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AbstractThe boundary layer fluid flow past a wedge surface occurs in various industrial processes, including wire drawing, metal foaming, polymer extraction, fiber processing, and in determining the dynamic properties (shear stress, drag) of working fluids. Theoretically, the boundary layer three-dimensional flow of a magnetized hybrid nanoliquid over a wedge surface is studied with viscous dissipation and radiation effects. The flow is due to moving wedge surface and power-law free-stream velocities. The current study unifies three different classical flow problems, namely, the Blasius flow, the Hiemenz flow, and the Falkner-Skan flow. Single-phase description of hybrid nanofluid is considered, and the problem is kept realistic by considering the experimental thermophysical properties of the nanomaterial. The governing system consists of conservation of mass, momentum, and the energy equations for hybrid nanofluids. Prandtl’s boundary layer approximations are applied to study the viscous dominant fluid regimes. The entropy equation and the Bejan number are also derived. Numerical computations of self-similar equations are obtained to explore the rheological and the heat transport features against the physical parameters. The Nusselt number and the drag on the wedge surface are computed and analyzed. Of the three classical flow problems, the maximum thickness of the momentum layer occurs for the Blasius flow problem. A minimum drag force on the wedge surface occurs for lower Hartmann number values. Furthermore, an increase in the volume fraction of the hybrid nanoparticles leads to an enhanced heat transport. The use of carbon nanotubes which has exceptional characteristics are taken into consideration in this study. This study also demonstrates the comparison on three-different classical flow problems (Blasius flow, Hiemenz flow, and Falkner-Skan flow). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the formulation and validation of a three-dimensional Flow Lattice Model (FLM) with application to the Hygro-Thermo-Chemical (HTC) model for analysis of moisture transport and heat transfer in cementitious materials. The FLM is a discrete transport model formulated in association with meso-mechanical models, such as the Lattice Discrete Particle Model. This enables the simulation of transport phenomena at the length scale at which the material exhibits intrinsic heterogeneity. The HTC theoretical formulation is based on mass and energy conservation laws, written using humidity and temperature as primary variables, and considering explicitly various chemical reactions, for example, cement hydration and silica fume reaction, as internal variables. In this work, the HTC formulation was extended to include the effect of temperature on the sorption isotherm. The FLM solutions were compared with those of a continuum finite element implementation of the HTC model and experimental data available from the literature; the overall agreement demonstrates the reliability of the proposed approach in reproducing phenomena such as cement hydration, self-desiccation and temperature-dependent moisture drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow field structure of the bipolar plates is a key factor in determining the heat and mass transfer performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). To improve its performance and obtain an optimized design and fabrication method, this paper proposes a novel baffled flow field bipolar plate and successfully realizes its preparation using 3D printing technology. A PEMFC computational fluid dynamics model was established for numerical simulation, and polarization tests were also performed to verify the simulation results. The results show that the incorporation of 30°, 60°, and 90° sub-baffles helped to increase the maximum power density of the PEMFC by 3.5%, 8.4%, and 14.7%, respectively, compared to no sub-baffles. The oxygen mass transfer efficiency of the flow field with a 90° sub-baffle increased by 9.4% and 22.1% compared to the 60° and 30° sub-baffles, respectively. However, the increase in inclination angle also causes more water and heat in the flow channel to enter the membrane electrode, which hinders the further improvement of PEMFC performance. This study will provide new ideas and solutions for the flow field structure design and preparation of bipolar plates. [Display omitted] • A novel flow field structure with main and sub-baffle was designed. • Forming of metal bipolar plates with complex flow field structure by 3D printing. • The mass and heat transfer characteristics in different flow field structures were studied. • Oxygen transfer efficiency increases with increasing inclination of the sub-baffle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for heat dissipation has prompted considerable interest in the manifold micro-pin–fin heat sink (MMPFHS) as a promising solution for high heat flux cooling applications. The two-dimensional topology of this multi-layered heat sink plays a pivotal role in organizing the three-dimensional spatial flow, consequently influencing both hydraulic and thermal performance. This study proposes and comparatively analyzes the only three rhombus-based tiling topologies applicable to MMPFHS, specifically the rhombus topology (RT), triangle hexies topology (THT), and firecracker topology (FT), all of which adhere to the principles of gapless, non-overlapping, and spatially expandable tiling topology. The relations of topological geometry and the hydraulic and thermal performances are explored and compared. And figure of merit (FOM) is also introduced to assess their overall performance. The results indicate that the overall performance of THT is predominant. When DPF = 100 μm, a = 200 μm, Din = 50, Re = 64.87, the temperature non-uniformity on the heating surface of THT is only 0.022 K, the thermal resistance is 9.4 × 10–6 km2 W−1, and the FOM of THT is about 1.14 times of that of RT. RT and FT have a similar performance, and the maximum deviation of FOM for both of them within the conditions studied in this paper is only 0.04. The paper provides a reference for selecting topologies in MMPFHS design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional subcooled flow boiling of R134a in a threaded tube was numerically simulated at the conditions of 200~400 kW/m2 heat flux, 3~20 K inlet subcooling, and 0.2~0.6 m/s inlet velocity. The bubble behavior in the horizontal threaded tube with 0.581 mm thread tooth height was observed. The effect of heat flux, inlet subcooling, and inlet velocity on bubble departure diameter and heat transfer coefficient were explored. The results presented the whole growth process of five kinds of bubbles. It was found that the bubbles either collapsed in cold liquid after leaving the heating wall or grew along the axial direction and contacted the heating wall. And there was no bubble sliding during the growth. In addition, the most important and special characteristic of bubble behavior in threaded tubes was the phenomenon of the bubble passing through the cavity. The coalescence and breakup behavior occurred after the bubble passed through the cavity. According to the discussions of the departure diameter and heat transfer coefficient, it was inferred that the bubble departure diameter increased with the increase of heat flux from 200~400 kW/m2 and subcooling from 3~20 K while decreasing with the increase of inlet velocity from 0.2~0.6 m/s. And due to the influence of the threaded tube structure, there are special points in the change of bubble departure diameter. The heat transfer coefficient of the bubbles in the threaded tube was higher than the smooth tube, which was increased by 1.5~12.5%. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase of heat flux and subcooling and is closely related to the bubble departure diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mold structure and cooling parameters are significant factors that affect the heat transfer capacity of high-speed continuous casting molds of billets. Therefore, a three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer model of a 160 mm × 160 mm billet mold was established, and its accuracy was verified. Thereby, the characteristics of heat transfer and influences of mold structure and cooling parameters on heat transfer in the high-speed continuous casting billet mold region were revealed. It was found that extending the effective length of a mold is the most valuable method to improve its heat transfer capability and achieve high-speed continuous casting. The total heat and the shell thickness at a mold outlet increased by 19% and 9.21% on average with every 100 mm extension. Enlarging the fillet radius could enhance the uniformity of heat transfer in the mold. Considering the loss of material, the optimal fillet radius of the mold was determined to be R = 10 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of non-Newtonian fluid (Casson fluid) in industry is increasingly appreciated. However, little is known about the flow rheology of Casson fluid flowing over a Riga plate. Thus, the purpose of this investigation is to examine the nature of entropy generation (EG) and heat transfer (HT) on Casson hybrid nanofluid flow past a Riga plate by considering the influences of magnetic field and thermal radiation. The Hamilton–Crosser (Model 1) and Xue model (Model 2) of thermal conductivity are incorporated for Casson hybrid nanofluid. The governing equations are solved by numerical methods i.e., bvp4c and shooting techniques. In the current framework, the comparative patterns for both models of temperature, velocities, EG and Bejan number are depicted due to the existing parameters. The domain of the pertinent parameters is taken as thermal radiation, 4 ≤ R a ≤ 7 ; stretching parameter, 0. 6 ≤ λ ≤ 1 ; Casson factor, 0. 5 ≤ δ ≤ 2 ; rotation parameter, 1 ≤ ℜ t ≤ 4 and Hartmann number, 2 ≤ H a ≤ 1 1. The outcomes show that the rise in volume fraction and thermal conductivity profile of Xue model (Model 2) is better than Hamilton–Crosser model (Model 1). Moreover, EG profiles are escalated with augmentation in values of Hartmann number and stretching parameter for both models. The results of the study are useful for predicting the rheology of right fluid, while it also assists in safeguarding the boundary layer (BL) separation, along with establishing a parallel force to the surface in assisting the domain of science and technology. Mathematical model addressing the three-dimensional flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate subject to viscous dissipation and linear thermal radiation was investigated. The solution to the governing equations are obtained through two numerical schemes, (i) shooting method and (ii) bvp4c. Effect of the active parameters on entropy generation is discussed through graphs and it was observed that for increasing value of both Hartmann number and stretching parameter the profiles of entropy generation increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the steady three-dimensional flow of a Sisko fluid over a bidirectional stretching sheet under the influence of Lorentz force. Heat transfer effects have been carried out for constant heat flux and Newtonian heating systems. The transformed governing equations of the flow model are solved by using the spectral relaxation method (SRM), taking into account similarity transformations. The effects of controlling parameters on flow and derived quantities have been presented in the form of graphs and tables. Numerical benchmarks are used to characterise the effects of skin friction and heat transfer rates. It is noticed that in the case of Newtonian heating, the rate of heat transfer is higher than that in the constant heat flux case. As the stretching parameter increases, the fluid temperature decreases in both Newtonian heating and constant heat flux. It was discovered that successive over (under) relaxation (SOR) approaches will considerably boost the convergence speed and stability of the SRM system. The current findings strongly agree with earlier studies in the case of Newtonian fluid when the magnetic field is absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study estimated the mixed convection around a sinusoidal cylinder inside a rectangular cavity. The key parameters for sinusoidal circular cylinders were the wavelength and Reynolds number (Re = 100, 500, and 1000) with a fixed Prandtl number of 0.7. The flow regimes were greatly affected by these parameters. The unsteadiness of the flow pattern was also affected by λ and Re. The results were analyzed by the thermal structure, vortical structure, and Nusselt number. Furthermore, the orthogonal enstrophy was used to quantify the three-dimensional flow characteristics, and the frequency of the surface-averaged Nusselt number for the heated bottom wall was used to analyze the unsteady characteristics. The heat transfer performance was enhanced by 6.6% at Re = 100 for λ = 3 compared to the circular cylinder. In addition, the heat transfer performance was enhanced by 6.6% and 2.6% at Re = 500 for λ = 2 and Re = 1000 for λ = 1, respectively, compared to the circular cylinder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the non-Newtonian Cassonnanofluid's three-dimensional flow and heat and mass transmission properties over a Riga plate. The Buongiorno nanofluid model, which is included in the present model, includes thermo-migration and random movement of nanoparticles. It also took into account the Cattaneo–Christov double flux processes in the mass and heat equations. The non-Newtonian Casson fluid model and the boundary layer approximation are included in the modeling of nonlinear partial differential systems. The homotopy technique was used to analytically solve the system's governing equations. To examine the impact of dimensionless parameters on velocities, concentrations, temperatures, local Nusselt number, skin friction, and local Sherwood number, a parametric analysis was carried out. The velocity profile is augmented in this study as the size of the modified Hartmann number increases. The greater thermal radiative enhances the heat transport rate. When the mass relaxation parameter is used, the mass flux values start to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional flow via swirling porous disks and an annular sector is carried out using fully developed hybrid nanofluids. Here, a single-phase simulation based on thermophysical characteristics using various nanoparticle sizes and shapes is taken into account. A regression function connected with the permeable Reynolds number for injection and suction was created. We used the well-known and accurate "shooting approach" to apply to the governing, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation systems to obtain numerical results. Additionally, parametric research was employed to control the impact of embedded flow factors on concentration, velocity, and temperature. While the physical features of the bottom and upper disks, such as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, are provided in a table, their characterization of the flow of several regulatory flow parameters, such as fluid velocity and temperature, is depicted graphically. The experimental range of nanoparticle fractions of 1% to 4% is considered with the Nusselt number having notable effects at φ = 4%. Both walls demonstrate the effects of an increase in injection factor, shear stress, and tensile stress. As the Eckert number rises at the lower wall, the rate of heat transfer dramatically increases, and the opposite is true for the upper wall. The rate of heat transmission is significantly impacted by the addition of different base fluids containing various kinds of nanoparticles. The aforementioned research created a solid foundation for the development of electronic computers with an emphasis on nanotechnology and biomedical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of viscoelastic fluid owing to stretching surfaces (SSs) has become well-known among the demanding study fields of fluid mechanics due to its numerous practical applications. As a result, the major goal of this work is to scrutinize the three-dimensional (3D) unsteady flow of second-grade nanofluid. A magnetic field influences the fluid when an indefinitely long, straight wire delivers an electric current. Thermal radiation is taken into consideration while studying heat transmission characteristics. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid flow is scrutinized by adopting Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) nanofluid model. Through suitable transformations, relevant flow expressions are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical approach Runge–Kutta–fourth–fifth Fehlberg's order method (RKF-45) with shooting technique is used to solve the generated ODEs. Further, it was noted that the CPU time to estimate the solutions of flow fields was less than (2.23 s). The outcome reveals that the rise in values of the time-dependent parameter positively impacts both velocity and thermal profiles. The improved heat transport is seen for augmented values of radiation and ferromagnetic interaction parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of an alternating magnetic field, flow and heat transfer of a ferrofluid flow over a flexible revolving disc are examined. The flow is hampered by the external magnetic field, which is dependent on the alternating magnetic field's frequency. The current work examines the heat transfer and three-dimensional flow of fluid with high viscosity on a spinning disc that is stretched in a radial direction. The governing equations' symmetries are computed using Lie group theory. In the problem, there is a resemblance that can accomplish with radially stretching velocities divided into two categories, specifically, linear and power-law, by imposing limits from the boundary conditions. The literature has already covered linear stretching, but this is the first discussion of power-law stretching. The governing partial differential is turned into an ordinary differential equations system using additional similarity transformations, which are then numerically handled. The results are presented for hybrid alumina–copper/ethylene glycol ( Al 2 O 3 - Cu / EG ) nanofluid. The calculated findings are novel, and it has been seen that they accord quite well with those of the earlier extended literature. It has been found that hybrid nanofluid flow outperforms nanofluid flow in terms of Nusselt number or heat transfer rate. The heat transmission in the fluid is reduced as the Prandtl number is increased. The heat transfer increases as dimensionless magnetic field intensity ξ increases. Also, axial velocity and radial velocity decrease as magnetic field intensity increases. As the ferromagnetic interaction parameter is raised, the efficiency of heat transmission decreased. For non-linear stretching with stretching parameter 0 < m < 1, the velocity decreases with the increase in m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat transport analysis in the three-dimensional unsteady flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid is studied in this research communication. Comparison of water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid conveying three various shaped nanoparticles (titanium spherical-carbon nanotube (CNT) cylindrical-graphene platelet) and Zinc Oxide-Society of Automotive Engineers 50 nanolubricant (ZnO-SAE50Nanolubricant) is emphasized with two different models. Also, this paper is mainly focused on an electrically non-conducting and incompressible magnetic liquid with moderate saturation magnetization and low Curie temperature. An infinitely long, straight wire delivering an electric current generates a magnetic field that affects the fluid. To study heat transfer characteristics thermal radiation is taken into account. Pertinent flow expressions are reduced into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through appropriate transformations. The obtained ODEs are solved by means of the numerical method Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg's fourth-fifth order method (RKF-45) with shooting technique. Results reveals that the ZnO-SAE50Nanolubricant flow shows maximum heat transport followed by titanium spherical-CNT cylindrical-graphene platelet-water hybrid nanofluid flow for increased values of radiation parameter. Further in this scenario, it is found that the heat transfer rate in ternary hybrid nanofluid increases about 2–5% whereas in Nanolubricant it is about 3–8% for the gradual increasing values of the ferromagnetic interaction parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of UHV power transmission and transformation project in our country, the gradually increasing electromagnetic capacity and electromagnetic loads of power transformers causes serious heating of the transformers. Therefore, it is particularly important to accurately calculate its temperature rise. Based on field-circuit coupling method, this paper took a 240000 KVA, 330 KV power transformer as the research object to calculate the whole temperature rise and heat transfer characteristics. Firstly, the average velocity of fluid was gotten by three-dimensional flow field of transformer which is calculated by establishing thermal network model of the transformer, phase winding and related structures. And then substitute it into thermal network model. The whole average temperature and temperature rise was gotten by using first law of thermodinamics and after the iteration. And according to the temperature rise test, this paper comprised and analyzed the computed results of thermal network and numerical analysis. Results showed that the error of the thermal network model was within the scope of the permit, and it was simple and quick. The method can provide basis for the future heat transfer research and temperature rise prediction of transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The injection mode of oxidizer gas significantly affects the flow and heat transfer characteristics of rocket motors with separated oxidizer and fuel propellants. In the present study, the effect of the multi-hole injector on flow and heat transfer of a novel combined rocket motor is studied with a three-dimensional numerical model. The results show that as the number of injection holes increases from one to five, muti-jet interference effect could occur. The original single coupled combustion zone is split into multiple coupled combustion zones. Multi-peak distributions of temperature and velocity are thus observed. As the combustion heat release is gradually advanced towards the injector, the multiple injection flows form three high-flow velocity zones. The three-dimensional distribution of heat transfer coefficient is highly consistent with that of flow velocity. The average heat transfer coefficient first increases and then decreases with the increase in the number of injection holes. The 4-hole injector renders the largest average heat transfer coefficient. Due to the multi-peak distribution of flow velocity and heat transfer, a multi-peak distribution of regression rate for solid propellant is thus observed. The average regression rate increases greatly and reaches the maximum value for the 4-hole injector. The results also show that the regression rate is controlled by the combustion reaction kinetics in the proximal injector region but is controlled by heat transfer in the region far away from injector. The present study contributes to a better insight into the flow and heat transfer effects on combustion performance of the combined solid rocket motor with multi-hole injector. • Obtained three-dimensional distribution of heat transfer coefficient of the motor. • Revealed multi-jet interference effect on mixing and heat transfer properties. • Observed multi-peak distributions of temperature and flow velocity. • Identified effects of flow and heat transfer on regression rate distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the geometric effects on the thermocapillary flow instabilities in large Prandtl number (Pr = 1.4) liquid bridges between two coaxial disks with different radii under microgravity, focusing on the impacts of radius ratio Γr and aspect ratio Γ. The static deformation of the free surface is concerned by the solution of the Young–Laplace equation, and the linear stability analysis based on spectral element method is conducted for accurate identification of the instability characteristic. We observe that the flow stability is generally improved with the decrease in radius ratio Γr or aspect ratio Γ, especially for the liquid bridge heated from the upper disk. The critical oscillation frequency experiences an abrupt drop around Γr = 0.56 as Γr decreases for the liquid bridge with the bottom disk heated. Moreover, three transitions between two-dimensional axisymmetric steady flow and three-dimensional oscillatory flow are observed within the interval 0.87 < Γ ≤ 0.91 at Γr = 0.50 when the liquid bridge is heated from the upper disk. The energy analysis indicates that the instabilities for all cases are predominantly caused by the hydrothermal wave instability and the phenomenon of three transitions results from the variation of thermal energy transfer efficiency with the growth of the Marangoni number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the heat exchanger's costs in a highly competitive industry, thermal performance enhancement of the heat exchangers has successfully gained attention in the last few decades. Among different engineering approaches, the application of the enhanced pipes provides a key solution to improve heat performance. In this paper, the investigation develops a numerical study based on the commercially available computational fluid dynamics codes on the turbulent flow in three‐dimensional tubular pipes. Various concavity (dimple) diameters with corrugation and twisted tape configurations are investigated. The study has shown that perforated geometrical parameters lead to a high fluid mixing and flow perturbation between the pipe core region and the walls, hence better thermal efficiency. Moreover, a model of concavity (dimple) with a 4 mm diameter allows the highest heat transfer enhancement among other designs. In addition, the study shows that due to the disturbance between the pipe core region and the pipe wall, the transverse vortices and swirl flow generated are forceful, which leads to better heat transfer enhancement compared with the conventional (smooth) pipes. As the Reynolds number (Re) rises, the mixing flow, secondary, and separation flow extend to become higher than the values in a smooth pipe, allowing a higher value of performance evaluation factor to be achieved for a dimple diameter of 1mm at the low Re values. This study, therefore, shows the promising potential of the enhanced pipes in the heat transfer enhancement of heat exchangers that is crucial in industrial applications to save more energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present research is to obtain enhanced heat and reduce skin friction rates. Different nanofluids are employed over an exponentially stretching surface to analyze the heat transfer coefficients. The mathematical model for the problem has been derived with the help of the Rivilin–Erickson tensor and an appropriate boundary layer approximation theory. The current problem has been tackled with the help of the boundary value problem algorithm in Matlab. The convergence criterion, or tolerance for this particular problem, is set at 10−6. The outcomes are obtained to demonstrate the characteristics of different parameters, such as the temperature exponent, volume fraction, and stretching ratio parameter graphically. Silver-water nanofluid proved to have a high-temperature transfer rate when compared with zinc-water and copper-water nanofluid. Moreover, the outcomes of the study are validated by providing a comparison with already published work. The results of this study were found to be in complete agreement with those of Magyari and Keller and also with Lui for heat transfer. The novelty of this work is the comparative inspection of enhanced heat transfer rates and reduced drag and lift coefficients, particularly for three nanofluids, namely, zinc-water, copper-water, and silver-water, over an exponentially stretching. In general, this study suggests more frequent exploitation of all the examined nanofluids, especially Ag -water nanofluid. Moreover, specifically under the obtained outcomes in this research, the examined nanofluid, Ag-water, has great potential to be used in flat plate solar collectors. Ag-water can also be tested in natural convective flat plate solar collector systems under real solar effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advanced thermal characteristics of nanomaterials allow better heat transfer efficiency in engineering, industrial and technological processes. In this report, the outcome of a comparative analysis between the dynamics of blood carrying Cu nanoparticles and blood carrying single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) due to the stretching and rotation of two disks at various levels of rotation, stretching, power-law index and heat source/sink is presented. By using appropriate similarity variables, the leading partial differential equations (PDEs) are altered into one-dimensional equations (ODEs). The resulting ODEs are handled using the shooting method. The impact of governing parameters on the boundary layer profiles is analysed graphically. Fluid velocity gets enhanced in three dimensions during the rotation of the disk, but they predict different behaviours for the stretching parameters of the upper and lower disks. The temperature decays for power-law index, rotation and stretching parameters. Also, the rates of heat transfer are more extensive for shear-thinning. Finally, the effects of the Cu–blood(blood) nanofluid are dominant over the base fluid (blood) and SWCNTs–blood nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the silent characteristics of magnetized mixed convection flow in porous medium suspended with both microorganisms and nanoparticles induced by two expanded or contracted disks are investigated. The Buongiorno's model, in which the Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are taken as dominant factors, is introduced to describe behaviors of the nanofluid. Multiple slip boundary conditions are also included into this problem. The nonlinear system is converted into five fully coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations via suitable scaling transformations. The homotopy-based algorithm BVPh2.0 is employed to give their solutions. Physical interpretation is made through analyzing the graphs of different constraints for profiles of velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume concentration and density of motile organism. Furthermore, we extend this model to seek the physical behaviors of heat transfer and the wall motile microorganism fluxes. Significant findings are presented, including that the wall expansion ratio and the magnetic parameter impose contrary effects on microorganism profiles, the Prandtl number and the radiation parameter play opposite roles on heat transfer rate, and the Brownian motion and the thermophoresis exhibit totally different influence on microorganism flux rate. It is expected that this study is helpful to understand heat transfer mechanism in multiple physical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical solution, based on the asymptotic series expansion method, for the problem of a fully developed chemically reactive laminar three‐dimensional flow through a porous vertical infinite plate in a porous medium with sinusoidal permeability as suction in the existence of appreciable radiation is presented. The effects of the physical parameters entering into the problem on the flow and transport characteristics are studied and demonstrated through graphs. The flow is three‐dimensional due to sinusoidal suction as well as porosity. It is found that concentration of the fluid rises due to thermal diffusion (Soret) effect. Furthermore, it is seen that fluid velocity is increased for increasing thermal diffusion effect. Also, viscous drag at the plate is increased under the Soret effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow and heat transfer models of hot dry rock are mainly based on the assumption of two-dimensional model, which cannot fully reflect the physical process of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in artificial fractures. The three-dimensional flow heat transfer numerical model of a single fracture was established by ANSYS Fluent, and the relevant numerical simulation calculation was carried out. The influence of different factors on the fluid temperature in the fracture of hot dry rock was analyzed, and the heat transfer rules of the fluid in the fracture under different conditions were obtained. Numerical simulation results show that the main factors affecting the heat transfer of hot dry rock fractures include: the injection rate of working fluid, fracture width, fracture length and initial fluid temperature. Under the conditions of a given fracture length and inflow velocity, the smaller the width of the artificial fracture, the higher the temperature of the fluid flowing out of the outlet, the longer the length of the fracture which the fluid flows through, and the greater the temperature increase. With the same fracture width and length, the smaller the flow rate, the higher the temperature at the fluid outlet, the slower the flow rate, the longer the heat exchange time, and the more heat is transferred. For different frac ture widths and different inflow speeds, after the fracture length reaches a certain level, the water temperature can be increased to be consistent with the bedrock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings from a research study using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on the impact of different diameter Ball Tabulators Inserts (BTI) on the three-dimensional flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics within a circular tube. This analysis was carried under uniform heat flux conditions with different BTI diameters (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mm). Fluid flow, pressure drop, dynamic pressure, velocity components, thermo-hydraulic, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent viscosity were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The performance evaluation results revealed that the characteristics of flow behaviour and the velocity field contours variations are closely associated with the BTI configurations. Also, the computational results indicated that the change in fluid flow velocity near the pipe wall and around the BTI is important parameters for the heat transfer enhancement as compared to that obtained without BTI under the same conditions. Moreover, using BTI presented a distinguished influence on the rate of heat transfer. Additionally, vortex flow through means of this kind of BTI is an important parameter in the enhancement of heat transfer. The use of BTI can enhance the rate of heat transfer performance by more than 46%. Furthermore, the maximum value for the PEF is found to be more than 1.03. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical investigation of the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer of 36 nm Al 2 O 3 –H 2 O nanoliquid over a wedge surface is carried out by utilizing the modified Buongiorno model (MBM). The boundary layer approximation is assumed to be valid. The thermophysical properties of Al 2 O 3 –H 2 O nanoliquid are deliberated in the study by modeling them through the use of correlations based on experimental data. The thermal boundary layer equation comprises the Brownian motion and thermo-migration effects caused by nanoparticles. Zero mass flux boundary condition is also accounted. Optimization of the heat transfer rate of nanoliquid is made using the Response surface methodology (RSM). Two stream functions are used to derive the similarity transformations and they are employed to arrive nonlinear ordinary differential system from the governing partial differential system, and then the subsequent nonlinear problem is treated numerically using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The heat flow features are scrutinized using two-dimensional, surface, and streamline plots. The results of flow due to a moving wedge in the same direction of free stream velocity are compared with those of a moving wedge in the opposite direction of free stream velocity. The thermal layer and nanoparticles volume fraction layers are enlarged due to the chaotic movement of nanoparticles. The thermophoresis mechanism improves the thermal layer at the wedge surface. The high level of pressure gradient factor, high level of shear-to-strain rate and low level of Lewis number, were found to be the optimal operating condition that would maximize the heat transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional invisible finned-tube is a kind of high-efficiency enhanced tube which is widely used at present. In order to study and analyze advantages and disadvantages of heat transfer and flow performance of the three-dimensional invisible finned-tube, other enhanced tube heat exchangers are introduced and compared through experiments. After analysis and research, it is found that the total heat transfer coefficient K is not the only indexes for evaluating the performance of the heat exchanger, and the resistance is also one of the indexes. According to the evaluation standard of the comprehensive performance of the heat exchanger, the comprehensive performance factor η of the tube side and shell side of the three-dimensional invisible finned-tube heat exchanger is better than that of the other enhanced tube heat exchanger, and the enhanced tube standard is reached under certain conditions, which shows that the three-dimensional invisible finned-tube heat exchanger has excellent performance. The analysis results in this paper have certain guiding significance for engineering design and application of three-dimensional invisible finned-tube heat exchanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancement of heat transfer in plate-fin heat exchangers can be obtained using vortex generators (VG). The three-dimensional laminar flow of water/Al2O3 nanofluid with different nanoparticle volume fractions in a channel with longitudinal vortex generators is numerically simulated. Two novel forms of modified delta winglet VG pairs (MDWP1, MDWP2) are introduced by adding and subtracting a part of the quadrant profile to the delta winglet VG profile. Simulation is carried out for the classic delta winglet pair (DWP) and MDWPs. Performance of heat transfer and pressure drop is compared as well as the overall performance analysis of channel is conducted for all three forms of VGs and two flow arrangement types, common flow up (CFU) and common flow down (CFD). Analytical expressions from the literature are used to check the validity of the model. Governing equations of laminar fluid flow and heat transfer are solved based on the finite-element method. The range of Reynolds number is from 100 to 500. Results show that in the range of the present study, using nanofluid increases about 20% of the heat transfer coefficient and 18% of pressure drop compared to pure water. As results confirm in all of the cases, the heat transfer coefficient increases using VG. The MDWP2 leads to the highest pressure drop and heat transfer between the three VGs types. It can produce up to 9% higher heat transfer coefficient in Re = 100 and 20% of higher pressure drop for CFD flow arrangement. The overall performance of the CFD arrangement is higher than CFU for the studied cases relatively. And the values of performance in a channel with DWP are greater than MDWP1 and MDWP2, which is due to the lower pressure drop of DWP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-axisymmetric three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in the stagnation-point region of a planar jet impingement boiling on a flat surface has been investigated by using similarity solution approach, considering additional diffusivity terms in momentum and energy equations as a result of bubble-induced mixing in flow. The free jet stream along z direction impinges on the surface and produces a flow with different velocity components. This situation may happen if the flow pattern on the plate is bounded from both sides in one of the directions, because of any physical limitation or due to conditions of the surface such as moving plates or stretching sheets with different values of stretching velocities in the x and y directions. The governing equations have been transformed into ordinary differential equations by introducing appropriate similarity variables, and an exact solution has been obtained for three-dimensional boiling problem for the first time. The similarity variables have been presented based on non-axisymmetric three-dimensional and additional diffusivity effects. The bubble-induced diffusion due to bubble formation, growth, departure and collapse causes an enhancement in heat transfer rate from the surface to the bulk flow. The total heat flux transferred from the surface to the flow has been estimated as summation of the single-phase heat transfer due to forced convection and the nucleate boiling heat flux due to bubble-induced diffusion. The effects of the velocity components ratio and the ratio between the maximum total diffusivity to the molecular diffusivity on the flow field and heat transfer characteristics have been obtained and discussed and illustrated graphically. A comparison of the predicted heat flux has been made with previously published experimental data. As expected, the average deviation values show relatively more accurate results for the three-dimensional simulation than the two-dimensional one because of being closer to the experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, three-dimensional Bödewadt hybrid nanofluid flow has been investigated. Base fluids are water and hexanol which contain Fe 3 O 4 and MoS 2 . The governing nonlinear PDEs are converted into nonlinear ODEs and the nonlinear equations are solved by the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction, Eckert number, base fluid and shape factor on entropy generation, Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient and Bejan number have been studied. Entropy generation is increased with an increment in Eckert number; while, it is decreased by growth in nanoparticle volume fraction and shape factor. In a similar situation, hexanol has higher rate of irreversibility, higher Bejan number and higher Nusselt number than water. The skin friction coefficient is not a function of the Eckert number and shape factor, but it is an increasing function of nanoparticle volume fraction. In this paper, by averaging the differences of Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient between water and hexanol, it can be observed that the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient for hexanol are 11% and 5% more than water, respectively. Indeed, in a fixed situation, hexanol-based fluid flows have higher heat transfer and drag than water-based fluid flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat and mass transfer characteristics of a micropolar nanofluid-filled cubic cavity are investigated with different types of nanoparticles (Al2O3, TiO2, Cu and Ag). Pure water is assumed as the base fluid. The governing equations are simplified by means of vorticity-vector potential formulation and subsequently solved numerically using the finite volume method. The influences of relevant parameters on heat and mass transfer characteristics are well explored and the results show that for the micropolar nanofluid model both heat and mass transfer rates and the three-dimensional character of the flow are smaller compared with that of a pure nanofluid model. It is also found that the rate of heat and mass transfer decreases with an increase in vortex viscosity parameters as well as volume fractions. The enhancement in the volume fraction of nanoparticles weakens both flow strength and three-dimensional nature of the flow, which are more prominent in the thermal buoyancy dominated flow. The average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decrease with the increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles resulting in a significant enhancement in thermal properties of nanofluids with elevated heat and mass transport features. The effects of type of nanoparticles on the rate of heat and mass transfer and flow structure are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this paper, three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer of Al2O3 nanofluid within ventilated enclosures was taken into consideration. Crossed by the nanofluid, the ventilation system is assured by two equivalent openings located at the vertical walls. So, the cold nanofluid gets enter using the opening located at the top of the left side and leaving by the second one, which is located at the bottom of the right side. Except the adiabatic rear and front sides, all parts of the cubic space are maintained at a constant temperature, higher than that of the entrance nanofluid. To make clear the impact of main parameters such as Reynolds number, the Richardson number and nanoparticles volume fraction as well as the 2D extension, the convection phenomenon was reported by means of streamlines and isotherm plots, side by side with the velocity profiles. The main results obtained show that when the Reynolds number increases, the heat exchange rate is an increasing function and the pressure drop is a decreasing function. In addition, in a conductive dominant regime for low Reynolds numbers, the two-dimensional (2D) is valid and can predict the studied phenomena in three-dimensional (3D). Finally, a correlation for the pressure drop is obtained in polynomial form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics of the tube belt radiator, the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer model of shutter fin in belt-type radiator was established, and the effects of steering area number and length of the louver fin on the flow and heat transfer performance of radiator were investigated. The results show that when the head wind speed is constant, the heat transfer factor and friction factor of radiator under the arrangement of single-row pipe and three-row pipes are decreased with the increasing of the product of steering area length and number. When the products of steering area length and number are equal, the heat transfer factor and friction factor are increased with the increasing of steering area number. With the single-row pipe layout arranged, the comprehensive performance of radiator is the best when the steering area length and number are respective 1. 5 mm and 3. With three-row of pipes arranged, the comprehensive performance of radiator is the best when the steering area length and number are respective 3. 0 mm and 3. The optimal matching of steering area length and number can effectively improve the comprehensive performance of multi-row pipe layout and narrow the gap with that of single-row pipe layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantification of the flow irreversibilities is crucial to developing future turbomachinery. Traditionally, design correlations and efficiencies are based on comparisons to isentropic relations to quantify the deviation from an "ideal" case. However, isentropic relations typically assume one-dimensional adiabatic flow, representing a significant departure from the actual situation in turbines operating with large levels of heat transfer. In this paper, the aerothermal losses and power generation in reversible processes are derived for three-dimensional compressible flow considering heat transfer effects. A new definition of the power potential in a reversible process is proposed that can be used to perform detailed budgeting of the losses. The proposed new loss framework can be adopted locally, which enables the precise identification of the loss source. New aerodynamic and aerothermal efficiency expressions are proposed to assess shaft power extraction in combination with heat exchange. The new method enables designers to identify the regions with high loss generation in steady and also in unsteady flow conditions, offering new avenues to evaluate the loss generation mechanisms during the design phase. Therefore, our new tool is essential to developing reduced-order models for the design of future fluid machinery. • Pioneering method for time-resolved loss production in compressible fluid machinery. • A novel approach based on volume integral compliant with heat flux. • First demonstration in transonic turbines with endwall heat flux. • Implementation suitable for experimental control volume assessment. • Proposed new correlations on thermal loss generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A cross-scale real-time coupling analysis model is established to simulate the full-regime flow boiling with coupled heat transfer in sodium-cooled fast reactor OTSG. The independent coupling of each heat transfer tube of the water side in OTSG with the 3D fluid domain of sodium side is realized. • The cross-scale coupling simulation method has significant advantages in solving efficiency, convergence and stability since it avoids the use of a three-dimensional multiphase model. • A three-dimensional refined numerical analysis model of a seven-tube OTSG prototype model was established, and the full-regime boiling heat transfer of the tube side and the coupled heat transfer of the shell- and tube-sides were simulated based on the cross-scale coupling method. • The cross-scale coupling method has the potential to be applied to practical engineering OTSG containing large-scale heat transfer tube bundles. The once-through steam generators (OTSG) in sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) are characterized by full-regime flow boiling heat transfer, coupled heat transfer on both sides and complex structure with a large dimensional span. This makes the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D refinement modeling methods to analyze the 3D temperature field of OTSG containing large-scale heat transfer tube bundles generally face the problems of high computational difficulty, low solution efficiency and poor solution stability. In this paper, based on the full-regime flow boiling heat transfer model and the flow pattern discrimination model, a one-dimensional full-regime flow boiling heat transfer model from subcooled water to superheated steam on the water side (tube side) and its cross-scale coupling solution model with the three-dimensional refined CFD model on the sodium side (shell side) are established. The effectiveness of the coupling analysis model was verified by comparative analysis with experimental data of the Indian 19-tube Steam Generator Test Facility (SGTF). The independent coupling of the water side of each heat transfer tube in the OTSG with the sodium side 3D fluid domain is realized. The results show that the cross-scale coupling method using the one-dimensional full-regime flow boiling heat transfer model for the water side and the three-dimensional CFD model for the sodium side can accurately predict the temperature distribution, the main heat transfer characteristic points on the full height of each heat transfer tube, and can obtain the temperature difference between different heat transfer tubes and tube walls. The maximum error between the calculated results and experimental data for the distribution of sodium temperature along the axial direction of the tubes is less than 3%. The cross-scale coupled solution method avoids the direct adoption of the three-dimensional multiphase flow model, which significantly improves the efficiency and stability of the solution of the three-dimensional temperature field of OTSG. This study provides an efficient 3D refinement numerical analysis method for the design and safety verification of OTSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of oscillations of a conic body with a nose blunted over a sphere on the conjugate heat and mass transfer in its heat-resistant coating in the case where the material of the conical part of the body is subjected to thermomechanical failure as a result of the flow of a high-enthalpy gas over it was investigated. Results of a numerical investigation of the three-dimensional supersonic flow over such a body executing an oscillatory motion in the pitch plane are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the high-order upwinding combined compact difference scheme developed in a three-point grid stencil is applied to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) and energy equations in three dimensions. The time integrator with symplectic property is employed to approximate the temporal derivative term in inviscid Euler equation so as to numerically retain the embedded Hamiltions and Casimir to get long-time accurate solutions. For the sake of computational efficiency in solving the three-dimensional NS equations, all the calculations will be accelerated using the hybrid CUDA and OpenAcc GPU programing models. The parallel speedup performance compared to the multicore of an Intel Xeon E5-2690V5 CPU is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of heat transfer in the three-dimensional stagnation-point flow past a stretching/shrinking surface of the Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid with anisotropic slip are investigated. The partial differential equations are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations by valid similarity transformations. The simplified mathematical model is solved computationally by the bvp4c approach in the MATLAB operating system. This solving method is capable of generating more than one solutions when suitable initial guesses are proposed. The results are proven to have dual solutions, which consequently lead to the application of a stability analysis that verifies the achievability of the first solution. The findings reveal infinite values of the dual solutions at several measured parameters causing the non-appearance of the turning points and the critical values. The skin friction increases with the addition of nanoparticles, while the escalation of the anisotropic slip effect causes a reduction in the heat transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore the three-dimensional boundary-layer flow over an exponentially stretching surface in two parallel ways. Constitutive equations of a second-grade fluid are used. Instead of classical Fourier's law, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model is employed for the formulation of the energy equation. This model can predict the effects of thermal relaxation time on the boundary layer. The resulting partial differential equations are reduced into ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is employed to solve the non-linear problem. Physical impact of emerging parameters on the momentum and thermal boundary-layer thickness are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the steady three-dimensional stagnated flow induced by a porous moving system is investigated. The flow field and thermal distribution are subject to anisotropic slip and a magnetic field. The existing nonlinear equations are unraveled numerically using a bvp4c code in Matlab. The impact of various parameters on flow profiles temperature surface friction and surface heat transfer rate is put together in graphs and tables. The accomplished results depict that the velocity fields enhance for both S < 0 (suction) and S > 0 (injection). Similarly, it is noticed that surface shear stress and heat transfer possess stronger behavior for the case of injection. The behavior of temperature fields is opposite for upper and lower solutions when checked for the Prandtl number Pr. Stability analysis shows that the primary solution is stable and substantially feasible, whereas the second solution is not stable. The velocity h(η) decays with the magnetic field for both solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic of nano sized particles mass flux conditions are engaged in this investigation. Here we assume that the nano sized particle flux is zero and the nano sized particle fraction arranged itself on the boundary layer. With this convincing and revised relation, the features of Buongiorno relation on three-dimensional flow of Carreau fluid can be applied in a more efficient way. The governing partial differential equations of continuity, momentum, energy and concentration equations which are transmitted into set of pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations utilizing similar transformations. The numeric solutions are acquired by engaging the bvp4c scheme, which is a finite-difference code for solving boundary value problems. A parametric study is accomplished to demonstrate the impact of Prandtl number,Weissenberg numbers, radiation parameter, chemical reaction parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter and Lewis number on the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration profiles as well skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number within the boundary layer. From this we find the way in which magnetic parameter contributes to the increase in local skin fraction, and the decrease in the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers in these cases. The effects of the velocity temperature and concentration profile are obtained and presented graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coupled thermo-hydro model is developed for optimizing heat mining strategies in a fractured geothermal reservoir by incorporating material compressibility and fracture deformation. Governing equations for the three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transmission processes in terms of local thermal non-equilibrium concept are discretized using a unified pipe network method. The influence of fracture deformation on the distribution of fluid temperature is investigated using a near-wellbore reservoir model. The development optimization of a geothermal reservoir at Groβ Schönebeck is performed by evaluating heat production over 60 years. Several strategies are designed that involve changing the arrangement of a new horizontal wellbore and hydraulic stimulations. Simulation results for the different strategies, including the outlet fluid temperature drawdown, thermal breakthrough time, and net heat extraction rate, are analysed. Strategies with poor fracture connections feature relatively low flow rates and accumulated thermal production. Strategy 3 to Strategy 6 greatly improve the accumulated thermal production by enhancing fluid circulation in fracture-connected systems. Heat mining efficiency can be improved if a new wellbore is designed in the high-permeability formation and the discontinuities maintain high hydraulic connectivity for fluid circulation. This study provides a numerical method for optimizing geothermal development strategies in terms of economic benefits. • Fracture deformation and material compressibility are incorporated into the LTNE assumption. • Temperature field evolution in response to the fracture deformation is captured in the verified UPM framework. • Optimizations for the geothermal development are performed for a field case. • High conductivities of discontinuities in designed wellbore systems promote heat mining efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of the wave inclination angle on the performance of a parallel wavy-channel heat exchanger are investigated three-dimensionally. Computations have been carried out in various Reynolds numbers in the laminar range from 100 to 600 by means of the finite volume approach. On the other hand, several wave inclination angles such as α = 0°, 20°, 40°, 60°, and 80° with respect to the spanwise direction have been examined to find the optimum value. The applied numerical method has been validated against the available data of the conventional parallel flat-channel heat exchanger. Several quantitative and qualitative results are presented in this investigation. It is demonstrated that deflection of waves of plates from zero to nonzero values onsets the three-dimensional flow in the heat exchanger. In addition, maximum heat transfer enhancement of 108% is achieved for Re = 600 at the wave inclination angle of 20°. Moreover, except at Re = 100, the wave inclination angle of 40° can be introduced as an optimum inclination angle for a wavy-channel heat exchanger from the perspective of thermal–hydraulic performance. At the end of this study, values of pressure drop penalty and thermal–hydraulic performance of all cases under consideration have been determined accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of conjugate heat transfer in a microchannel involving harmonic rotating longitudinal vortex generators is performed. The Al2O3–water nanofluid with concentration of 0.5% of volume fraction is used. The mean diameter of particles is 29 nm. The Nusselt number and Fanning friction factor of the microchannel changes are investigated for different Reynolds numbers, rotation frequency, and rotation's direction. Results show that time variations of Nusselt number and friction factor are periodic and their frequencies are the same as vortex generator's rotation frequencies. It was observed that the amplitude of Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number. Furthermore, when all the vortex generators are rotating in the same direction, the amplitudes of Nusselt number and friction factor are higher than when they are rotating in opposite directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessment of different, linear and non-linear, RANS models is performed for an infinite wire-wrapped fuel assembly. • The obtained results, for both flow field and the thermal fields, are compared with the reference q-DNS data. • The considered non-linear models, RSM-EB and SST k - ω cubic, have shown good agreement. Assessment of different Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based modelling approaches is performed for an infinite wire-wrapped fuel assembly configuration of a Liquid Metal Fast Reactor (LMFR). The geometric fuel assembly dimensions refer to the present MYRRHA design. In total, four turbulence models are considered, i.e. linear k - ω SST, realizable k - ε , k - ω SST cubic and Elliptic Blending model of the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM-EB). For this configuration, a high fidelity reference is available and is used for numerical comparisons. Following best practice guidelines, a thorough mesh sensitivity, as well as a sensitivity analysis on different turbulence models, are performed. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis are presented in terms of velocity, temperature and turbulent kinetic energy profiles. Of all models tested, RSM-EB, along with k - ω SST cubic, provide best performance, especially for the flow and the thermal fields, consistent with their capability of modelling anisotropic effects in turbulent flows characterised by highly three-dimensional cross flow and complex flow channel structures, such as the one studied in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]