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Nematophagous, or helminthophagous fungi of the genera Duddingtonia, Arthrobotrys, Monacrosporium, Pochonia, Paecilomyces, and Mucor, have been used over the years in in vitro and in vivo experiments to control helminth parasites that are potentially zoonotic. These fungi have shown efficacy against the following helminth genera: Ancylostoma, Toxocara, Enterobius, Strongyloides, Angiostrongylus, Taenia, Fasciola, and Schistosoma. The results obtained from these experiments, together with studies on soil contamination, suggest the viability of their use as a sustainable and effective strategy to reduce environmental contamination by these zoonotic parasites. Therefore, the aim of this review was to address the role of helminthophagous fungi in the biological control of potentially zoonotic helminths. To this end, we describe (1) a brief history of helminthophagous fungi; (2) a discussion of some potentially zoonotic intestinal parasites; (3) the importance of helminthophagous fungi in the control of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes; and (4) the potential of helminthophagous fungi as a practical and sustainable strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematophagous, or helminthophagous fungi of the genera Duddingtonia, Arthrobotrys, Monacrosporium, Pochonia, Paecilomyces, and Mucor, have been used over the years in in vitro and in vivo experiments to control helminth parasites that are potentially zoonotic. These fungi have shown efficacy against the following helminth genera: Ancylostoma, Toxocara, Enterobius, Strongyloides, Angiostrongylus, Taenia, Fasciola, and Schistosoma. The results obtained from these experiments, together with studies on soil contamination, suggest the viability of their use as a sustainable and effective strategy to reduce environmental contamination by these zoonotic parasites. Therefore, the aim of this review was to address the role of helminthophagous fungi in the biological control of potentially zoonotic helminths. To this end, we describe (1) a brief history of helminthophagous fungi; (2) a discussion of some potentially zoonotic intestinal parasites; (3) the importance of helminthophagous fungi in the control of nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes; and (4) the potential of helminthophagous fungi as a practical and sustainable strategy.

We report concurrent acariosis, helminthosis and foreign body rumen impaction of multiple aetiologies in a 5-month-old Yankasa ewe from a multispecies flock on semiintensive management system. The clinical findings were tachycardia, hypothermia, bradypnea, diarrhoea, emaciation, lethargy, pale mucous membranes, and heavy tick infestation attached to the skin of the forelimb, hind limb, inguinal region, and the ears. Severe non-regenerative anaemia, marked neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia characterized the blood picture. The ewe was treated for endo and ectoparasites, along with fluid therapy. However, the ewe died in the course of treatment and the carcass was subsequently presented for necropsy. Gross findings included the presence of numerous ticks attached to the skin of the outer ears and interdigits, indigestible foreign materials in the rumen and numerous worms in the rumen, abomasum and the intestine. Laboratory analysis revealed that the ticks were Rhipicephalus sp. and Amblyomma sp. The rumen worms were identified as Paramphistomum sp., the worms from the abomasum were identified as Haemonchus contortus, and those of the intestine were identified as Moniezia expansa. Histopathologically, there was hypertrophy of the chief cells of the abomasum. There was a section of Haemonchus contortus surrounded by eosinophils within the mucosa of the abomasum. The villi of the intestine sloughed-off into the lumen. Based on the clinicopathological findings, the diagnoses of acariosis, helminthosis and foreign body rumen impaction were arrived at. The remaining animals in the herd were treated accordingly and the farmer was advised to ensure good farm management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of gastrointestinal parasites in animals has become more challenging every year due to parasite resistance to conventional chemical control, which has been observed worldwide. Ovicidal or opportunistic fungi do not form traps to capture larvae. Their mechanism of action is based on a mechanical/enzymatic process, which enables the penetration of their hyphae into helminth eggs, with subsequent internal colonization of these. The biological control with the Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus has been very promising in the treatment of environments and prevention. When used in intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the fungus promoted a high percentage decrease in the population density of aquatic snails. Secondary metabolites were also found in P. chlamydosporia. Many of these compounds can be used by the chemical industry in the direction of a commercial product. This review aims to provide a description of P. chlamydosporia and its possible use as a biological parasitic controller. The ovicidal fungus P. chlamydosporia is effective in the control of parasites and goes far beyond the control of verminosis, intermediate hosts, and coccidia. It can also be used not only as biological controllers in natura but also as their metabolites and molecules can have chemical action against these organisms. Key points: • The use of the fungus P. chlamydosporia is promising in the control of helminths. • Metabolites and molecules of P. chlamydosporia may have chemical action in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In helminthosis, the main reaction of the immun system is manifested by allergic processes and an immune suppressive state. In helminths, the defense factors of the immun sistem are weak and the are not able to eliminate the parazites from the body. The immune response is more pronounced in facultative and tissue helmints, especially in the migration phase. In helminthosis, the role of antigens is played by helminth somatic antigens, some substances formed as a result of parasitic life activity, and antigens migration time from the changing the cover of surfs during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals about how study the control measures against ascariasis, which is widespread among birds in the western zone of the republic. The best effective drugs against helminthiasis of birds are fenbendazole, nilverm, mebednazol, fenesal, filixan, hyperazine. These drugs should be given with feed or as a solution in water, in the dosage and order according to their instructions. The research work was carried out in the "Chinarli" peasant farm located in Shamkir region, in the laboratory of the "Epizootology, microbiology and parasitology" department of the "Veterinary Medicine" faculty. Mattresses and feathers of birds should be neutralized by biothermal or thermal methods, buildings and equipment should be disinfected regularly, a disinfecting place should be made at the entrance of birdhouses, and the place of birds kept in camp conditions should be changed every year. If helminths adapt to one of these drugs, deworming should be replaced by another drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted on the parasitological pollution in some digestive helminthosis in horses, (parascaridiosis, strongillidosis and oxyuriasis), made in January 2011 in the village of Crasna, Salaj county on a herd of 72 horses from households (40 adults and 32 young horses), using diagnostic methods ovohelmintoscopics with enrichment of faeces taken (method Willis) and the scaling technique of curettage in anal pit area, revealed a different incidence of the main digestive helmintoze studied in correlation with age category and area of origin of the samples. Thus, mean parascaridiosis values are of 12.5% in adults and of 34.0% in young horses and riding in strongillidosis to an average of 82.5% in adult horses and, respectively, to 34.5% in young horses. In exchange for pinworm infection extensivity of parasitism in adult horses is 18.0% and respectively, 15.0% in young horses. Linked to the intensity of parasitism in helmintosis taken in study, the data obtained reveals different levels of pollution coproparasitologic Eggtester, in correlation with the area of origin and age. Thus, adult and youth horse parascaridiosis, dominates the low and medium infestations (100%) and in adult horses strongilidosis dominate the medium infestations (84.0%) and low infestations (75%) in young horses.

Associated side effects and anthelmintic resistance to synthetic anthelmintics limit their use. This study evaluated the anthelmintic, haematological and antioxidant activities of Spondias mombin (SM) in young dogs. In addition, phytochemical analyses and in vitro antioxidant assays of SM's fractions were done using standard methods. Ten Nigerian indigenous dog breed (aged 2-6 months), were randomly allocated into two groups (A and B) and pre-treated with 200 µg/kg ivermectin subcutaneously. Two weeks after, each dog was infected with 400 L3/mL Ancylostoma caninum suspension orally and topically. On day 31 post infection, Group A was administered 5 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate (PP) once, while Group B was administered 500 mg/kg aqueous SM leaf extract for two days. Their physical condition, faecal egg count, body weights (BW), haematological, antioxidant and serum biochemistry were evaluated before and two weeks post treatment (PT). Data were presented as mean ± SEM, analyzed using student t-test and Chi-square, and p-value = 0.05 was considered significant. Melanic faeces voided by dogs in both groups returned to normal colour and consistency PT, with SM aqueous extract comparing well with PP. There was slight decrease in WBC (8.74±4.85 to 8.37±1.78x 103/µL), improvement in PCV (30.60±6.54 to 33.20±4.87%), serum biochemistry and antioxidant values for Group B, though not statistically significant (p=0.2). Total cholesterol and phospholipids were significantly reduced PT in Group B (p = 0.05). Nine phytochemicals were identified in SM fractions and the plant demonstrated high free radical scavenging activity. Crude aqueous extract of Spondias mombin leaf is an effective anthelminthic, which can be developed further in the management of canine helminthosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the control of bovine worms, biological control by nematophagous fungi stands out, especially Pochoniachlamydosporia which causes the destruction of helminth eggs. This study aims to test the effectiveness of a formulation containing the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia isolated for the biological control of bovine nematodiosis. Twelve cattle were divided into two groups: control group (GC) and the group that received the formulation (GT). Feces and pasture samples were collected for the research of gastrointestinal nematodes. Lung worms and trematodes were investigated. The animals were weighed monthly. The averages of temperature and rainfall were recorded. The supply of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia was not effective in reducing the eggs per gram of feces of gastrointestinal nematodes (EPG) of the animals, not differing statistically (p > 0.05) between the groups. The mean values of larvae recovered in the pasture did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The genus Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent. There was no correlation between the number of larvae with temperature and rainfall (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the penultimate weighing of the experiment. The formulation containing Pochonia chlamydosporia was not efficient in the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is carrying out ecological and epidemical monitoring of helminthosis of cattle of public and private sectors in Vologda region.Materials and methods. Statistical analysis of veterinary reports was conducted according to the form 1Vet-A of the Veterinary medicine administration with State veterinary inspectorate in Vologda region for the period of 2013–2018. The degree of infection by helminths was also analyzed in animals of public and private sectors.Results and discussion. Cattle helminthosis is widely distributed in Vologda region. Helminthosis, which are recorded in cattle constantly and which have high rate of prevalence, were adjusted. Fasciolosis, paramphistomatosis, moniezosis, dictyocaulosis, strongyloidosis are registered in public and private sectors practically annually. What is more, the degree of infection is differing in public and private sectors; the highest parameter of incidence rate is registered in private sector. In conclusion, epizootological monitoring shows specific view on epidemic situation in Vologda region on major cattle helminthosis.

The purpose of the research is to forecast the epizootic situation in main helminthosis of farm livestock in the Russian Federation for 2019.Annual preventive dehelminthizations reduce the infection to some extent but full recovery of the livestock from helminths is not achieved. A means of integrated influence on the effectiveness of helminthosis control is annual forecasts made subject to the impact of environmental factors. Monitoring and forecasting as localized as possible allow for assessing infection risks of the specific livestock subject to the number of susceptible animals. A forecast throughout the Russian Federation is synoptic as biology of different types of helminths varies significantly depending on the habitat. Forecasts have their own aspects in different areas of the Russian Federation due to different weather conditions, the number and species composition of intermediate hosts (for biohelminths) and animal living conditions in a specific area.

In the control of bovine worms, biological control by nematophagous fungi stands out, especially Pochoniachlamydosporia which causes the destruction of helminth eggs. This study aims to test the effectiveness of a formulation containing the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia isolated for the biological control of bovine nematodiosis. Twelve cattle were divided into two groups: control group (GC) and the group that received the formulation (GT). Feces and pasture samples were collected for the research of gastrointestinal nematodes. Lung worms and trematodes were investigated. The animals were weighed monthly. The averages of temperature and rainfall were recorded. The supply of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia was not effective in reducing the eggs per gram of feces of gastrointestinal nematodes (EPG) of the animals, not differing statistically (p > 0.05) between the groups. The mean values of larvae recovered in the pasture did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The genus Haemonchus sp. was the most prevalent. There was no correlation between the number of larvae with temperature and rainfall (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the penultimate weighing of the experiment. The formulation containing Pochonia chlamydosporia was not efficient in the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes.

Children are most prone to parasitic infections. The objectives of the study were to examine the occurrence of parasitic infections in children from different populations and to perform molecular characterization of human Giardia duodenalis isolates. We examined 631 stool samples from Roma and non-Roma children for the presence of parasitic developmental stages. Samples were collected from three eastern Slovakia districts. The ages of the children ranged from 1 months to 17 years. Subsequently, the molecular characterization of human G. duodenalis isolates by PCR detected triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and beta-giardin (bg) genes was performed. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 19.8%. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs were the most frequent, with an occurrence of about 13.8%. G. duodenalis cysts were present in 6.3% of samples. G. duodenalis isolates obtained from 13 children were subjected to DNA sequencing with tpi and bg genes. Five isolates were categorized as bearing subassemblage BIII, the three isolates as subassemblage BIV, one person was infected with a mixture of subassemblages BIII and BIV, four children had subassemblage AII, and one isolate revealed a structure corresponding with subassemblage AI. Our work is proof that poverty and poor hygiene contribute the most to public health problems associated with neglected parasitic diseases.

Background: Rodents harbour a number of parasites of public health importance, thus, they threaten human health and livestock. Aims: The present study aimed to characterize two helminthic species found in commensal rodents and record histo-physiological alterations induced by them. Methods: A total of 300 synanthropic rodents of three species: Rattus rattus (n=201), Bandicota bengalensis (n=90), and Mus musculus (n=09) were live trapped and necropsied in different seasons during November 2017 to October 2019 at Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Results: Liver of two species B. bengalensis (72.22%) and R. rattus (65.67%) were found infected with two helminthic parasites Taenia taeniaeformis, and Calodium hepaticum. These endoparasites were present either alone (4.33-6.33%) or as mixed infection (65.55%). The level of total proteins and liver marker enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were found significantly higher in the liver of rodent species infected with single and mixed infection compared to those with no infection. In histopathological assay, granulomatous liver lesions and necrosis of hepatocytes were seen which were associated with eggs and adults of C. hepaticum and inflammatory reaction in hepatic parenchyma adjoining to cysts of T. taeniaeformis. Based upon scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identification and molecular characterization using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) region, the metacestodes in whitish cysts were confirmed to be of T. taeniaeformis for the first time in Punjab, India. Conclusion: The study highlights an alarmingly high infection of rodents with zoonotic parasites and suggests immediate pest (rodent) control to check the dissemination of zoonotic diseases by helminth species under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the research — to conduct analysis of the status and perspective of application of prolonged forms of anthelmintic drugs in veterinary.Materials and methods. On the topic of development and application of prolonged forms of anthelmintic in veterinary was conducted the analysis of 27 literature sources including 23 foreign authors. Were analyzed the data about kinetics of avermectins and praziquantel in the animals body and comparative results about dependence and correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters with their anthelmintics efficiency.The results and discussion. Prolonged forms of avermectins which prevent the infections for long period are developing to prevent infection of animals during grazing season. Attempts to create prolonged dosage forms of praziquantel to prevent the Schistosoma japonicum infections are currently in progress. Was shown the possibility of obtaining polymeric microspheres, which contains ivermectins in the form of implants. As solvents are used N-methylpyrrolidone, triacetin, benzyl benzoate etc. Mixes of composite based on sucrose, acetate isobutyrate and polylactic acid is offered for prolongation of the action of ivermectin, which is provides release of ivermectin within 80 days. Were described prolonged forms of praziquantel as the implants on a base of polycaprolactone and it’s mix with polyethylene glycol, which is obtained by extrusion of a melt of a mixture of praziquantel and polymers.

The exact mechanisms of secondary immunosuppression caused by parasite infection has not yet been clarified. Even less explored is the ability of helminths antigens to induce apoptosis in immuno-competent mammalian cells during the invasion. The aim of this study was to establish the possible relationship between the immuno-competent cells apoptosis, the dynamics of changes in the leucocyte count of peripheral blood and development of immunosuppression during chronization of helminthosis in mice infected with Syphaciaobvelata.Materials and methods. Eighty five albino mice with a mean body weight of 18-20 g were used in the experiment. Animals were divided into the following experimental groups: 1) intact animals (control group), 2) animals infected Syphaciaobvelata (Rudolphi, 1802), Seurat, from 1916 n / a Oxiurata.Mice were decapitated after 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 weeks after infection by raush-anesthesia and blood was collected from the tail vein. Blood smears were stained with Giemsa-Romanovsky method. Light microscopy was used to determine leukocyte formula, and to count the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes with morphological signs of varying degrees of apoptosis.Lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll — verografin density gradient separation, their total concentration was counted in Goryaev camera and adjusted with medium to 2 x106/ml. The obtained data were statistically processed using STATISTICA software (version 8.0 for Windows) and the SPSS (version 11.0).Results and discussion. Helminthiases in the acute stage (1, 2, 3 weeks) promoted eosinophilia formation and reduction of geterofilov and lymphocytes number, while did not change significantly the percentage of other forms of white blood cells. In blood smears morphological features of apoptosis were observed in a small amount in geterofily lymphocytes.Thus, it was found that in the acute stage of infection the activation of cellular immunity occures, expressed mainly in the form of eosinophilia and indicating the development of hypersensitivity.During the 8 weeks development of helmithasis (mice syphaciosis) and its conversion into chronic stage the activity of leukocytes apoptosis increased. This is apparently an essential link in the pathogenesis of helminthiasis in general and developing immunosuppression in particular. The most important role belong to the apoptosis of immunocompetent cells such as lymphocytes and geterophyls.

It is established dictyocaulosis, protostrongylosis, muelleriosis, cystocaulosis, ostertagyosis, trichostrongylosis, nematodirosis, haemonchosis, fasciolosis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis (larva) in sheep in Moscow region. Efficiency of ELISA in diagnostics of helminthosis of sheep has made 75,5–100 %. The most essential deviations in chemical compound of sheep’s meat are marked at pulmonary nematodosis, echinococcosis and fasciolosis.

Methodological guidelines for application of immunomodulatory agents in combination therapy of helminthosis have been developed. The list of immunomodulatory drugs recommended for combination therapy of animal helminthosis includes T-activin, Ribotan, Ronkoleikin, Polyoxidonium. The isolated drug application reveals the selective mechanism of their immune-biological effects. T-activin directly affects the cellular immune response in primary and secondary disorders of immune system and in drug-induced immunodeficiency diseases. Ribotan stimulates production of antibodies against specific antigens as well as interferon and lymphokines synthesis. Ribotan has a bioregulatory activity influencing the functional status of the liver monooxygenase system. Biological effects of Ronkoleikin are directed at growth, definition and activation of T- and B-lymphocytes, synthesis of different isotypes of immunoglobulins in plasma cells, production of interferons α, β, γ. Pilot injections of Polyoxidonium prevent negative effects of the anthelmintic drug on the functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes and stabilize the immune system.

Features of main infectious diseases in animals of Yakutia are presented. The research was conducted in horse, cattle and deer ranches of Yakutia. 45 horses, 23 cattle, 51 northern deer were investigated in 2001–2010 by the method of complete and incomplete helminthological postmortem examination of intestines and muscles. 3924 fecal samples including 2523 – from horses, 963 – from cattle and 438 – from northern deer were examined by the method of copro- and larvoscopy. 193 helminth species related to 60 genera, 26 families, 10 units, 4 classes, 3 types were detected in domestic animals in Yakutia. Helminthosis take a leading position in general pathology of horses, northern deer and cattle. Northern deer are infected with 37 helminth species, 9 of which are cestode species, 25 – nematode species, 3 – trematode species as well as with gad-fly larvae. For the first time at dehelmintization of herd horses we applied anthelmintic drugs in combination with the probiotic Sakhabactisubtil. A concomitant use of the Equisect and probiotic Sakhabactisubtil contributes to a quicker recovering of qualitative and quantitative composition of intestinal microorganisms and has a positive effect on immune and fermentation systems as well as metabolic functions of growing horses.

Traditional methods of control of parasitic diseases in animals with large dosages of chemotherapeutic drugs (anthelmintics) are losing popularity due to helminths developing resistance to them, while public becomes more sensitive to chemical residues in animal products. Recent studies show, however, that many helminth-caused diseases can be effectively controlled through use of less conventional methods such as plant extracts, natural enemies of helminths and other ecological features

Objective of research: to study the efficacy of new broad spectrum anthelmintic drugs for tre ating main helminthosis in cattle. Materials and methods: 4 experiments were conducted to test the anthelmintic drugs used against helminthosis in cattle in conditions of Vologda region. In the fist experiment were involved 125 animals with fasciolosis divided into different groups by 25 animals in each group which got the single doses of: fascocide at a dose of 10 mg/kg, helmicide - 5,25 mg/kg according to the active ingredient, albendazole - 15 mg/kg, fezol - 14 mg/kg, alben - 10 mg/kg The efficacy of preparations was registered according to the results of coproovoscopy before and 45 days after dehelmintization. The second experiment was performed at paramphistomosis in cattle with the use of the same preparations. In the 3, 4 and 5 experiments we used the same preparations at moniesiosis, strongylatozis of the digestive tract and dictyocaulosis in young cattle, respectively. Results and discussion: at fasciolosis of cattle the drug efficacy was: for fascocide and helmicide - 100 %, fezol - 92, alben - 76 %, at paramphistomosis 100 %, 84, 80 and 68 %, respectively. The drug efficacy at cattle moniesiosis was: of helmicide and fezol - 100 %, alben - 92 %, and at gastro-intestinal strongylatozis: of fezol- 100 %, helmicide - 92 and alben - 84 %. At dictyocaulosis the efficacy was: of helmicide - 88 %, fezol – 92 and alben - 80 %.

Efficacy of ricobendazole in 10 % solution for injection against the most helminthosis of cattle are studied. Therapeutic dosis of ricobendazole (4 mg/kg) were determined. The drug was showed 98–100% efficacy against dictyocaulosis, gastrointestinal nematodosis, monieziosis. Fasciola hepatica, Trichocephalis ovis were more resistant to action of ricobendazole.

As the test objects served elks and dappled deer infested with helminthes. The purpose of this work is to study the efficacy of a new antiparasitic drug Ivirsaltused for prevention measures against helminths in wild hoofed animals. The therapeutic efficacy of new anthelmintic drug Ivirsalt used for treatment of nematodosis in wild hoofed animals was tested on 120 dappled deer, 7 elks and 1 roe deer in national Park «Losiny Ostrov». Ivirsalt are briquettes (licks) with a mass of 5 kg containing the active ingredient ivermectine and sodium chloride in the proportion 0,1 : 99,9. Salt lick briquettes were put in the feed-troughs on feeding places and saline soils based on the average daily salt consumption. The preparation was given within 14 days taking into account that the animals approach salt lick briquettes not less that 1 time a week. To determine the efficacy of preparation by the method of co-proscopy the fecal samples are collected before and every 10 days after distribution of salt lick briquettes. Standard life-time and post-mortem helminthological examinations of animals (coproovoscopy, K. I. Skryabin method of full post-mortem helminthological examination, 1928) are used. The research results show that the intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infections in dappled deer aged 1,5 to 3 years has decreased by 5,4 times, in deer older by 3 years – by 3,1 times.

The epizootic situation on main animal helminthosis which we have observed in Russian Federation in the period from 1990 to 2014 allows us to come to the conclusion that the development of epizootic process is affected by ecological components such as: conditions of pastures and water reservoirs, weather and climate especially in current pasture season; therefore it is necessary to conduct the antiparasitic treatment.

42 scientific Institutions and High Schools were involved in fulfillment of In- terdepartmental and Interstate programs in 2013. In all regions of Russian Federa- tion and CIS countries were conducted regular monitoring studies on epizootic sit- uation in relation to parasitosis in domestic and wild animals, birds, fish and bees. Based on information system of collecting and analysis of data a monitoring me- thodology of parasitic diseases is elaborated that allows to forecast the develop- ment of epizootic situation and to optimize the struggle against parasitic diseases within particular region. Forecast of epizootic situation on main helminthosis of animals made for 2013 is basically confirmed. Compared to the previous year the epizootic situation got worse in relation to paramphystomatosis in Yakutia, strongi- latosis of gastrointestinal tract and lungs in Southern Siberia and in the Far East as well as in regions infected with eurytremosis and orientobilharciosis. Parasitic fau- na, spread of parasitosis and features of parasitosis course in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats and deers) are studied on the territory of Moscow, Kalinigrad, Ryasan, Samara and Tyumen regions, Altai, South Ural, North Caucasus, Yakutia, West Kazakhstan, Central and South-Eastern Tajikistan. Features of parasitosis course in carnivorous in Black Earth and Non-Black Earth zones, Krasnodar Krai and Altai are studied. Continuous monitoring studies in regions unfavorable for trichinellosis are being conducted. Features of circulation of trichinellosis in natural biocenosis of Central region of Russia are investigated and methodical guidelines for its pre- vention in hunting farms are developed where a wide range of issues is embraced. A new patented device «Gelmi» is destined for release of eggs and larvae from helminths using peptolysis of muscle tissue samples; a digestion technique for the detection of trichenellosis and opisthorchosis is developed. Furthermore for the first time metacercariae opisthorchis, mesocercariae alaria and larvae of trematodes using a method of peptolysis are released. Techniques for axonomic identifying of genotype of northern isolates of Trichinella spp. on the territory of RF are devel- oped that allows to complete the system characteristic and to detect phylogenetic relationship inside different taxonomic groups. Helminthophauna of predators on the territory of Central Black Earth State Biosphere Reserve are analyzed. Age- related and season infection dynamics are revealed in main commercial fish in Tsimlyansk, Varvarovka, Karpovka reservoirs as well as in Volga and Lena rivers. Monitoring of spread of invasions and infections in honey bees in the South of Tyumen region is conducted

Efficacy of the injective anthelmintic drug Ritril produced on the base of Ricobendazole and Triclabendazole used in treatment of different types of helminthosis in cattle has been studied. It was determined that Ritril has a high anthelmintic efficacy when administered at a dose of 0,8 ml/10 kg of body weight. The drug shown a 100% efficacy in treatment of dictyocaulosis and strongylatosis of gastrointestinal tract. Fasciola spp. and Trichocephala spp. were more resistant to the effect of Ritril. Therefore it is recommended to use the drug at a higher dose – 1,6 ml/10 kg of body weight.

Efficacy of injection form of the combined drug Avertel applied against helminthosis and arachno-entomosis in dogs and cats is studied. Investigations were carried out on dogs and cats spontaneously and experimentally infected by cestodes and nematodes, ticks Sarcoptes scabiei, Otodectes cynotis, Notoedres cati, fleas Ctenocephalides felis, lice Linognathus setosus, biting louses Trichodectes canis. Avertel was applied to the animal's skin surface in the forearm and shoulder joint singly at helminthosis, twice at arachno-entomosis at a dose of 1 ml/kg or 0,5 mg/kg of aversectine C1 and 5 mg/kg of praziquantel per kg. Singly applied to the skin in the tested dose Avertel shown a 100 % efficacy against cestodes in dogs and cats. Efficacy of this drug against nematodes in cats was 100 %, in dogs – 96,9 %. Applied twice to the skin with the interval of 14 days Avertel shown a 100 % efficacy against otodectosis in dogs and cats, sarcoptosis in dogs, notoedrosis in cats, linognatosis and trichodectosis in dogs. At ctenocephalosis in dogs the efficacy was 83,3, in cats – 87,5 %. The preparation was well tolerated by animals, no side effects were observed.

The cod Gadus morhua maris-albi is one of the most heavily infested fish species in the White Sea. The fish liver (hepate) is a convenient model to study the pathogenesis in parasitosis. A transmission electron microscopy study of the White Sea cod hepatocytes in both minor and severe infestation was performed in this paper. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes and pericytes in minor infestation was analyzed. The signs of fatty liver disease in specimens with the high degree of infestation were revealed. Changes in the fine structure of hepatocytes and adaptation of the organism to parasitosis were discussed.

The influence of alvet-suspension on cats organism is defined and its efficiency at helminthoses are studied. Alvet-suspension doesn't render negative influence on animals organism and is highly effective against helminthosis. Hematological picture essentially does not change, insignificant fluctuations of activity of enzymes are marked. Efficiency at toxocarosis and toxascariosis has made 100 %, at uncinariosis – 95,7 and dipylidiosis – 94,1 %.

Because of indirect and direct damages, parasitic infections of cattle pose a threat to animals, so it is necessary to suppress them continuously. In order to carry out the action successfully, it is of crucial importance to deal with current data on their presence. The investigation was carried out in the region of North Bačka District during 2009. and 2010., in 224 heads of cattle grown at farms of various hygienic status and housing conditions. In this study, there are presented the results relating to helminthosis and mange prevalence in different age categories of cattle. Positive parasitological findings were determined in 43.30% of tested animals. There were diagnosed cestodes of Moniezia and Dicrocoelium dendriticum strain, gastro intestinal strongilides as well as mites of Psoroptes strain. During two years’ investigation, there was found out the greatest prevalence of infections caused by gastro intestinal strongilides (19.78% and 29.32%). On the basis of the obtained results, it will be possible to use modern antihelmintics more effectively, as well as to implement measures in order to prevent both growth and survival of preparasitic stadiums in the environment and animal infection. The ultimate goal is to help providing more economical cattle production in the investigated region. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31084: Praćenje zdravstvenog stanja divljači i uvođenje novih biotehnoloških postupaka u detekciji zaraznih i zoonoznih agenasa - analiza rizika za zdravlje ljudi, domaćih i divljih životinja i kontaminaciju životne sredine i br. 173001: Primena EIIP/ISM bioinformatičke platforme u otkrivanju novih terapeutskih targeta i potencijalnih terapeutskih molekula]

Helminthosis in livestock has been a problem from time immemorial. Local farmers have ancient methods of controlling helminth parasites which had limited applications and success. Modern methods of controlling helminths are more effective if properly and strategically administered in such a way as to ensure adequate control of helminths and at the least possible cost to the farmer. Many factors militate against the control of Helminthosis in developing countries. Some of these factors are the literacy level of farmers, government funding and problems associated with experts in the field who are supposed to be involved in the control of Helminthosis. In this review some solution is proffered against these factors so as to ensure maximum helminth control and greater productivity of livestock. [Vet. World 2012; 5(1.000): 42-47]

Main Cattle Helminthosis: Epidemiological Investigation at Two Slaughters in the Area of El Tarf Algeria. From July 2010 to December 2011, an epidemiological survey on the main cattle helminthosis was conducted and involved a total of 821 cattle slaughtered at the abattoirs of Ain El Assel and Bouteldja. The results indicate that fasciolosis, hydatidosis and oesophagostomosis dominate with prevalences of 52.4%, 30.9% and 31.3% respectively. Coexist with these pathologies: paramphistomosis, haemonchosis, dictyocaulosis and monieziosis with prevalences of 19.2%, 17%, 15.4% and 11.1% respectively. Overall, the intensity of these parasitic entities is low. The origin of cattle does not affect significantly the prevalence of these pathologies (p≥ 0.05). However it is noted that Ain El Assel and Bouteldja are the most affected areas. Females and cattle over 5 years are the most infested, except for oesophagostomosis where young males (1-3 years) seem the most infested. In addition, all entities are observed throughout the year except for haemonchosis and monieziosis which disappear in December, dictyocaulosis which is absent in January and paramphistomosis which is not observed in January and February.

As helmintoses gastrintestinais ocupam lugar de destaque na produção de pequenos ruminantes como um fator limitante e o seu controle vem sendo realizado por meio do uso indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos favorecendo o surgimento da resistência a medicamentos. Com o objetivo de comparar a ação anti-helmíntica das plantas Operculina hamiltonii (batata de purga), Marmodica charantia (Melão de São Caetano) e do moxedctin a 0,2% sobre as infecções helminticas naturais de caprinos, foram utilizados 40 caprinos, sem raça definida, fêmeas, com idade entre seis e 12 meses, naturalmente infectados, separados em quatro grupos: o GRUPO 1 (G1) - animais controle negativo tratados com água destilada; o GRUPO 2 (G2) - animais tratados com o extrato alcoólico da O. hamiltonii; o GRUPO 3 (G3) - animais tratados com o extrato alcoólico da M. charantia e no GRUPO 4 (G4) - animais controle positivo tratados com moxidectina 0,2%. Todos os grupos receberam os tratamentos por três dias consecutivos. As amostras fecais foram coletadas nos dias 0, 30 e 60 após tratamento, para a realização da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e larvacultura. Para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos, aplicou-se o teste de redução na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (RCOF). A RCOF do G2, G3 e G4 foram de 63 e 90; 40 e 40; 100 e 100%, respectivamente para 30 e 60 dias pós-tratamento respectivamente. Durante o período de estudo, observou-se que todas as amostras coletadas estavam positivas para larvas de helmintos da superfamília Trichostrongyloidea, com exceção para o G4, nos dias 30 e 60 pós-tratamento. O Haemonchus foi o parasita mais prevalente nas coproculturas.Gastrintestinal helminthosis occupy a place of prominence in the production of small ruminants as an edge factor. Its control has been carried through the indiscriminate use of anti-helminthic products in favor of the appearing resistance to the medicines. With the objective to compare the anti-helminthic action of the Operculina hamiltonii plants (potato of purges), Marmodica charantia (Cantaloups of Sao Caetano) and of moxedctin at 0.2% about the natural helminthic infections of goats, there had been used 40 goats, without defined race, females, with age between six and 12 months, naturally infected, separated in four groups: GROUP 1 (G1) negative control animals treated with distilled water; GROUP 2 (G2) -animal treated with the alcoholic extract of O. hamiltonii; GROUP 3 (G3) - animal treated with the alcoholic extract of M. charantia and GROUP 4 (G4) - positive control animals treated with moxidectina at 0.2%. All of them had received the treatments for three days in a row. The feces samples were collected at: 0, 30 and 60 days after treatment, for the accomplishment of the egg counting per gram of excrements (EPG) and larvae culture. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a reduction on the egg counting per gram of excrements (RECE) was applied. The RECE of the G2, G3 and G4 were: 63 and 90; 40 and 40; 100 and 100%, respectively for 30 and 60 days post-treatment, respectively. During the period of study it was observed that all collected samples were positive for larvae of helminths of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea, except for the G4, throughout 30-60 days and post-treatment. The Haemonchus was the most prevalent parasite in the culture of feces.

Infection of humans with embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis (larva migrans) remains asymptomatic, or results in covert or common toxocarosis, visceral larva migrans syndrome, or ophthalmologic and neurologic impairment. Though neurological manifestations of Toxocara canis larvae are rare, toxocarosis remains an important differential diagnosis of various neurological disorders. Manifestations of the central nervous system are dementia, meningo-encephalitis, myelitis, cerebral vasculitis, epilepsy, or optic neuritis. Manifestations of the peripheral nervous system comprise radiculitis, affection of cranial nerves, or musculo-skeletal involvement. If toxocarosis is neglected, ignored, or refused as a differential of these abnormalities, it may be easily overlooked for years. Early recognition and treatment of the infection is, however, of paramount importance since it reduces morbidity and mortality and the risk of secondary superinfection. Like the visceral manifestations, neurological manifestations of toxocarosis are treated by benzimidazole components, most frequently albendazole, corticosteroids, or diethylcarbamazine. If detected and treated early, the prognosis of neurological manifestations of toxocarosis is favourable.Infecção humana com ovos embrionados de Toxocara canis (larva migrans) pode permanecer assintomática ou resultar em toxocaríase acentuada ou comum, síndrome da larva migrans visceral ou manifestações neurológicas ou oftalmológicas. Embora manifestações neurológicas das larvas de Toxocara canis sejam raras, a toxocaríase permanece como importante diagnóstico diferencial de várias manifestações neurológicas. Manifestações do sistema nervoso central são demência, meningoencefalite, mielite, vasculite cerebral, epilepsia, ou neurite ótica. Manifestações do sistema nervoso periférico compreendem radiculite, agressão de nervos cranianos ou envolvimento músculo-esquelético. Se a toxocaríase é negligenciada, ignorada, ou recusada como diferencial destas anormalidades, ela pode ser facilmente desapercebida por anos. Reconhecimento precoce de tratamento da infecção é portanto de fundamental importância uma vez que reduz sua morbidade e mortalidade e o risco de superinfecção secundária. Da mesma maneira que as manifestações viscerais, as neurológicas são tratadas por benzimidazólicos, mais freqüentemente albendazole, corticosteróides ou dietilcarbamazine. Se detectado e tratado precocemente, o prognóstico das manifestações neurológicas da toxocaríase é favorável.

The paper analyzes the helminths-carrying in children with herpetic stomatitis according to the data of the department of maxillofacial surgery of the National center of mother and child welfare, and determines the relationship of oral diseases with disorders of various parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Observance of epizootic situation in Russian Federation within 1990-2014 in relation to main helminthosis in animals enable to make a conclusion that epizootic process of helminthosis is affected by ecological components: condition of pas- tures, water basins, weather and climate, especially in current pasture season, there- fore it is necessary to carry out antiparasitic treatment.

Background: There is continued reliance on conventional veterinary drugs including anthelmintics, to some of which resistance has developed. Loss of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) from societies affects the opportunities for utilization of ethnopharmacological practices unless properly documented. This study was conducted to identify common traditional practices using medicinal plants against helminthosis and other livestock diseases in Mpigi and Gulu districts of Uganda. Methods: Seven focus group discussions with ten farmers per group plus 18 key informant interviews were held in each district from August to November 2011. Ranking was used to quantify disease burdens and to identify priority livestock and breeds. Samples of each plant were submitted to Makerere University herbarium for identification and documentation. The local name, relative availability and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status were recorded. Results: Seventy six farmers in Mpigi and 74 in Gulu were interviewed. Theileriosis and helminthosis were the most common disease conditions in cattle and goats, respectively. Forty plant species within 34 genera from 22 botanical families were identified, with 20 of these used against helminthosis. Other plants treated wounds and ecto-parasites, theileriosis, retained placenta and bovine ephemeral fever. Non-plant practices (7) and plants cited were used in combinations depending on availability. Males older than 40 years had most ethnopharmacological knowledge. Most plants (75%, n = 40) were common, but 10 were rare. IUCN status was not evaluated for 95% of these plants. Conventional and traditional drug use in Gulu and Mpigi districts was different (χ² = 24; p < 0.001). The scientific, English, Luganda and Acholi names of all plants and their availability within the communities are documented herein. Conclusion: This is the first detailed livestock-related ethnopharmacological study in Gulu district. Farmers in Uganda are still using a variety of practices to treat livestock ailments. Scientific validation and evaluation of conservation status are urgently needed to ensure future availability and knowledge about these plant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are most prone to parasitic infections. The objectives of the study were to examine the occurrence of parasitic infections in children from different populations and to perform molecular characterization of human Giardia duodenalis isolates. We examined 631 stool samples from Roma and non-Roma children for the presence of parasitic developmental stages. Samples were collected from three eastern Slovakia districts. The ages of the children ranged from 1 months to 17 years. Subsequently, the molecular characterization of human G. duodenalis isolates by PCR detected triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and beta-giardin (bg) genes was performed. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 19.8%. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs were the most frequent, with an occurrence of about 13.8%. G. duodenalis cysts were present in 6.3% of samples. G. duodenalis isolates obtained from 13 children were subjected to DNA sequencing with tpi and bg genes. Five isolates were categorized as bearing subassemblage BIII, the three isolates as subassemblage BIV, one person was infected with a mixture of subassemblages BIII and BIV, four children had subassemblage AII, and one isolate revealed a structure corresponding with subassemblage AI. Our work is proof that poverty and poor hygiene contribute the most to public health problems associated with neglected parasitic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminthosis in livestock has been a problem from time immemorial. Local farmers have ancient methods of controlling helminth parasites which had limited applications and success. Modern methods of controlling helminths are more effective if properly and strategically administered in such a way as to ensure adequate control of helminths and at the least possible cost to the farmer. Many factors militate against the control of Helminthosis in developing countries. Some of these factors are the literacy level of farmers, government funding and problems associated with experts in the field who are supposed to be involved in the control of Helminthosis. In this review some solution is proffered against these factors so as to ensure maximum helminth control and greater productivity of livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]