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Liver and kidney role in detoxification and drug metabolism increases the risk of their poisonous injury. Topiramate (TMP) is an effective popular migraine prophylaxis that is accepted for utilize in adults and teenagers. Therefore, the target of this research is to estimate the potential toxic effects of TMP on liver and kidney in male mice. Thirty-two adult albino male mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 mice). Group I of animals was given saline solution and used as negative control. The other three groups were administrated TPM at doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) for 28 days. Genotoxicity was evaluated by comet assay and DNA fragmentation by Diphenyleamine. Biochemical investigation was achieved by estimating liver enzymes (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) creatinine and uric acid. In addition, measurement of the antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were performed in both two tissues of liver and kidney. Microscopic examination of hematoxyline and eosin (H&E), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and caspase3 stained sections were done to explore the effect of topiramate on mice tissues of liver and kidney. The data revealed that TPM showed dose dependent toxicity that represented in: DNA damage in tested cells and increased level of liver enzymes, creatinine and uric acid as markers of toxicity. Topiramate significantly diminished antioxidant enzymes activities and elevated the level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. In addition, TPM caused histopathological alterations and dose dependent positive immune reaction for TNF--α and caspase 3 in kidney and liver tissues. The results showed that Topiramate has marked toxicity in liver and kidney of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to screen different extracts (E) such as total ethanol (TE), petroleum ether (PE) chloroform (CH), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (AM) extracts of Peltophorum africanum Sond. (PA) and Saraca indica L. (SI) leaves (family fabaceae) for their in-vitro antidiabetic activity using α-amylase inhibition assay. The extracts that showed remarkable in vitro activity were further subjected to in vivo anti-diabetic assessment using streptozotocin-induced diabetes model in experimental animals where serum glucose, C-peptide, liver glycogen content in addition to lipid peroxide level in both serum and liver were estimated biochemically in normal and diseased rats. The average percent of weight change and kidney to body weight ratio percent were calculated for all animal groups. Histopathological examination of pancreas, liver and kidney sections isolated from all animals was carried out. UPLC/MS/MS analysis of TEE of PA and SI for chemical investigation was performed. Results of the in vitro anti diabetic activity revealed that EAE, PEE& TEE of PA and TEE & EAE of SI possessed the highest inhibitory activity as compared to acarbose. In vivo antidiabetic activity of the selected extracts revealed that animal groups treated daily with EAE of PA and SI exhibited a significant improvement in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid peroxide level, with superior effect in comparison with that of TEE and PEE of both plants. Histopathological findings showed marked protection particularly in sections isolated from animals treated with EAE of PA. UPLC/MS/MS analysis of TEE of both plants identified 46 metabolites belonging to various classes. It could be suggested that active extracts of both plants could be considered as potential natural antioxidant and anti-diabetic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic toxicity has important health concern as it affects different animal species all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the histological changes caused by chronic arsenic exposure on some body organs of female albino rats, and the protective role of Spirulina platensis. In this experiment, 20 female albino rats were used. The rats were divided into four groups; control group and three groups that received spirulina (Sp), sodium arsenate and sodium arsenate plus spirulina respectively, for 3 months by oral gavages. Arsenic treated group revealed decreased level of serum estradiol (E2) in comparison to control group, while this level was improved with spirulina administration. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in arsenic treated group as compared with control group and co-treatment with spirulina reversed this level to nearly normal. Serum glutathione (GSH) activity significantly reduced in arsenic administered group in comparison with the control. On the other hand, spirulina co-treatment significantly improved serum GSH levels. Arsenic treatment significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Spirulina administration significantly recovered the serum AST and ALT levels. Histopathological findings revealed different degenerative and inflammatory changes in uterus, liver, heart, lungs and brain of arsenic treated group. Histological alterations were markedly improved by co-treatment with spirulina. Chronic arsenic exposure causes different histological alterations in body organs, and these changes can be improved by co-treatment with Spirulina platensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:Camel milk (CM) is recommended for liver disease patients in Egypt for a strong belief that it has a curative effect. Objective:The effect of consumption of CM with or without chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin was evaluated on induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Materials and methods:Wistar male rats (56) were divided into eight groups (7 rats each). Group I was control. Hepatocarcinogenesis was initiated by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (200 mg/kg BW) and promoted by phenobarbitone (500 ppm) in drinking water in groups V, VI, VII and VIII. Treatment started from 28th till 38th week using CM (5 mL/day) and/or cisplatin (5 mg/kg/3 weeks) in groups II, III IV, VI, VII and VIII. Biochemical analysis, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver tissue were performed. Histopathology of liver and kidney and immunohistochemistry of placental glutathione-S-transferase (P-GST) in liver were performed and analyzed using image analysis. Results:Albumin concentration and SOD activity were 3.13 ± 0.23 and 311.45 ± 41.71 in group VII (DENA & cisplatin), whereas they were 4.3 ± 0.15 and 540.5 ± 29.94 in group VII (DENA, CM and cisplatin). The mean area of altered hepatocellular foci and P-GST altered foci decreased in group VI (DENA and CM) (1049.6 ± 174.78 and 829.1 ± 261) and group VIII (cisplatin and CM) (1615.12 ± 436 and 543.9 ± 127) compared to group V (DENA only) (4173.74 ± 510.7 and 3169.49 ± 538.61). Cisplatin caused chronic interstitial nephritis, which was slightly alleviated in group VIII (CM and cisplatin). Conclusions:CM had an antioxidant effect and together with cisplatin managed to decrease hepatocarcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Epididymo-orchitis is one of the most important reproductive diseases in rams caused by various pathogens. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathological characteristics of epididymo-orchitis caused by Brucella melitensis in rams. Nine rams with a large unilateral scrotal swelling were admitted to the surgery clinic. Full case history, thorough clinical examination, Rose Bengal test (RBT), Microagglutination test, ultrasonographic and histopathological examinations were carried out for all rams. The mean age of the diseased rams was 4±1.7 years. The diseased rams showed positive RBT (++) and the mean antibrucella titer was 1/140±7.8. For rams admitted between 1 to 2 months from the onset of clinical signs, the main ultrasonographic findings included thick hyperechoic scrotum, thick hyperechoic testicular tunics, anechoic fluid into vaginal cavity, enlarged testis, absence of testicular echogenic pattern, wide appearance of the mediastinum testis and multiple hypoechoic testicular and epididymal abscesses. For rams admitted between 2 to 3 months from the onset of clinical signs, hyperechoic multiple testicular abscesses, hyperechoic fibrous foci and thick hyperechoic epididymes were seen. The pathognomonic lesions were multiple focal testicular and epididymal abscesses, microgranulomas and microcalcification, necrosis of germinative epithelium, atrophy of seminiferous tubule with absence of spermatogenesis and interstitial edema associated with inflammatory cells infiltration. Scrotal lymph node showed focal caseous lymphadenitis with capsular edema. In conclusion, the ultrasonographic and histopathological findings of epididymo-orchitis caused by B. melitensis in rams are characteristics and vary depending on the chronological stage of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was performed to investigate the immunosuppressive effect of aflatoxin on the pathogenesis of H9N2 AI virus in SPF chickens. The experiment was carried out on 110 unvaccinated day old SPF chicks. They were divided into four groups of 25 birds each. Group I was kept as a non-treated and non-infected control; group II was intranasally infected with H9N2 AI virus at the 4th week of age; group III was fed on a diet containing 0.75 ppm aflatoxin from day one through the entire experiment period and group IV was fed on diet containing 0.75 ppm aflatoxin as group III and infected intranasally with H9N2 AI virus at the 4th week of age. Five chicks were kept as contact control (without infection) to group II and group IV. Five chickens from each group were slaughtered at 4th, 9th, 14th, 20th and 27th DPI Serum was collected from all slaughtered birds (5 serum samples/group/slaughter time) for serology (HI). Specimens from nasal conchae, trachea, lungs, liver, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, pancreas and brain were collected from slaughtered birds for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The histopathological lesions were more severe and persist till the end of the experiment in group IV. Using immunoperoxidase technique viral antigens were detected in the nasal conchae, trachea, lungs, thymus, kidneys and brain in group II while in group IV it extended further to the pancreas and bursa of Fabricius. In conclusion, the immunosuppression caused by aflatoxin increased the severity of lesions and allowed the virus to be disseminated to more organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Sexual dysfunction in the epileptic patient is difficult to confirm whether it is ailment or therapy related. Antiepileptic drugs often use in reproductive age, through reproductive progress and maturation. On the other side, cold-pressed oils are rich in bioactive phytochemicals with health-promoting traits. The target of this work was to appraise the sexual dysfunction of antiepileptic Topiramate (TPM) and cold pressed ginger oil (CPGO) as antiepileptic alternative medicine in male mice. Fifty-four adult male albino mice were divided into nine groups (n = 6 mice). One group given saline and used as negative control; another one was given corn oil as vehicle. Six groups administered orally with TPM or CPGO at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Moreover, group of animals co-administrated orally CPGO with TPM (400 mg/kg) to study their interaction. Fatty acid profile and tocols composition of CPGO were determined. in vitro assays were undertaken to evaluate radical scavenging traits of CPGO utilizing sable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and galvinoxyl radicals. The study investigated antioxidant and oxidative stress markers, sexual hormones levels, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegfa), synaptonemal complex protein (Sycp3), Wilms tumor gene (Wt1) as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Strong radical scavenging potential of CPGO against stable DPPH· and galvinoxyl radicals was recorded. The results revealed that TPM caused a dose-dependent reduction in the antioxidant activities and testosterone content, while, malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) as oxidative stress markers were elevated. Vegfa and Sycp3 mRNA expression down-regulated at all Topiramate tested doses, but Wt1 up-regulated at 400 mg/kg. TPM (400 mg/kg) revealed histological alterations associated with strong positive Bax immune reactive spermatogoneal and Leydig cells. Ginger oil elevated the CAT and SOD (antioxidant enzymes), serum testosterone and diminished the oxidative stress, up regulated the expression of Vegfa and Sycp3 and down-regulated the Wt1 expression. Meanwhile, CPGO revealed no histopathological alterations and no Bax immune-reactive cells. CPGO co-administration with TPM (400 mg/kg) attenuated the TPM toxicity. High doses of TPM may exhibit sexual dysfunction but CPGO is safe and has androgenic property. CPGO co-administration could protect the antiepileptic patient from the TPM sexual dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The folk medicine in Egypt has described several kinds of Egyptian herbs and plant prescriptions, belonging to various families to be concerned with the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study focuses on evaluating the chromosomal aberration in somatic cells of STZ-diabetic rats treated with Lupinus albus (termis) and Hyphaene thebaica (doum) as well as their effect on liver and pancreas histopathology. Material and methods: STZ was injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 50 mg/kg to induce diabetes. Termis seeds suspension (75 mg/100 g b.wt.) was daily orally administered, doum fruit suspension was daily orally administered (1g/kg b.wt.) and also gliclazide, reference drug, was administered at a dose equivalent to the therapeutic dose of rat. After four weeks of administration, bone-marrow metaphases were prepared for examining chromosomal aberration. These were followed by statistical analysis. Liver and pancreas were dissected, processed and stained with H&E for investigating histopathological changes. Results: The results of chromosomal analysis showed that, diabetic rats had a highly significant increase of chromosomal aberrations compared to that of normal healthy control. Animals which were treated with Lupinus albus and Hyphaene thebaica showed significant improvements in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations. Also, treatment of diabetic rats with termis and doum revealed marked improvement in liver and pancreas histopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]