Abstract: The mortality of juveniles of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and related physiological responses (osmoregulation and heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) gene expression) were studied in a simulated field salinity decrease after a heavy rainfall in summer. Salinity firstly decreased gradually from 30psu to 20psu (S20) or 25psu (S25) at a rate of 2.5psu every 6h, and then was maintained at 20psu or 25psu. After 96h at the low salinities, salinity was increased gradually to 30psu at a rate of 2.5psu every 6h, and then was maintained at 30psu for 96h. There was no mortality during salinity decreases, but 40%โ50% mortality occurred when salinities were maintained at low levels. The osmotic pressure of the coelomic fluid changed with decrease in ambient salinity but stabilized within 6h after the salinity change. In both S20 and S25 treatments, expression of hsp70 mRNA increased initially after salinity decrease, reached a maximum value at the lowest salinity and returned to the control level (without salinity decrease) after 72-h low-salinity exposure. These data suggest that low salinity can cause large-scale mortality of juvenile A. japonicus, which may be partly due to the rapid decrease of osmotic pressure in the coelomic fluid during hypo-osmotic stress. Furthermore, cellular level stress is indicated by up-regulation of mRNA for the molecular chaperone Hsp70, but this adaptive response can only provide temporary protection against salinity decrease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]