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The article presents a randomized controlled trial of young men in Kisumu, Kenya that examined whether male circumcision protected against HIV infection. The men were assessed by HIV testing, medical examinations, and behavioral interviews. The authors found that male circumcision does significantly reduce the risk of acquiring of HIV in young men in Africa. The authors recommend that voluntary, safe, and affordable male circumcision services be integrated with other HIV preventive interventions as quickly as possible.

The article discusses the sustainability of behavioral interventions in Kenyan female sex workers (FSWs). Methods used include a clinical trial involving the provision of free condoms, community and clinic-based counseling and sexually transmitted infections (STI) management to FSWs. Participant FSWs were resurveyed a year later and underwent HIV and STI testing. The study concluded that community-based risk reduction services for high-risk FSWs may support the prevention of STIs and HIV.