence of "minor" medical complications primarily caused by pulmonary problems and alcohol withdrawal. Postsurgical complications almost doubled the average hospital stay from 13.5 days for those patients without complications to 24 days for patients with complications. Thirty-six percent of the true cost of microsurgical reconstruction of head and neck cancer was due to the intensive care unit and hospital room costs, and 24 percent was due to operating room costs. Postsurgical complications resulted in a 70.7 percent increase in true costs, reflecting a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit and not an increase in operating room costs or regular hospital room costs., Conclusion: Postoperative medical complications in these elderly, debilitated patients related to pulmonary problems and alcohol withdrawal were statistically far more important in negatively affecting the outcomes and true costs of microsurgical reconstruction.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate almost 20 years of using the pectoralis major flap in head and neck reconstruction at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Zagreb., Patients: In the period from 1981 to 1999, a total of 506 pectoralis major flaps were used for head and neck reconstruction in 500 patients. In all cases the flap was used after surgical resection of an advanced malignant tumour of the head and neck., Results: The tumours were intraoral in 387 cases (77%), pharyngeal in 78 cases (15%) and on the skin in 10 cases (5%). The defect was located in the mucosal lining in 407 (81%), skin in 43 (8%), both intra- and extraoral in 53 (10%) patients. Bone defects occurred in 65 patients. In 31 patients (6%), the pectoralis major flap was used in combination with other flaps (deltopectoral, tongue, trapezius and free flaps). Complications occurred with 168 flaps (33%), but total flap necrosis was only seen in 10 patients (2%). Surgical treatment of complications was necessary in 87 patients (17%)., Conclusion: Despite the increasing use of microvascular reconstruction, the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap continues to be the most universal major flap in head and neck reconstruction.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous pedicled flap (PMMPF) has been considered to be the "workhorse" of pedicled flaps for head and neck reconstruction, and several series of PMMPF procedures have been reported in the literature. Between 1983 and 1997, 244 reconstruction procedures using the PMMPF were carried out on 229 patients by the Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department at the Toronto General Hospital. Pectoralis major myocutaneous pedicled flap reconstructions were completed after ablation of cancer in the following sites: oral cavity, 113; oropharynx/hypopharynx, 50; larynx, 59; and other, 21. The locations of reconstruction were oral cavity, 121; pharynx, 74; and neck or face, 50. Of the 244 cases, 202 were carried out as primary reconstructive procedures, whereas 42 flaps were "salvage" procedures (reconstruction after fistula, flap failure, osteoradionecrosis, and internal jugular vein rupture). Eighty-five cases (35%) were affected by complications such as dehiscence, infection, hematoma, seroma, partial flap failure, total flap failure, fistula, and donor site complications. The duration of admission for cases with complications was longer, and higher complication rates were associated with salvage procedures, number of comorbidities, number of pack-years of cigarettes smoked, and oral cavity reconstructions. This series of consecutive PMMPF procedures is the largest reported to date.

Background: Because the probability of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) recurrence was thought to be 30% to 50%, surgical tradition became not to perform additional resection when the margin was positive., Objective: To determine whether there is an association among age or sex of the patient, anatomic location, histologic type, or reconstructive procedures and the signs and symptoms of the recurrence, interval between incomplete resection and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), or extent of MMS resection., Design: During 20 years, all patients with incompletely excised BCC of the head referred for MMS were sequentially prospectively accrued into the cohort., Setting: An outpatient MMS practice., Patients: Nine hundred ninety-four patients., Main Outcome Measures: Interval to tumor recurrence, interval to MMS, and extent of MMS as determined by mean surface area resected, depth of resection, and number of tumor nests., Results: The interval to signs or symptoms of recurrence and to MMS from incomplete resection was greater for men, patients older than 65 years, those having a tumor on the nose or cheek, those with aggressive or fibrosing BCC, and those who underwent flap reconstruction (P =.001). The extent of MMS resection was greater for those with flap and split-thickness skin graft repairs. The number of tumor nests identified by MMS was significantly greater in those treated with split-thickness skin graft and flap (P =.001)., Conclusion: Because it is more difficult to control recurrent BCC, treating tumor remaining at the margin of resection in the immediate postoperative period could result in less extensive surgery.

Microvascular free tissue transfer has in many cases replaced classic flap techniques and is now an established workhorse for head and neck reconstructions. In this retrospective study the over 300 patients, who had microvascular free flap reconstructions in head and neck cancer surgery in Finland during a 10-year period (1986-1995) were reviewed. The operations were performed in the University Hospitals by plastic surgeons, ENT specialists or maxillofacial surgeons. The cases consisted of defects resulting from resection of oral cavity tumors (63%), mid- or upper-face and skullbase tumors (20%) and hypopharyngo-esophageal tumors (17%). The series includes a wide range of flap types and analyses flap outcome and complications. A total of 313 cases was reconstructed by 317 flaps (forearm flaps 47%, latissimus dorsi flaps 19%, free jejunum or colon transfers 15%, free iliaca crest flaps 8% and other flaps 11%). Thrombosis of one of the vessels and haematoma were the most frequent causes of failure in microvascular free tissue transfer. A total flap necrosis occurred in 27 (8.5%) and a partial necrosis in 12 (4%) patients. The most reliable flap in terms of survival was the radial forearm flap. The ever-improving success of microvascular free tissue transfer has made it a useful procedure for head and neck reconstructions. There is also a growing need for microvascular team surgery in the field of head and neck cancer therapy.

Surgical reconstruction of large head and neck tumors involves great problems. Preoperative irradiation increases the risk of postoperative complications. The use of microvascular free flaps has definitive advantages over conventional reconstruction techniques and permits immediate preoperative high-dose radiation therapy. Eighty-eight patients, 55 (62%) men and 33 (38%) women, with head and neck tumors underwent microvascular reconstruction at the Turku University Central Hospital in 1985-1995; 77 of them were irradiated before surgery. All irradiated patients underwent primary reconstruction. The preoperative radiation dose was 50-65 Gy. The free tissue transfer was successful in 77 (88%) of the 88 patients. The success rate was 87% in irradiated patients and 91% in nonirradiated patients. Free tissue transfers are suitable for one-stage reconstruction in selected patients such as those receiving high-dose preoperative irradiation. The transfer of microvascular free flaps to the head and neck has become the most common reconstruction method owing to its increasing success rates as well as its excellent esthetic and functional results.

Combinations of arterialized flaps with other grafts have to be used for repair of extensive perforating defects caused by removal of local disseminated malignant tumors of the head and neck. A total of 635 plastic surgeries were carried out during the latest 15 years at Department for Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Of these, combined plasty was carried out in 79 cases; in 28 patients the tumor was localized in the median area of the face, in 37 in the lower part, and in 14 on the neck. Primary combined plasty was carried out in 41 patients, delayed repair in 38. Musculocutaneous flaps were used in 42 cases, fatty-cutaneous ones in 37. A working schematic classification of variants of primary and delayed combined plasty in patients operated on for tumors of the head and neck has been developed.