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Background Low birth weight (LBW)/prematurity have been proposed as risk factors for the development of kidney disease in adulthood. Whether there is an association between LBW/prematurity and poor renal outcomes in childhood onset nephrotic syndrome remains unknown. Methods Children with nephrotic syndrome diagnosed between 1 and 18 years of age were followed prospectively from 1996 to 2016 at The Hospital for Sick Children (N = 377). LBW/prematurity was defined as birth weight < 2500 g or gestational age < 36 weeks. Normal birth weight (NBW) was defined as birth weight [greater than or equal to] 2500 g. Measures evaluating clinical course of nephrotic syndrome include initial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), time to first relapse, and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to determine the association of LBW/prematurity with clinical outcomes. Results Median birth weights in LBW/premature (n = 46) and NBW (n = 331) children were 2098 g (interquartile range [IQR] 1700-2325 g) and 3317 g (IQR 2977-3685 g), respectively. Odds of having SRNS were 3.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-11.21) times higher among LBW/premature children than NBW children. An 8% decrease in odds of developing SRNS was observed for every 100 g increase in birth weight (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.92; 95% CI 0.86-0.98). Median time to first relapse did not differ (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89; 95% CI 0.53-1.16). Conclusions LBW/premature children were more likely to develop SRNS but did not have a difference in time to first relapse with NBW children. Understanding the impact and mechanism of birth weight and steroid-resistant disease needs further study., Author(s): Natalia Konstantelos [sup.1] [sup.2] , Tonny Banh [sup.1] , Viral Patel [sup.2] , Jovanka Vasilevska-Ristovska [sup.1] , Karlota Borges [sup.1] , Neesha Hussain-Shamsy [sup.2] , Damien Noone [sup.2] [sup.3] [...]