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Background Little is known about outcomes of Hepatitis B virus ( HBV)-related hospitalisations. Aim To compare the characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised HBV patients to those with Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) infection and alcoholic liver disease ( ALD), and to examine variables associated with poor outcomes. Methods Using the 2011 US Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified hospitalised patients with HBV, HCV or ALD-related admissions using ICD-9- CM codes. We compared liver-related complications between the three groups. Multivariable regression was performed to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality and length of stay. Results A total of 22 843 HBV, 203 300 HCV and 244 383 ALD-related discharges were included. Cirrhosis was noted less commonly in those with HBV (69.1%) compared to HCV (83.9%) or ALD (80.9%) ( P < 0.001). In contrast, hepatocellular cancer and acute liver failure were more common with HBV (16.5% and 5.2%) compared to HCV (10.4% and 2.8%) or ALD (2.5% and 4.9%) respectively ( P < 0.0001). On multivariable analysis, adjusting for demographics, liver and nonliver comorbidity, HBV infection was associated with higher mortality compared to HCV infection [Odds ratio ( OR) 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39) or ALD ( OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.40). Length of hospital stay was greater with HBV compared to HCV (+0.54 days) or ALD (+0.36 days). Among those with HBV, significant factors associated with mortality included renal failure, hepatocellular cancer, respiratory failure, ascites, coagulopathy and acute liver failure. Conclusion Patients hospitalised with HBV infection represent a particularly high-risk group with poor in-hospital outcomes and increased mortality compared to HCV infection or alcoholic liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Objectives To assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infections among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Nepal. Methods A sample of 677 PLHIV representing key affected populations (KAP) in Nepal, who were undergoing antiretroviral (ART) therapy in ART clinics around the country, were voluntarily enrolled in the study. Rapid kit-based testing followed by ELISA for validation was performed, focusing on HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with HBV and HCV co-infection. Results HCV and HBV co-infection among the 677 PLHIV was found to be 19% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.6–22.7%) and 4.4% (95% CI 3.1–6.6%), respectively. The Eastern Region had the highest percentage of HCV infection (48%). The age group with the highest rates of co-infection was 30–39 years (58% and 70%, respectively, for HCV and HBV co-infection). After adjusting for confounding, males were more likely to have HBV co-infection than females (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.61, 95% CI 1.42–14.98). Similarly, PLHIV who were male (AOR 5.7, 95% CI 2.06–15.98), had a secondary level of education (AOR 3.04, 95% CI 1.06–8.70), or who were drug users (AOR 28.7, 95% CI 14.9–55.22) were significantly more likely to have HCV co-infection. Conclusion This first ever national assessment of HIV, HBV, and HCV co-infection performed among PLHIV in Nepal demonstrates that HCV and HBV infections are a health threat to this population and that interventions are required to mitigate the effects of co-infection and to prevent further morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]