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Despite its high prevalence in adult populations, endodontic infections in individuals with systemic involvement, such as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, have been the subject of only a few studies. The aim of the present review was to answer the following questions: 1) Does highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) alter the clinical manifestation of endodontic infections? 2) Does HIV infection interfere in the development/repair of periradicular lesions? 3) Can HIV infection promote changes in the endodontic microbiota? Although there is plenty of information available regarding the different aspects of the endodontic infection, few studies were performed in HIV-infected individuals. Hence, the true impact of HIV infection on the clinical, immunological and microbiological aspects of the endodontic infection still needs to be clarified. In fact, it is mandatory to understand all aspects associated with endodontic infection and HIV infection in order to establish an adequate diagnosis, prognosis and endodontic treatment plan. The present review suggests that the clinical aspects of endodontic infections in HIV patients have changed with the introduction of HAART; HIV infection does not interfere in the development/repair of periradicular lesions; there is a significant difference in the endodontic microbiota found in HIV- and non-HIV-infected patients, with regard to both the prevalence and the proportion of specific microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased the incidence and prevalence of several oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected patients. Regarding periodontal disease the findings are not clear. This disease represents a group of chronic oral diseases characterized by infection and inflammation of the periodontal tissues. These tissues surround the teeth and provide periodontal protection (the gingival tissue) and periodontal support (periodontal ligament, root cementum, alveolar bone). Clinical, immunological, and microbiological aspects of these diseases, such as linear gingival erythema (LGE), necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPD) (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [NUG], necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis [NUP] and necrotizing stomatitis), and chronic periodontitis, have been widely studied in HIV-infected individuals, but without providing conclusive results. The purpose of this review was to contribute to a better overall understanding of the probable impact of HIV-infection on the characteristics of periodontal infections. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: This study assesses the association among factors related with specific clinical forms of oral candidiasis (OC) in HIV-infected Brazilian adults. Design: This study was conducted with 590 HIV-infected adults from 1997 to 2004. The OC diagnosis was based in accordance with the EC-Clearinghouse classification. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to measure the association between HAART and OC, with pseudomembranous [PC], erythematous [EC], and angular cheilitis [AC]) adjusted for HIV-related diseases, smoking, alcohol consumption, injecting and non-injecting drug use. Results: Two hundred and eighteen (37.0%) individuals were undergoing HAART. The prevalence of PC, EC and AC was 21.2%, 15.7% and 8.8%, respectively. Approximately 64% of the individuals with PC and EC, and 76.5% with AC had absolute CD4 levels ≤200cells/mm3. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that subjects not undergoing HAART had a significantly higher odds ratio for PC [OR 3.67 (95% CI: 1.97–6.80)] and EC [OR 1.88 (95% CI: 1.04–3.39)], and AC [OR 4.56 (95% CI: 1.58–13.19)]. In addition, smoking [OR 2.58 (95% CI: 1.43–4.68)] and pneumocystis pneumonia [OR 1.92 (95% CI: 1.07–3.42)] were associated with PC, while high alcohol consumption [OR 3.40 (95% CI: 1.13–10.18)] and cytomegalovirus infection [OR 2.34 (95% CI: 1.06–5.15)] were associated with EC. Conclusion: The data indicates that the odds of having all clinical forms of OC are higher in HIV-infected adults not receiving HAART. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]