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Junggar Basin is an important exploration zone for sandstone‐hosted uranium deposits in north‐west China. However, neither the provenance of the host sandstone nor the uranium supply capacity of the potential source rocks have been well evaluated. To determine the provenances of the Mesozoic to Cenozoic sandstone grains and to evaluate relationships between the uranium source and the detritus provenances, a field investigation was performed at the Honggou section in the southern Junggar Basin. U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes were obtained from populations of detrital zircons from Jurassic through Palaeogene sandstones. The detrital zircon U–Pb ages display three main groups: 145–190 Ma, 250–360 Ma, and 360–460 Ma. The detrital zircon age distributions and the Hf isotopic characteristics of the sandstones correspond to different igneous rock units within the North and Central Tianshan Mountains. Therefore, the changes in the relative proportions of the zircon age populations indicate that there were major shifts of the provenance areas for the sandstones throughout the Early Jurassic to Palaeogene interval. The majority (92%) of Hf isotope εHf(t) values are positive and in the range of +0.7 to +15.5, which indicates that the majority of the zircons had crystallized in igneous rocks that were mainly derived from juvenile crust or depleted mantle. The majority (93%) of the two‐stage model ages (TDM2) are less than 1.8 Ga, thereby indicating the source of the majority of the igneous rocks was from the melting of ancient Meso‐Proterozoic juvenile crust. Carboniferous–Permian intermediate‐felsic igneous rocks in the Tianshan Mountains may be the primary source of released mobilized uranium and uranium‐enriched siliciclastics into the southern Junggar Basin. This study will assist in future uranium prospecting in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]