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INTRODUCTION In 2020, 29.8% of Australia's population was born overseas and over 7.6 million migrants were living in Australia [1]. In 2019, there were 2.43 million temporary migrants in Australia [...], : Introduction:: Overseas‐born gay and bisexual men (GBM) are overrepresented in HIV diagnoses in Australia. We assessed social and sexual behaviours, and the use of HIV prevention and testing, by region of birth and length of residence in Australia. We sought to identify similarities and differences between recently arrived and non‐recently arrived GBM from non‐English‐speaking countries to improve targeting and engagement with HIV testing and prevention. Methods:: Data were collected in national repeated, behavioural surveillance surveys conducted across Australia during 2019–2021. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that differentiated between recently arrived ( Results: Among 24,707 participants in 2019–21, 2811 (11.4%) were from high‐income English‐speaking countries, 714 (2.9%) were recently arrived overseas‐born GBM and 3833 (15.5%) were non‐recently arrived migrants. Recently arrived GBM were most likely to be born in Asia (36.1%) and Europe (21.1%). Compared with non‐recently arrived GBM, recently arrived GBM from non‐English‐speaking countries were younger (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.94–0.96, p Conclusions: Recently arrived GBM from non‐English‐speaking countries reported similar levels of risk of HIV acquisition to longer‐term residents in Australia, but lower levels of PrEP awareness and use, and more reliance on HIV testing services which are free or low cost. It is necessary to enhance access to HIV testing and prevention among recently arrived GBM in Australia.

INTRODUCTION In 2021, the global population of children who are perinatally HIV exposed but HIV negative (CHEU) was almost 16 million, with another one million CHEU born annually [1, 2]. [...], : Introduction: Several HIV‐related syndemics have been described among adults. We investigated syndemic vulnerability to hazardous drinking (HD), intimate partner violence (IPV) and household food insecurity (HFIS) in breastfed children born without HIV in urban South Africa. We compared those who were perinatally HIV exposed (CHEU) to those who were not (CHU), under conditions of universal maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) and breastfeeding. Methods: A prospective cohort of pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV), and without HIV, were enrolled and followed with their infants for 12 months postpartum (2013–2017). All WLHIV initiated antenatal efavirenz‐based ART. Measurements of growth (∼3 monthly), infectious cause hospitalisation, ambulatory childhood illness (2‐week recall) and neurodevelopment (BSID‐III, measured at ∼12 months’ age) were compared across bio‐social strata using generalised linear regression models, with interaction terms; maternal data included interview‐based measures for HD (AUDIT‐C), IPV (WHO VAW) and HFIS. Results: Among 872 breastfeeding mother‐infant pairs (n = 461 CHEU, n = 411 CHU), WLHIV (vs. HIV negative) reported more unemployment (279/461, 60% vs. 217/411, 53%; p = 0.02), incomplete secondary education (347/461, 75% vs. 227/411, 55%; p < 0.0001), HD (25%, 117/459 vs. 7%, 30/411; p < 0.0001) and IPV (22%, 101/457 vs. 8%, 32/411; p < 0.0001) at enrolment; and HFIS at 12 months (45%, 172/386 vs. 30%, 105/352; p > 0.0001). There were positive interactions between maternal HIV and other characteristics. Compared to food secure CHU, the mean difference (95% CI) in weight‐for‐age Z‐score (WAZ) was 0.06 (−0.14; 0.25) for food insecure CHU; −0.26 (−0.42; −0.10) for food secure CHEU; and −0.43 (−0.61; −0.25), for food insecure CHEU. Results were similar for underweight (WAZ < −2), infectious‐cause hospitalisation, cognitive and motor delay. HIV‐IPV interactions were evident for ambulatory diarrhoea and motor delay. There were HIV‐HD interactions for odds of underweight, stunting, cognitive and motor delay. Compared to HD‐unexposed CHU, the odds ratios (95% CI) of underweight were 2.31 (1.11; 4.82) for HD‐exposed CHU; 3.57 (0.84; 15.13) for HD‐unexposed CHEU and 6.01 (2.22; 16.22) for HD‐exposed CHEU. Conclusions: These data suggest that maternal HIV‐related syndemics may partly drive excess CHEU health risks, highlighting an urgent need for holistic maternal and family care and support alongside ART to optimise the health of CHEU.

INTRODUCTION Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Most sexually active people become infected with HPV at some point in their lives [1?3]. HPV types with [...], : Introduction: As the leading sexually transmitted infection worldwide, human papillomavirus (HPV) may disproportionately affect transwomen. We aimed to estimate anal HPV prevalence, especially focusing on high?risk (hr)?HPV types and evaluate their associated factors among transwomen living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: Transwomen enrolled in a respondent?driven sampling (RDS)?based survey conducted between August 2015 and January 2016 self?collected anal samples, which were promptly stored at minus 80°C. After DNA extraction, HPV detection and genotyping were performed using the PapilloCheck test. We estimated HPV prevalences and evaluated the correlates of anal hr?HPV infection using a regression logistic model. Results: Out of 345 transwomen, 272 (78.8%) were included in this analysis (122 [44.9%] HIV?positive). No participant had ever received HPV vaccination. Among participants enrolled, 212 (77.9%) were positive for any anal HPV type and 165 (60.7%) for hr?HPV. Most common hr?HPV were as follows: HPV16 (17.6%), HPV68 (14.7%), HPV39 (14.3%), HPV56 (12.5%), HPV51 (11.4%) and HPV52 (11.0%). HIV?positive transwomen had three times the odds of having an hr?HPV compared to HIV?negative transwomen. Participants who had a current rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection had 3.7 times the odds of being coinfected with hr?HPV. Among HIV?positive transwomen, neither antiretroviral therapy use, undetectable viral load, current and nadir CD4 counts were associated with anal hr?HPV infection. Conclusions: Brazilian transwomen in our study exhibit some of the highest population?specific rates of HPV and hr?HPV. There is an urgent need to elucidate the burden of HPV infection, prevalence of HPV?related diseases and access to and uptake of HPV vaccination among transwomen, especially from low? and middle?income settings.

Background: We report longitudinal trends in alcohol and recreational drug use and their associations with clinical outcomes in a Thai cohort of people living with HIV who are men who [...]

Introduction Biomedical HIV prevention technologies, such as antiretroviral pre?exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), hold enormous potential to substantially reduce HIV acquisition in high?risk populations globally. To maximize impact and minimize costs, PrEP [...], : Introduction: To maximize impact and minimize costs, antiretroviral pre?exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) interventions should be offered to those at highest risk for HIV infection. The risk score derived from the VOICE trial is one tool currently being utilized to determine eligibility in adolescent PrEP trials in sub?Saharan Africa. This study is aimed at evaluating the utility of the risk score in predicting HIV incidence among a cohort of adolescent girls in rural South Africa. Methods: We utilized data from HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 068, a phase III randomized controlled trial conducted in rural Mpumalanga province, South Africa. School?attending young women aged 13 to 20 years were enrolled into the trial from 2011 to 2012 and followed for up to three years. A risk score based on individual?level risk factors measured at enrolment was calculated for HPTN 068 participants who completed a one?year follow?up visit and were HIV seronegative at enrolment. Possible scores ranged from 0 to 10. A proportional hazards model was then used to determine if risk score at enrolment was predictive of incident HIV infection at follow?up and an area under the curve analysis was used to examine the predictive ability of the score. Results and Discussion: The risk score had limited variability in the HPTN 068 sample. Scores ?5 identified 85% of incident infections from 94% of the sample, compared to the VOICE sample in which scores ?5 identified 91% of incident infections from only 64% of participants. The risk score did not predict HIV incidence after one year of follow?up (hazard ratio = 1.029; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.704, 1.503, p =.884) and showed poor predictive ability (area under the curve = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.65). Certain individual risk factors that comprise the risk score may be context specific or not relevant for adolescent populations. Additional factors should be considered when assessing risk for the purposes of determining PrEP eligibility. Conclusions: The VOICE risk score demonstrated low utility to predict HIV incidence in the HPTN 068 sample. Findings highlight the need for an age and developmentally appropriate tool for assessing risk for HIV infection among adolescents. Use of the VOICE risk score for determining PrEP eligibility in younger populations should be carefully considered.

Public health surveillance of key maternal health indicators is critical for monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of policy and programmatic efforts for maternal and infant health. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment [...], To assess the validity of self-reported maternal and infant health indicators reported by mothers an average of 4 months after delivery. Three validity measures--sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV)--were calculated for pregnancy history, pregnancy complications, health care utilization, and infant health indicators self-reported on the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) questionnaire by a representative sample of mothers delivering live births in New York City (NYC) (n = 603) and Vermont (n = 664) in 2009. Data abstracted from hospital records served as gold standards. All data were weighted to be representative of women delivering live births in NYC or Vermont during the study period. Most PRAMS indicators had >90 % specificity. Indicators with >90 % sensitivity and PPV for both sites included prior live birth, any diabetes, and Medicaid insurance at delivery, and for Vermont only, infant admission to the NICU and breastfeeding in the hospital. Indicators with poor sensitivity and PPV ( Keywords Validation * Pregnancy * Preterm * HIV test Introduction