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Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in Australia, affecting 1 in 7 women by the age of 85 years. Current management of early breast cancer is becoming increasingly variable and complex. The typical range of treatments include some combination of surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in carefully selected patients can facilitate increased rates of breast conservation therapy, and when successful, offers improved cosmesis due to less extensive resection of tissue. A neoadjuvant approach also provides biological insight into a patient's tumour, prognostication based on a patient's response to therapy, as well as enabling their treating oncologist to personalise adjuvant strategies based on the presence or absence of residual cancer at surgery. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has become an integral element in the provision of breast conserving surgery to selected early-stage breast cancer patients. Appreciating the indications and understanding the likely outcomes from NACT in select situations, can result in significant improvements in patient tailored care. • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has significantly influenced surgical management. • There are multiple indications for NACT, however weaknesses do exist. • An understanding of NACT can provide best oncological and cosmetic outcomes for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]