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Neosinocalamus affinis, a type of cluster bamboo, is a good candidate feedstock for biomass energy. In this study, we identified 686 genes as members of CAZyme families in the N. affinis transcriptome. These genes included 222 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 288 glycosyltransferases (GTs), 64 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 70 auxiliary activities (AAs), 37 carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) and five polysaccharide lyases (PLs). Expression profile analysis revealed that several CAZyme genes, particularly GT, GH, AA and CE family members, were up‐regulated after insect infestation. Lignocellulose assays showed that the contents of three components, namely, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, increased after insect infestation. CAZyme genes were abundant in the N. affinis transcriptome and were involved in herbivory response. These findings could be applied to the protection of bamboo against herbivores, such as the bamboo snout beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti, and in the development of low‐cost chemical feedstock from bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioconversion lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a sustainable and energy-intensive practice, but its economic feasibility has been hindered by costly pretreatment and the cumbersome fermentation process. Herein, the hindgut metagenome of Cyrtotrachelus buqueti is assembled and sequenced to construct bacterial consortia for efficient LCB degradation. One of these consortia, named artificial synthetic bacteria community II (ASCII), is effective in degrading unpretreated LCB, achieving degradation rates of 85.33% for cellulose, 77.43% for hemicellulose, and 57.63% for lignin. The secretory protein extracted from ASCII is used for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) from unpretreated LCB. Furthermore, fed-batch SSF resulted in 40.62 g/L of 2,3-BDO with a productivity of 0.42 g/L/h reached by Klebsiella sp. CQHG35. This study provides a new approach for the construction of bacterial consortia and their use in SSF for the production of 2,3-BDO from unpretreated LCB, representing a significant breakthrough in this field. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects and gut symbiotic bacteria have shown promise in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). Cyrtotrachelus buqueti is being studied as a resource for LCB degradation, but its mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigates the host transcriptome and gut microbiome to identify the inherent mechanisms behind efficient LCB degradation. The gut secretory protein showed degradation rates of 30.23%− 38.24% for cellulose, 58.56%− 70.96% for hemicellulose, and 28.71%− 43.43% for lignin, while microbiota had degradation rates of 28.41%− 38.31% for cellulose, 53.45%− 66.15% for hemicellulose, and 25.65%− 38.37% for lignin. Core genera (>80%) of bacteria are identified in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, with the hindgut containing the most abundant lignin degradation potential genera Serratia and Dysgonomonas , and the midgut has the highest abundance of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation likely genera Lactococcus and Enterococcus. The transcriptome reveals highly abundant and diversified lignocellulolytic genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), with lignin-modifying enzyme genes highly expressed in the hindgut and cellulase and hemicellulase genes highly expressed in the foregut and midgut. Integrative analysis reveals a significant correlation between the gut microbiome and transcriptome, contributing to efficient LCB degradation. This study first provides a deeply comprehensive insight into the unique mechanisms of LCB degradation by C. buqueti. [Display omitted] • Lignocellulose was effectively degraded by the gut secretory protein and microbiota. • Microbiome and transcriptome analysis identified the core microbiota and CAZymes. • Microbiome and transcriptome intensely correlated revealed by integrative analysis. • Revealed the mechanism for lignocellulose degradation by bamboo snout beetle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]