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1. The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army.

Author

Reitsema, Laurie J., Mittnik, Alissa, Kyle, Britney, Catalano, Giulio, Fabbri, Pier Francesco, Kazmi, Adam C. S., Reinberger, Katherine L., Sineo, Luca, Vassallo, Stefano, Bernardos, Rebecca, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, Callan, Kim, Candilio, Francesca, Cheronet, Olivia, Curtis, Elizabeth, Fernandes, Daniel, Lari, Martina, Lawson, Ann Marie, Mah, Matthew, and Mallick, Swapan

Subjects
ACCULTURATION, WAR, MILITARY science, ARMIES, FOSSIL DNA, ANCIENT coins
Abstract

Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another catalyst of culture contact. We provide insight into the demographic dynamics of ancient warfare by reporting genome-wide data from fifth-century soldiers who fought for the army of the Greek Sicilian colony of Himera, along with representatives of the civilian population, nearby indigenous settlements, and 96 present-day individuals from Italy and Greece. Unlike the rest of the sample, many soldiers had ancestral origins in northern Europe, the Steppe, and the Caucasus. Integrating genetic, archaeological, isotopic, and historical data, these results illustrate the significant role mercenaries played in ancient Greek armies and highlight how participation in war contributed to continental-scale human mobility in the Classical world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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2. The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army

Author

Laurie J. Reitsema, Alissa Mittnik, Britney Kyle, Giulio Catalano, Pier Francesco Fabbri, Adam C. S. Kazmi, Katherine L. Reinberger, Luca Sineo, Stefano Vassallo, Rebecca Bernardos, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Kim Callan, Francesca Candilio, Olivia Cheronet, Elizabeth Curtis, Daniel Fernandes, Martina Lari, Ann Marie Lawson, Matthew Mah, Swapan Mallick, Kirsten Mandl, Adam Micco, Alessandra Modi, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kadir Toykan Özdogan, Nadin Rohland, Kristin Stewardson, Stefania Vai, Chiara Vergata, J. Noah Workman, Fatma Zalzala, Valentina Zaro, Alessandro Achilli, Achilles Anagnostopoulos, Cristian Capelli, Varnavas Constantinou, Hovirag Lancioni, Anna Olivieri, Anastasia Papadopoulou, Nikoleta Psatha, Ornella Semino, John Stamatoyannopoulos, Ioanna Valliannou, Evangelia Yannaki, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Harald Ringbauer, David Caramelli, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich, Reitsema, Laurie J, Mittnik, Alissa, Kyle, Britney, Catalano, Giulio, Fabbri, Pier Francesco, Kazmi, Adam C S, Reinberger, Katherine L, Sineo, Luca, Vassallo, Stefano, Bernardos, Rebecca, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, Callan, Kim, Candilio, Francesca, Cheronet, Olivia, Curtis, Elizabeth, Fernandes, Daniel, Lari, Martina, Lawson, Ann Marie, Mah, Matthew, Mallick, Swapan, Mandl, Kirsten, Micco, Adam, Modi, Alessandra, Oppenheimer, Jona, Özdogan, Kadir Toykan, Rohland, Nadin, Stewardson, Kristin, Vai, Stefania, Vergata, Chiara, Workman, J Noah, Zalzala, Fatma, Zaro, Valentina, Achilli, Alessandro, Anagnostopoulos, Achille, Capelli, Cristian, Constantinou, Varnava, Lancioni, Hovirag, Olivieri, Anna, Papadopoulou, Anastasia, Psatha, Nikoleta, Semino, Ornella, Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Valliannou, Ioanna, Yannaki, Evangelia, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Ringbauer, Harald, Caramelli, David, Pinhasi, Ron, and Reich, David

Subjects
Europe, Warfare, Multidisciplinary, Military Personnel, Archaeology, Greece, Classical world, Humans, history, Settore BIO/08 - Antropologia, ancient DNA, ancient warfare, History, Ancient
Abstract

Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another catalyst of culture contact. We provide insight into the demographic dynamics of ancient warfare by reporting genome-wide data from fifth-century soldiers who fought for the army of the Greek Sicilian colony of Himera, along with representatives of the civilian population, nearby indigenous settlements, and 96 present-day individuals from Italy and Greece. Unlike the rest of the sample, many soldiers had ancestral origins in northern Europe, the Steppe, and the Caucasus. Integrating genetic, archaeological, isotopic, and historical data, these results illustrate the significant role mercenaries played in ancient Greek armies and highlight how participation in war contributed to continental-scale human mobility in the Classical world.

Published
2022

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