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Choosing the first broadcaster to be the parent node as proposed by the leader-based routing (LBR) enables its Polling packet to be received earliest in a heterogeneous mobile sensor network (MSN) with short and intermittent availability of the mobile sink but may lead to an unreachable parent node. Furthermore, employing the three-way-handshaking as proposed by the link quality indicator (LQI)-based beaconless routing (LQI-BLR) may lead to a longer packet delivery delay. To avoid the aforementioned drawbacks simultaneously, the transmission power of the candidate parent node is included in the Polling packet in our proposed protocol. Along with the LQI, a mobile sensor can estimate its distance to the candidate parent node and its packet-receive ratio (PRR). If the PRR is higher than a preset threshold, the candidate can be chosen accordingly. Via simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed protocol can outperform LBR and LQI-BLR in a heterogeneous environment. In terms of the packet delivery ratio, our proposed protocol is able to achieve at least 35% and 20% of improvement when compared to LBR and LQI-BLR, respectively. Regarding the energy consumption and packet delivery delay, more than 20% improvement can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional beaconless geographical routing (BGR) protocols perform poorly in a heterogeneous environment due to the consideration of location solely with an assumption of homogeneous transmission. Therefore, we propose a novel BGR with consideration of the locations of candidate forwarders and different transmission ranges. Our proposed protocol, namely, the heterogeneity-aware BGR (HA-BGR), is designed for a heterogeneous mobile sensor network (MSN), where the transmission ranges of mobile sensors are different. In HA-BGR, a node takes its distance, transmission range, and progress to the destination into consideration before setting itself to be a candidate next hop and remains active. Examined by analytical and extensive simulation results, HA-BGR not only needs fewer next-hop candidates but also achieves better performance in the end-to-end delivery ratio and latency as compared to the recently proposed convex-lense decision region BGR (CDR-BGR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]