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O presente estudo pretende analisar a estrutura e evolução da despesa da Câmara Municipal de Coimbra, entre 1762 e 1820. Para tal, aspira-se à criação de uma tipologia de categorização da despesa municipal na Época Moderna, que permita a sua implementação em investigações futuras sobre finanças municipais. Pretendemos compreender em que medida a composição e a evolução da despesa foi afetada pela evolução da receita. Almejamos a implementação de uma metodologia comparativa com outros municípios portugueses do séc. XVIII e inícios do XIX, de forma a apurar semelhanças e diferenças. E, por fim, estabelecer uma comparação com as finanças coimbrãs do séc. XVII, de forma a estabelecerem-se continuidades e ruturas. Concluiu-se que a despesa do município de Coimbra baixou ao longo da segunda metade do séc. XVIII, como consequência da diminuição da receita e de uma maior racionalização na realização da despesa. A tendência de diminuição da despesa no séc. XVIII e inícios do XIX contrasta com a realidade do séc. XVII, em que se deu um aumento dos gastos. A estrutura da despesa da câmara coimbrã não diferia das suas congéneres, apesar de ser comum os municípios apresentarem especificidades locais. The present study aims to analyse the structure and evolution of the expenditure of the Coimbra’s city council between 1762 and 1820. To this end, we aspire to create a typology to categorise municipal expenditure in the Early Modern Age, which will enable its implementation in future research on municipal finances. We intend to understand to what extent the composition and evolution of expenditure was affected by the evolution of revenue. We aim at implementing a comparative methodology with other Portuguese municipalities of the 18th and early 19th centuries, to determine similarities and differences. And, finally, establish a comparison with the finances of Coimbra’s city council in the 17th century, to establish continuities and ruptures. It was concluded that the expenditure council decreased during the second half of the 18th century, because of the decline in revenue and a greater rationalisation of expenditure. The downward trend in expenditure in the 18th and early 19th centuries contrasts with the 17th century when there was an increase in expenses. The expenditure structure of the Coimbra’s city council did not differ from its counterparts, although it is common for municipalities to have local specificities.

This HSR forum on central urban places in history discusses the spatial interactions between political and commercial centres. The narrative of western modernity we challenge here explains the increasing distance between prestigious political monuments and daily markets with the break-throughs in hygiene of the last two centuries in western urbanism. On the one hand, the example of Venice shows that the hygiene politics of the 19th century were not that new and that they could also be used for a kind of social segregation. On the other hand, the model of the occidental city as political community and municipal institution must be questioned. For instance, Ottoman towns had developed institutions that represented local groups and which were linked with the markets and their actors. Western influence and colonisation destroyed those institutions, which also had consequences for the city centre. We propose the concept of vertical and horizontal centrality for use in discussions of the multiple dimensions of centrality., Historical Social Research Vol. 47, No. 2 (2022): Forum: Transforming Cities, Negotiating Centrality: Markets and Civic Buildings in Comparative Perspective (XVth c. – XXth c.). Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1979, Issues per volume: 4, Volumes per year: 1

During the 19th century, modern facilities and new infrastructures dictated profound urban reforms in European cities. Coimbra, the seat of the Portuguese University, desired the same modernisation but lacked the financial and technical capacity to implement it. Despite all limitations, the liberal regime managed to break through the band of colleges that surrounded the city and carried out an audacious modernisation process. That transformed the old Monastery of Santa Cruz into the new centrality and its farm into the modern bourgeois neighbourhood, dictating the expansion of the urban fabric and giving rise to the current consolidated city. This article emphasises this reorganisation process and how it replicated the old correlation between economic and political centres., Historical Social Research Vol. 47, No. 2 (2022): Forum: Transforming Cities, Negotiating Centrality: Markets and Civic Buildings in Comparative Perspective (XVth c. – XXth c.). Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1979, Issues per volume: 4, Volumes per year: 1

Este estudio comienza analizando el paisaje urbano y la composición socioeconómica de la parroquia de São Bartolomeu de Coímbra entre los siglos XII y XV para después centrarse en observar la territorialización de sus derechos parroquiales y la reivindicación, a partir del siglo XIV, del cobro del diezmo en la margen opuesta del río. Se revela así un proceso de ampliación de la jurisdicción parroquial que chocó con los intereses de otras instituciones eclesiásticas de la ciudad. Con ello, se propone una reflexión sobre la relación de esta área urbana con el río, planteándose si en el periodo este fue un factor o un obstáculo para el crecimiento económico, de qué modo y a quién perjudicaría o beneficiaría cada uno de los casos. A través del estudio de la proyección de esta iglesia, en su parroquia y en la ciudad, se buscarán las respuestas a estas cuestiones.

A morte em Coimbra constitui um novo olhar sobre a interpretação feita aos registos de óbito da cidade, compreendidos entre 1750 e 1777. A partir da consulta destas fontes, e da Memória Paroquial de Coimbra, de 1758, alcançámos a definição dos traços e tendências demográficas, como os ciclos e picos da mortalidade anuais. As atitudes e comportamentos perante a morte, religiosidade e assistência social que caracterizaram parte da sociedade coimbrã setecentista estiveram no centro da nossa atenção. Para isso, procurámos aferir e compreender a administração de sacramentos, a “política” de inumações, a ação da Misericórdia e irmandades e a prática testamentária em Coimbra, no reinado de D. José. Death in Coimbra constitutes a new look at the interpretation of death records of the city, between 1750 and 1777. From the query of these sources and the memories of the parish of Coimbra, dating 1758, it was possible to reach the definition of demographic trends, such as the cycles and peaks of the annual mortality. The attitudes and behaviors towards death, religion and social assistance that characterized part of the eighteenth-century Coimbra society were at the center of our attention. For that, it was intended to assess and understand the administration of the sacraments, the burial “politics”, the work of Mercy and brotherhood and testamentary practice in Coimbra, during the reign of king José.

Quando se perspetiva historicamente o comportamento linguístico de uma sociedade percebemos a importância do teor das palavras e o seu uso intencional como superior manifestação de uma sensibilidade. A retrospetiva histórica é, nesse sentido, essencial para compreendermos não só as transformações ao longo do tempo, mas sobretudo para reconhecer as continuidades que subsistem na linguagem e, assim sendo, nas próprias mentalidades. Os processos judiciais de injúrias e ofensa à moral pública refletem, na sua maioria, situações em que as relações interpessoais estão exasperadas e as palavras ganham, assim, um significado crítico que é entendido pelos envolvidos, pela comunidade e pela lei como um insulto. A análise desta documentação permitir-nos-á identificar, para os finais do século XIX, os mecanismos usuais da afronta pessoal, com o necessário cariz público, através das palavras injuriosas mais comuns, as considerações dos queixosos, que recaem nas noções de honra e perceção perante os outros, as testemunhas e a resolução do juiz. O estudo do significado histórico da linguagem, que funciona aqui como arma e como crime, possibilita a apreensão de um código social comum, sobretudo ao nível da oralidade, que com as devidas diferenças e aproximações é, ainda, compreendido por todos. When society’s linguistic behaviour is analysed through historical perspective, we realize the importance of the meaning of words and its intentional use as a superior manifestation of sensibility. The historical retrospective is, in that sense, essential to understand not only changes through times, but to recognize the continuities that subsist in language and, consequently, in mentalities. Lawsuits of insults and offense to public moral reflect, mostly, circumstances where the interpersonal relations are exasperated and words gain a critical significance that is perceived by those involved, the community and the law as an insult. The analyses of this documentation allows us to identify, for the late 19th century, the usual mechanisms of personal affront, with its public nature, trough the most common words, the complainant’s considerations, that fall in notions of honour and perception before others, the witnesses and the judge’s deliberation. The study of the historical meaning of language, that works as a weapon and as a crime in itself, allow the apprehension of a common social code, especially in orality, that with due differences and proximities is, still, understood by all.

Au Moyen Âge, la ville de Coimbra avait un chapitre cathédral et sept collégiales avec des communautés de clercs séculiers. Pour l’ensemble de ces églises, sauf quelques documents du XIIe siècle, relatifs à la distribution des revenus à l’intérieur du chapitre cathédral, nous ne connaissons que quatre documents statutaires antérieurs au XVIe siècle.D’après une analyse de l’ensemble des documents normatifs médiévaux, nous analyserons la vie communautaire des églises collégiales de Coimbra afin de mieux comprendre leurs ressemblances et leurs différences et de percevoir l’influence du chapitre de la cathédrale dans la définition de la vie communautaire des collégiales de la ville. Après avoir caractérisé les institutions canoniales, nous chercherons les traces de la participation et de l’interférence des laïcs dans le quotidien de ces églises: Quel rôle était-il réservé aux laïcs dans les documents normatifs des églises de Coimbra ? Qui étaient les laïcs envisagés, directement ou indirectement, dans ce genre de documentation ? Par ailleurs, quelle interférence pouvaient-ils avoir dans le quotidien des chapitres ?C’est en répondant à ces questions qu’il nous sera possible de mieux comprendre la ville où ces communautés séculières avaient un rôle fondamental dans l’organisation sociale, économique et, bien sûr, spirituelle. The medieval city of Coimbra boasted a cathedral chapter plus another seven collegiate churches with their secular clergy. The statutes of four of these churches survive from before the sixteenth century. The community life of the collegiate churches of Coimbra will be examined using these medieval normative writings. The aim is to better understand the differences and resemblances between the collegiate churches and to estimate the influence of the cathedral chapter on delimiting community life in them. These institutions having been characterised, evidence of the participation, even the interference of laypeople in church life will be brought to the fore. What role did laypeople have in local church normative? Which laypeople do documents refer exactly? Besides, were they able to influence the everyday workings of the institutions which they were linked to? Answering these questions enables a better understanding of the social, economic and spiritual organisation of a city in which these communities of secular clergy were key.

Ce travail porte sur le rôle joué par les institutions ecclésiastiques médiévales dans l’écriture de chartes pour de tierces personnes et dans leur authentification, à partir surtout de l’exemple de Coimbra et de la chancellerie épiscopale de la ville. This paper focuses on the role played by medieval ecclesiastical institutions in the writing of charters for third parties and their authentication, from the example mainly of Coimbra and the town’s episcopal chancery.

Este artigo aborda o grupo de proprietários dos ofícios de tabelião de notas de Coimbra entre o início do século XVI e os meados do século XVIII. Para este efeito, suportamo-nos essencialmente nas cartas de nomeação, apresentação ou confirmação efetuadas pela Casa de Aveiro e pela Coroa portuguesa e registadas na chancelaria régia. A informação recolhida permitirá analisar qual o enquadramento legal e como se processou o exercício desta prerrogativa senhorial, observar a transmissão dos ofícios e identificar os seus proprietários, visando reconstituir os cinco cartórios da cidade. This article discusses the group of holders of the Coimbra’s notary offices from the early sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. We rely essentially on letters of appointment, presentation or confirmation written by the House of Aveiro and the Portuguese Crown and registered in the Royal Chancellery. The information collected will allow us to analyse the legal framework and how this noble prerogative was exercised, to observe the transmission of the offices, and to identify its owners, aiming to reconstruct the five offices of the city.

Nas últimas décadas do século X, perante um poder régio cada vez mais decadente emanado a partir de Leão, observou-se nas regiões periféricas deste reino uma crescente autonomização. Entre estas encontrava-se o condado de Coimbra, nas mãos de magnates descendentes do seu presor, que, contudo, pereceu perante al-Mansūr e a sua política agressiva face aos poderes cristãos do Norte peninsular a partir dos anos 987-988. Todavia, em parte deste território, ter-se-á formado um pequeno protectorado cliente do poder de Córdova, governado pelo filho de um antigo conde, que terá aceitado a soberania daqueles e prestar-lhes homenagem. Nos três decénios que se seguem, sensivelmente, Froila Gonçalves terá o controlo do condado, administrando-o e participando em acções militares punitivas contra os cristãos do Norte, além de se relacionar proximamente com o mosteiro de São Vicente e São Salvador da Vacariça. Assim, a partir de documentos originários desta abadia e da de Lorvão, procuramos demonstrar a importância que este nobre Froila deteve, através do seu governo, na afirmação daquele, tanto em vida como após a morte, ajudando-o a tornar-se a principal instituição monástica na região para o século XI. In the last decades of the 10th century, as the central power of the Kingdom of León weakened, the peripherical areas of the Iberia started to progressively gain more autonomy. One of those regions was the «county» of Coimbra, controlled by the descendants of the conqueror of the territory one century earlier. However, it perished before al-Mansūr and his aggressive policy against the northern Christian kingdoms of Iberia after the 987-988 campaigns, even though part of this newly occupied space was retained as a sort of cordovan protectorate by Froila Gonçalves, a son of a former count that accepted paying them homage. He held control of the area in the following three decades, administrating the region and participating in military offensives against the Christian forces in the North, besides very close ties to the Monastery of São Salvador e São Vicente da Vacariça. Thus, as of documents originated from this abbey and Lorvão, in this essay we aim to demonstrate the crucial importance that this nobleman held through his govern in the growth of that institution, before and after his death, helping it to become the most important coenobitic foundation in the region for the 11th century.

O presente estudo pretende analisar as receitas próprias da Câmara Municipal de Coimbra, entre 1762 e 1820, através dos Livros de Receita e Despesa, à guarda do Arquivo Histórico Municipal. Trata-se de um período de grandes dificuldades para a gestão camarária coimbrã, que levou à adoção de algumas estratégias e a algumas alterações significativas na forma de arrecadar as receitas. A questão central a que se pretende dar resposta, consiste em averiguar se as dificuldades de financiamento condicionavam o desempenho das suas múltiplas funções. Neste sentido, procura-se apresentar a estrutura dos rendimentos, explicando cada uma das categorias de receita, a forma como eram arrecadadas e a sua evolução ao longo da cronologia; analisar a evolução das receitas, em confronto com a evolução da despesa e dos saldos; identificar as semelhanças e diferenças entre o caso de Coimbra e o de outras câmaras municipais contemporâneas, assinalando características comuns e especificidades locais; numa análise de longa duração, elaboramos uma comparação com as finanças coimbrãs seiscentistas, indicando as continuidades e ruturas na evolução dos rendimentos concelhios. Pretendemos que este estudo carreie, igualmente, um contributo para o conhecimento da conjuntura económica de finais de Antigo Regime.

UIDB/00749/2020 UIDP/00749/2020 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0041 Na arte figurativa produzida (ou trazida) para Portugal entre os séculos XIII e XIV, a representação de Santiago encontrou uma expressão mais diversificada e mais abundante nas diversas formas de escultura do que na pintura, onde só conhecemos a sua presença a partir do século XV ou, na ourivesaria, de que não nos chegou qualquer exemplo. Assim, este texto propõe abordar as primeiras representações do apóstolo Tiago Maior na arte portuguesa através de esculturas devocionais (imagens de altar), mas também de relevos, e de como a iconografia do santo acompanhou as variações/ preferências da religiosidade de cada época, bem como os factores políticos dominantes. In the figurative art produced in (or brought to) Portugal in the 13th and 14th centuries, the representation of Saint James gave rise to more diversified and more abundant expression in different types of sculpture than in painting, where it was only present from the 15th century. This essay proposes to approach the earliest representations of the apostle Saint James in Portuguese art through devotional sculpture (altar images), and also reliefs, to demonstrate how the iconography of the saint reflected the variations and preferences of the religiosity of each era, as well as its dominant political factors. publishersversion published

La respuesta de las comunidades mozárabes ante la obligatoriedad de adoptar el rito romano durante los siglos XI y XII constituye un interesante fenómeno que ayuda a esclarecer hasta qué punto la antigua liturgia hispano-visigótica formaba parte de la esencia identitaria de esos cristianos arabizados y de qué modo miraron al rito ultrapirenaico. Este trabajo quiere ofrecer una revisión de la literatura generada en torno al tema desde mediados del siglo XX, diferenciando tres escenarios: Portugal (Coímbra y Lisboa), Aragón (Zaragoza y el valle del Ebro) y Toledo. El objetivo que se persigue es el de exponer y evaluar los modelos interpretativos, la recurrencia temática y la caracterización de personajes y grupos. Asimismo, se indican las líneas de investigación abiertas y se sugieren nuevas vías de estudio.The response of the Mozarabic communities with respect to the obligation to adopt the Roman rite during the eleventh and twelfth centuries is an interesting phenomenon which sheds light on the extent to which the ancient Hispano-Visigothic liturgy was part of the essence of the Arabized Christian’s identity and in what way did they conceive the foreign rite. This study proposes a review of the literature produced on this topic from the mid-twentieth century in three different areas: Portugal (Coimbra and Lisbon), Aragon (Zaragoza and the Ebro Valley) and Toledo. Our objective is to present and evaluate the interpretive models, the recurring themes and the characterization of figures and groups. Furthermore, we will enumerate current research areas and propose new themes for future studies.

A exploração de redes sociais apresenta-se como uma proposta metodológica plena de potencialidades, pois, ao permitir a visualização das interações dos atores num contexto social alargado pode desvendar ao historiador relações, dependências e evoluções que metodologias mais tradicionais poderiam ter mais dificuldade em detetar. No presente artigo procuramos demonstrar algumas possibilidades abertas pela utilização desta metodologia, a partir de um estudo de caso. O exemplo incide sobre o universo de processos de escolha e decisão dentro de um contexto de apropriação de lugares no poder municipal de Coimbra entre 1783 e 1817. A partir da geração dessas redes procuraremos explicitar atores e padrões de comportamento, procurando na contextualização histórica desses atores e situações, reconstruídas através das fontes compulsadas, explicações para a sua configuração e evolução. ***** This paper aims to discuss the potential but also the limitations of using network analysis as a tool in historical research. From a specific case involving the action of actors confronted with decision-making processes concerning the election of councilmen for the Municipality of Coimbra between 1783 and 1817, we intend to develop this issue and demonstrate that the exploration of social network analysis can unravel patterns of social interaction, relationships, dependencies and explore possible explanations using contextualized reconstruction, through the historical sources available, of the situations and the biographies of the individuals involved, through the historical sources available.

O acervo documental sobrevivente do Real Colégio de São Paulo em Coimbra, hoje à guarda do Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra, contém uma série de manuscritos intitulada “Livros de despesa do pão” onde se regista o consumo diário de pão. Um dos manuscritos apresenta um detalhado registo do gasto feito entre os meses de novembro de 1707 e outubro de 1708 e cuja análise permite conhecer com maior pormenor alguns dos hábitos alimentares dos colegiais, nomeadamente o grau de importância do pão no universo alimentar português moderno e suas várias utilizações em contexto culinário. The surviving documental collection of the Colégio de São Paulo in Coimbra, today kept in the Archive of the University of Coimbra, contains a series of manuscripts entitled “Livros de despesa do pão” (Bread expenditure books), where daily bread consumption is recorded. One of the manuscripts presents a detailed record of this expenditure made between November 1707 and October 1708, and whose analysis allows us to know in detail some of the eating habits of colegiais (fellows), giving an important perspective of the importance of bread in the modern Portuguese food universe and its multiple uses in the culinary context.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os processos de acidentes de trabalho do Tribunal de Trabalho de Coimbra relativos ao período de 1930 a 1935 e, desse modo, re0etir sobre as condições de trabalho dos sinistrados e as causas dos acidentes e respetivas consequências. Não esquecendo o momento em que os acidentes ocorrem, é de toda a conveniência contextualizar aspetos fundamentais para o seu aumento, particularmente nas primeiras décadas do século XX, como por exemplo o desenvolvimento industrial e a regulamentação legal associada aos tribunais do trabalho. 1is article aims to analyze the processes of the Coimbra Labor Court, for the period 1930-1935, and thus re0ect on the victims working conditions and the causes of the accidents and their consequences. Not forge2ing the time when accidents occur, it is important to contextualize key aspects to their increase, particularly in the beginning of the 20th century, such as industrial development and legal regulations associated with the labor courts.

This paper aims to present the diet of the lepers from the Leper House or Saint Lazarus Hospital of Coimbra. Starting from the regiment granted by King Afonso IV, in 1329, we describe the individual diet of Coimbra lepers. We also present the several pittances given throughout the year to enrich and complement the lepers’ meals. At the same time, we evaluate the therapeutic procedures from classical antiquity and medieval physicians towards lepers and people that feared leprosy. This way, we study the effects of food in the disease’s treatment or, at least, the strengthening of the sickened body, delaying the inevitable.https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_16_3, Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a dieta alimentar dos leprosos institucionalizados na Gafaria ou Hospital de S. Lázaro de Coimbra. Partindo do regimento outorgado por D. Afonso IV a esta instituição, em 1329, descrevemos a composição da ração individual dos gafos de Coimbra e as diversas pitanças que estes doentes recebiam ao longo do ano e que enriqueciam e complementavam as suas refeições. Simultaneamente avaliamos a terapêutica recomendada por médicos da Antiguidade e Idade Média a leprosos e a quem temia a lepra. Deste modo, estudamos o efeito que os principais alimentos podiam ter no tratamento da doença ou, pelo menos, no reforço de corpos fragilizados por ela, ajudando-os a enfrentá-la e adiando o inevitável desfecho.https://doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_16_3

With this article, we pretend to conduct an analysis about the city toponymy of the Portuguese Middle Ages, from the more detailed study of the reality of Coimbra, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Based on a body of documents consisting on documents written by ecclesiastical, district and royal institutions, chronologically marked out between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century, this work seeks to identify the main topographic landmarks, either natural or built, that stood out in the urban landscape. In the same way, wishes to emphasize the way the medieval toponymy gives us echoes from the population that gave life to the city in the centuries that we now study, but also the people who, protagonists of previous occupations, left until late a distinctive stamp in the urbanism of Coimbra. Finally, this study aims a better comprehension of the relationship that was established between the city inhabitant and the urban space. For a better articulation of these issues, this article is divided in four themes highlighted by the toponymy in review: buildings and urban constructions; landscapes and natural features; craft and commercial activities and other professions; religious and foreign minorities.

O presente trabalho corresponde ao relatório de estágio do Mestrado em Política Cultural Autárquica. Integra-se na preservação do património cultural da cidade de Coimbra e visa contribuir para o conhecimento da sua memória e identidade. Propõe-se fazer uma análise aos cerca de 100 anos da história da tração elétrica em Coimbra, tendo sido estudado o período de 1914 a 1930, priviligiando a sua relação com o crescimento do espaço urbano. Tem como principal objetivo contribuir para o enriquecimento dos conteúdos do futuro Núcleo do Carro Elétrico do Museu Municipal de Coimbra. The following paper represents the internship report of the Master Degree in Municipal Cultural Policy. It integrates the preservation of the cultural heritage of the city of Coimbra and it aims to contribute to the recognition of its memory and identity. It studies the nearly 100 years of history of electric traction in Coimbra considering the period from 1914 to 1930, focusing on its association with the urban space expansion. The principal goal is to contribute to the content enrichment of the future Electric Car Nucleus of the Municipal Museum of Coimbra.

This article studies the evolution of the living standards in Portugal during the seventeenth century, from the analysis of two specific cases, the cities of Lisbon and Coimbra. To find this we used a Consumer Price Index and Wages of both skilled and unskilled workers. First, we briefly approach the political and economic characterization of Portugal and of the two cities that we studied in, and then we present the results of our research. Finally, we demonstrate that the living standards fell in both cities with a similar pattern, suggesting the market integration and locating Portugal between the group of European countries where this indicator fell during this century, opposing the lidding economies such as England and the Netherlands.

Relatório de estágio do Mestrado em Gestão e Programação do Património Cultural, apresentado à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra

[ES] Aunque la historiografía portuguesa ha prestado especial atención al expreso reconocimiento del reino de Portugal por parte del papa Alejandro III, este hecho nunca se ha puesto en relación con otro coetáneo y no menos singular como lo es la concesión simultánea de fueros a las poblaciones de Coimbra, Lisboa y Santarém por parte del rey «Fundador» Alfonso Enríquez. El planteamiento como hipótesis inicial de trabajo de la existencia de una posible relación de causalidad entre ambos hechos y la búsqueda de su verificación en el análisis crítico de los documentos que dan cuenta de las actuaciones pontificia y regia conduce a resultados sorprendentes sobre el proceso de elaboración de estos forais en los que sin perjuicio de la tradición jurídica e histórica se da entrada a los principios del Derecho común para presentar al primer rey de los portugueses como «Imperator in regno suo»., [EN] Although Portuguese historians have already paid special attention to the recognition of Portugal as a kingdom by Pope Alexander III, this very fact has not yet been connected to another singular contemporary fact: the simultaneous concession of «forais» to the towns of Coimbra, Lisbon and Santarem, by king Alfonso Enríquez. The assumption, as an initial working hypothesis, that there is a possible causal relationship between both facts, as well as seeking to verify such hypothesis by means of a critical analysis of the documents respectively embodying the action of both Pope and King, lead to remarkable results about the redaction process of these «forais», where, while keeping within the bounds of the current historical and juridical traditions, it also occurs the reception of the «Ius commune» principles, depicting the first Portuguese king as «Imperator in regno suo».

Este artigo apresenta a introdução da cultura da batata em Quiaios (Figueira da Foz) na primeira metade do séc. XVII e a sua difusão pela região centro do país nos séculos XVIII e XIX.

UIDB/04666/2020 UIDP/04666/2020 publishersversion published

Entheseal changes (ECs), that is the visible appearance at the attachment sites of tendons to bones, have been widely used to infer activity in bioarchaeology. The majority of recent research on ECs, testing methodological approaches and the impact of age and occupation, has focussed on male lives. The primary reason for this is the wider range of documentary evidence about male lives, particularly with regard to occupation. In Portuguese identified skeletal collections males have a broad range of occupations from the generic labourer, to the more specific locksmith. In contrast, apart from seamstresses and waitresses, the majority of females are listed as domestic workers. Testing whether there is an impact of occupation on the occurrence of ECs in females is therefore much harder. Past research has shown that, overall, ECs become more common in more recent human history, which may be an indication that EC reflect lifestyle changes. The aim of this paper is to study differences in ECs frequency through time to study changes in lifestyle. To achieve this, Portuguese skeletons from three time periods were used: mediaeval (400-1499 ACE), early modern (1500-1600 ACE), and twentieth century. Entheses were recorded using the new Coimbra method. Within body asymmetries, bilateral and between entheses of muscles that interact, along with the frequencies of changes were compared through time. While differences in frequencies do exist through time, the effect sizes are generally small. Where bilateral asymmetries do exist, these are most common on the left than the right side: this is the opposite of most findings including those in the males in these collections. These results cannot identify specific activities, but these differences may reflect lifestyle changes.