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Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important disease in strawberries. This fungus causes significant economic losses since it attacks plants and fruits. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and Harpin protein in pre- and post-harvest as inducers of resistance in strawberries to B. cinerea. Strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa) from ‘Aromas’ and ‘Camarosa’ cultivars were grown in greenhouse and evaluated in laboratory. Doses of Harpin and ASM in pre- and post-harvest applications were assessed. Yield parameters of strawberry, B. cinerea incidence and injured area in fruit, fruit firmness, CO2 assimilation rate, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity were analyzed. Elicitors application in pre- and post-harvest conditions promoted a decrease of B. cinerea incidence and injured area in strawberry fruits. The results suggest that Harpin and ASM treatment show a significant impact on strawberry fruit disease. The control may be associated with the PAL induction, responsible for inducing defense responses. Harpin and ASM represent a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides for B. cinerea control during post-harvest storage.

Yield increase in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has occurred due to plant breeding, as well as the improvement in management practices. Genetic gain for important traits in soybean due to plant breeding in South Brazil has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to measure the genetic progress of several soybean agronomic, phenological and physiological traits, in a historical set of cultivars released for cultivation in South Brazil from 1965 to 2011. Twenty-nine cultivars were evaluated in a three replicate randomized complete block design at two locations in the 2016/17 crop season. Mean genetic gain for yield was 40.06 kg ha−1 year−1 averaged across locations. The modern cultivars had higher biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI), number of pods per plant (NPP), and lower number of branches per plant, plant height, and lodging score compared to older releases. There was a reduction in the vegetative period, and increase in ratio between reproductive and vegetative periods (R/V). Photosynthetic rate (PN) and transpiration rate (Tr) also increased with year of release. The traits BY, NPP, HI, R/V, number of seeds per pod, PN, Tr, and chlorophyll content (Chl a and b) was highly associated with seed yield. Breeding strategies that maximize the R/V ratio, and prioritize indirect selection through HI, BY, NPP, PN, Tr, and Chl a and b, will likely contribute to improving soybean yield in the future.

Varronia curassavica Jacq. is a native medicinal plant from Brazil, its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and healing properties are mainly due to the presence of α-humulene and β-cariophyllene on the essential oil extracted from the leaves. The study aimed to evaluate parameters related to the production, harvest and extraction and their effects on the quality/quantity of the V. curassavica essential oil under field conditions. For the drying experiment it was used natural drying in greenhouse and an artificial one with forced ventilation using the temperature of 40 °C until constant weight with six replications per treatment. For the harvest daytime experiment, five harvest different times were evaluated (6 a.m., 9 a.m., 12 p.m., 3 p.m., 6 p.m.) with five replications per treatment. In both experiments it was used the completely randomized design. The effect of two natural elicitors on the sesquiterpene content of V. curassavica was also evaluated, where field grown plants received the application of acibenzolar-S-methyl (500 mg/L), 1,6 β- d -glucan obtained from Lasiodiplodia theobromae (50 mg/L) and distilled water as a control, where gas exchange rate, terpene enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activity and essential oil content in leaves were measured. The exhaustion time for the extraction of the V. curassavica essential oil by hydrodistillation was determined for whole and ground leaves. To evaluate and compare the extraction techniques performance, it was used a conventional and a green technology, it was evaluated the essential oil yield and α-humulene content in the volatile oil. Finally, a study of economic viability of the implantation of an agroindustry to obtain V. curassavica essential oil was performed using Expanded Multi-index Methodology (EMIM). The essential oil yielding was determined through hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger device, and the essential oil quality was measure by Gas Chromatography. There was not statistical difference between the drying methods tested regarding the essential oil production but the highest values of α-humulene and β-caryophyllene were obtained when artificial drying at 40 °C was adopted. It is possible to indicate a harvesting daytime around 11–12 a.m., resulting not only in higher yield of essential oil but also a higher content of the desired anti-inflammatory compounds. The acibenzolar-S-methyl reduced significantly the net carbon assimilation rate and the intercellular CO2 concentration, while1,6 β- d -glucan reduced significantly only the intercellular CO2 concentration. The essential oil analysis reveals that elicitation was not efficient to increase the yield of V. curassavica essential oil or to change relative rate among the oil chemical constituents, especially α-humulene and β-caryophyllene. The determined exhaustion time was 1.5 h for both treatments, and the conventional extraction technology (steam distillation) is the best option for extraction of the essential oil. At last, according to the economic study, it is recommended the implementation of the investment project.

Commercial Artemisia annua crops are the sole source of artemisinin (ART) worldwide. Data on seasonal accumulation and peak of sesquiterpenes, especially ART in commercial A. annua, is lacking while current breeding programs focus only on ART and plant biomass, but ignores dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) and artemisinic acid (AA). Despite past breeding successes, plants richer in ART are needed to decrease prices of artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT). Our results show that sesquiterpene concentrations vary greatly along the growing season and that sesquiterpene profiles differ widely among chemotypes. Field studies with elite Brazilian, Chinese, and Swiss germplasms established that ART peaked in vegetative plants from late August to early September, suggesting that ART is related to the photoperiod, not flowering. DHAA peaks with ART in Chinese and Swiss plants, but decreases, as ART increases, in Brazilian plants, while AA remained stable through the season in these genotypes. Chinese plants peaked at 0.9% ART, 1.6% DHAA; Brazilian plants at 0.9% ART, with less than 0.4% DHAA; Swiss plants at 0.8% ART and 1% DHAA. At single-date harvests, seeded Swiss plants produced 0.55-1.2% ART, with plants being higher in DHAA than ART; Brazilian plants produced 0.33-1.5% ART, with most having higher ART than DHAA. Elite germplasms produced from 0.02-0.43% AA, except Sandeman-UK (0.4-1.1% AA). Our data suggest that different chemotypes, high in ART and DHAA, have complementary pathways, while competing with AA. Crossing plants high in ART and DHAA may generate hybrids with higher ART than currently available in commercial germplasms. Selecting for high ART and DHAA (and low AA) can be a valuable approach for future selection and breeding to produce plants more efficient in transforming DHAA into ART in planta and during post-harvest. This novel approach could change the breeding focus of A. annua and other pharmaceutical species that produce more than one desired metabolite in the same pathway. Obtaining natural variants with high ART content will empower countries and farmers who select, improve, and cultivate A. annua as a commercial pharmaceutical crop. This selection approach could enable ART to be produced locally where it is most needed to fight malaria and other parasitic neglected diseases.

Understanding the processes responsible for genetic progress in grain yield and relating them to the growth and developmental phases of the wheat plant are essential for improving yield potential. This study aimed to evaluate the duration of developmental phases and eco-physiological traits associated to grain yield in Brazilian wheat cultivars released in different decades. Wheat cultivars released from 1940 to 2009 were evaluated during 2010 and 2011 in Pato Branco, Parana, Brazil. The length of the following periods was compared: sowing-emergence (SW-EM), emergence-double ridge (EM-DR), double ridge-terminal spikelet (DR-TS), terminal spikelet-anthesis (TS-ANT), anthesis-physiological maturity (ANT-PM), sowing-anthesis (SW-ANT) and sowing-physiological maturity (SW-PM). Yield components were also measured. Breeding has reduced the days until anthesis by 14.2%, while it has extended the grain-filling period by 7.6%, compared to the first cultivars released in the country, thereby contributing to a significant increase in 1000-grain weight (12.4 and 9.0% in 2010 and 2011, respectively). The TS-ANT phase was the only phase prior to anthesis exhibiting an extension from old to modern cultivars; this phase increased 1.56 °Cd syear−1. Spike fertility index (SFI) showed increases of 37.8 and 23.8% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Shortening of the time to flowering, shifting of critical phases of wheat development to better environmental conditions (i.e., TS-ANT phase), and selection for shorter cultivars have been directly responsible for the increase in spike dry weight at anthesis (SDWa) and SFI [i.e., grain number (GN)].

Drought stress on reproductive stages constitute a major problem for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production because it affects flowering and pod-filling processes which are highly drought-sensitive. In this study, we used a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the response to drought stress in ten highly cultivated Brazilian genotypes in response to moderate intermittent drought during flowering and pod-filling periods (R7 and R8 stages). Morphological, biochemical, physiological and agronomic traits were used to identify tolerant cultivars and elucidate their strategies to cope this stress. The drought intensity index for the experiment reached 0.63. The cultivar IAC Imperador can be defined as a tolerant cultivar, presenting the lowest grain yield reduction (43%) and a reduced drought susceptibility index (0.65). This cultivar elevated their level of proline in roots under stress, which allowed the osmotic adjustment and the maintenance of an intermediate stomata closure during the day, which maintained the intrinsic WUE stable in NS and DS conditions. In addition, this cultivar was able to mobilize the assimilated carbon for the production of pods and grains, evidenced by the high harvest index and the high grain filling index. In this way, IAC Imperador can be used as a check in breeding programs to identify and select lineages with drought tolerance in common bean.

Soybean genotypes grown in sub-tropical climate may exhibit lodging. The plant lodging is influenced by soil type and fertility level, sowing date, latitude and altitude of the location, plant population and conditions of crop development. Plant regulators and herbicides are able to avoid or reduce plant lodging. This study aimed to verify the effects of the growth regulators TIBA and daminozide on vegetative growth and yield of soybean cultivar CD 214 RR. The experiment was carried out at a field in randomized block design with four replications in a factorial scheme. The A factor was represented by the combination of regulators TIBA and daminozide and its concentrations, and the Factor B was seven times of evaluation of injury and plant height or eight times of evaluation of lodging. In the range of doses used, the application of daminozide resulted in greater injury to soybean plants than TIBA. The smaller plant height was achieved by the application of 6 g ha-1 of TIBA and 1200 g ha-¹ of daminozide. Treatments with daminozide (100 g ha-¹) and TIBA (10 g ha-1) stood out due to the reduced lodging of soybean plants. Grain weight increased linearly when the levels of TIBA increased. There was a negative correlation between lodging and grain yield and a positive correlation between plant height and lodging. There was also a negative correlation between injury caused by the application of plant regulators and lodging. Genótipos de plantas de soja, cultivados em regiões de clima subtropical, podem apresentar acamamento acentuado. O acamamento de plantas é influenciado pelo tipo de solo e pela fertilidade, época de semeadura, latitude e altitude do local, população de plantas e condições gerais de desenvolvimento do cultivo. Reguladores vegetais e alguns herbicidas são capazes de evitar ou reduzir o acamamento. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação dos reguladores de crescimento TIBA e daminozide sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo e o rendimento de grãos do cultivar de soja CD 214 RR. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema bifatorial, sendo o fator A os reguladores TIBA e daminozide e suas concentrações e, o fator B, sete épocas de avaliação da injúria e altura de planta, ou oito épocas de avaliação do acamamento. Na faixa de doses utilizada, a aplicação de daminozide resultou em maior injúria às plantas de soja do que a aplicação de TIBA. As menores alturas de plantas foram alcançadas com a aplicação de 6 g ha-¹ de TIBA e 1200 g ha-¹ de daminozide. Os tratamentos com daminozide (100 g ha-¹) e TIBA (10 g ha-¹) destacaram-se pela redução do acamamento de plantas de soja. O peso de grãos aumentou linearmente com a elevação das doses de TIBA. Houve correlação negativa entre acamamento e rendimento de grãos de soja, e positiva, entre altura de planta e acamamento. Também foi constatada correlação negativa entre injúria à soja, causada pela aplicação dos reguladores vegetais, e peso de grão.

Federal University for Technology of Parana Laboratory of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, Pato Branco 85503-390

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362004000200034.pdf: 375974 bytes, checksum: 022a39b88e88f3b4107360119c106462 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-05362004000200034.pdf: 375974 bytes, checksum: 022a39b88e88f3b4107360119c106462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362004000200034.pdf: 375974 bytes, checksum: 022a39b88e88f3b4107360119c106462 (MD5) S0102-05362004000200034.pdf.txt: 16576 bytes, checksum: cf796672703e45da5caacd43e1e20eb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:19:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362004000200034.pdf: 375974 bytes, checksum: 022a39b88e88f3b4107360119c106462 (MD5) S0102-05362004000200034.pdf.txt: 16576 bytes, checksum: cf796672703e45da5caacd43e1e20eb2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362004000200034.pdf: 375974 bytes, checksum: 022a39b88e88f3b4107360119c106462 (MD5) S0102-05362004000200034.pdf.txt: 16576 bytes, checksum: cf796672703e45da5caacd43e1e20eb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-01 Diagnosticou-se o perfil dos consumidores de supermercados em Pato Branco (PR), com relação às suas preferências pelas plantas medicinais e condimentares, como subsídio à produção por pequenos produtores rurais. Os consumidores preferem produtos orgânicos, observam a aparência e o preço do produto, e vão ao mercado uma vez por semana, preferencialmente aos sábados. As dez plantas medicinais preferidas, em ordem decrescente, são camomila, anis, boldo, carqueja, guaco, malva, poejo, espinheira-santa, menta e sálvia. As dez plantas condimentares preferidas, em ordem decrescente, são cebola, cravo, canela, orégano, alho, nóz-moscada, pimentão, cebolinha, endro e salsinha. The profile of supermarket users in Pato Branco city, Paraná State, Brazil, was obtained, related to their preference for medicinal and spice plants, as a subsidy to production by small farmers. The consumers prefer organic products observing the appearance and price of the product, and they go once a week to the market, preferably on Saturdays. The ten favorite medicinal plants are Chamomilla recutita, Pimpinella anisum, Vernonia condensata, Baccharis sp., Mikania sp., Malva sp., Cunilla sp., Maytenus sp., Mentha sp. and Salvia officinalis. The ten favorite spices are: Allium cepa, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum vulgaris, Allium sativum, Myristicia fragans, Capsicum annuum, Allium schoenoprasum, Anethum graveolens and Petroselinum crispum. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção Vegetal Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Produção Vegetal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T18:45:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-04-01T18:50:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN0718-3429-2014-32-01-09-16.pdf: 184429 bytes, checksum: 7d6aa5711ebedeb75a576aec66f312b6 (MD5) La producción en invernadero asociada al manejo de fertirriego se ha establecido en Brasil como una alternativa económica para varias especies hortícolas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar posibles impactos en el metabolismo en plantas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.; cv Elisa). En respuesta al aumento de la concentración mineral del suelo debido al fertirriego durante los ensayos, fueron alteradas las concentraciones de nutrientes para inducir altos valores de conductividad eléctrica (CE) en la solución del suelo. Valores de CE observados comúnmente en sistemas de fertirriego convencionales fueron tomados como tratamiento control. Se estudió también la posibilidad de la reducción del impacto del estrés mineral mediante la aplicación de materia orgánica en el sustrato del cultivo. Parámetros del sistema de respuesta antioxidativo, como la actividad de las enzimas superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa además de prolina fueron evaluadas para medir el alcance de los efectos del estrés salino y sus efectos metabólicos. El aumento de la CE en la solución del suelo indujo fuertemente la concentración de prolina y la actividad de la enzima SOD. Se observó que el estrés salino causó inhibición de la actividad de las catalasas. En función de los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que el monitoreo de la CE de la solución del suelo es un factor indispensable para tener éxito en las prácticas de la fertirrigación y que el estudio de la actividad enzimática del sistema de respuesta antioxidativo y contenido de prolina pueden asumir un papel importante como indicadores de los niveles de estrés en plantas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.; cv Elisa). The greenhouse production associated with the fertigation management, have established in Brazil as economical alternative for several horticultural species. With this strategy this study had as aim to evaluate possible impacts in the metabolism of plants of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.; cv Elisa) in response to the increase of mineral concentration in the soil. During the experiments, the some nutrient concentrations were altered, to obtain high values of electric conductivity (EC) in the soil solution. The EC values commonly observed in the traditional fertigation system were adopted, as control. It was also verified the possibility of reduction of the mineral stress impact by the application of organic matter in the soil. Parameters of the antioxidative response system, as the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzyme activities besides the proline content were evaluated to measure the extension of the saline stress and their effects on the plants. The increase of EC of the soil induced to the increase of the proline concentration and the SOD activity. Unexpectedly, it was verified that the saline stress inhibited the activity of the enzyme catalase. It was also concluded that the monitoring of EC of the soil is an indispensable tool to reach success in the fertigation system and that the study of the activity of the enzymes of the antioxidative response system, and the proline contents can be assumed as indicators in of the levels of stress in bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.; cv Elisa). Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fertilidade do Solo, Faculdade de Agronomia Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamiento de Agroplasticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu

The effect of different doses of nitrogen (N) on gas exchange, relative chlorophyll (Chl) amount, and the content of N in the aerial biomass of lisianthus was evaluated. The treatments consisted of six different concentrations of N (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g m−3 noted as N50, N100, N150, N200, N250, and N300, respectively), applied through the fertirrigation technique. N250 and N300 induced increase in the contents of foliar Chl and N in the aerial biomass, that in turn contributed to an increase of photosynthetic activity in lisianthus.

espanolEl potasio asi como el nitrogeno constituyen los elementos necesarios para el crecimiento, desarrollo y produccion del cultivo del algodon. Ademas, estos elementos estan directamente relacionados con la formacion de las fibras y cuando se proporcionan en forma adecuada, garantizan la calidad de las mismas. Con el objetivo de evaluar la influencia del potasio sobre parametros biometricos, produccion y calidad de la fibra del algodon, fueron cultivadas en invernadero plantas del cultivar Delpa opal, con fertilizacion potasica alterada, simulando deficiencia (subdosis) y dos niveles de sobredosis. Durante las diferentes fases fenolo- gicas del cultivo fueron analizadas variables biometricas incluyendo la produccion de fibras y sus parametros cualitativos. Los tratamientos de subdosis de potasio y las sobredosis aplicadas alteraron todos los parametros evaluados, demostrando la importancia de la fertilizacion potasica sobre los mismos. EnglishPotassium, like nitrogen, it constitutes an essential element for growth, development and production of cotton crops. Moreover, these elements are directly related to fiber formation and when provided in suitable doses, influences its quality. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate the influence of potassium on biometric parameters, yield and quality of cotton fibers. For this purpose, plants of the cultivar Delta opal were grown in a greenhouse with altered potassium fertilization, simulating K deficiency and two overdoses. During the different phenological stages, biometric variables were analyzed including the production of fibers and their qualitative parameters. The sub-dose and the overdoses treatments of K, changed all the evaluated parameters, demonstrating the importance of potassium fertilizer on them.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos eliciadores acibenzolar‑S‑metílico (ASM) e proteína harpina, aplicados em pós‑colheita, na indução de resistência sistêmica à podridão‑amarga em maçãs. Realizaram-se ferimentos mecânicos em maçãs 'Royal Gala' seguidos da aplicação dos eliciadores. Doze horas depois, procedeu-se à inoculação do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Após 72 horas, realizaram-se as avaliações quanto à área lesionada e ao número de esporos, bem como a coleta de tecido dos frutos para quantificação de proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, fenóis totais, e para determinação da atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia‑liase, superóxido dismutase, catalase, peroxidase e ascorbato peroxidase. A harpina e, em menor grau, o ASM proporcionaram aumento da atividade da enzima peroxidase e a consequente redução da área lesionada e da esporulação de C. gloeosporioides nas maçãs. Esses eliciadores podem ser utilizados como ferramenta de controle no manejo integrado da podridão‑amarga, em pós‑colheita de maçãs 'Royal Gala'.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar por meio da análise de crescimento, as variações nas características fisiológicas do feijoeiro comum, cultivar IPR Tiziu, submetidos a diferentes densidades de semeadura, buscando identificar a melhor disposição espacial das plantas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, os tratamentos consistiram de cinco densidades de semeadura (DS): 8, 10, 12, 14 e 18 plantas m-1, respectivamente, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 pl m-2. Para avaliação, semanalmente coletaram-se 12 plantas de cada parcela. Os resultados evidenciaram aumento do índice de área foliar (IAF) e da matéria seca total (MST) até 57 dias após a emergência (DAE), enquanto a taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL) e razão de área foliar (RAF) apresentaram redução durante o ciclo da cultura. A DS de 30 pl m-2 foi a mais eficiente no aproveitamento dos recursos do ambiente quanto à conversão de energia luminosa e CO2 em MST, já que apresentou os maiores valores de MST, TCC e TAL. Entretanto, os tratamentos não diferiram significativamente entre si para os componentes do rendimento e rendimento de grãos. A maior DS promoveu menor TAL, TCC, RAF devido ao aumento do IAF, o que provocou auto-sombreamento na cultura, diminuindo a eficiência fotossintética do feijoeiro.

O trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso de acículas de Pinus taeda na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de aveia preta comum (Avena strigosa). O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia Vegetal da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus de Pato Branco, utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com tratamento fatorial (bifatorial com parcela subdividida no tempo), com três repetições, sob condições de temperatura, umidade e luminosidade controladas. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco concentrações (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de extrato bruto de acículas de pínus em estágio vegetativo (acícula verde), moderadamente decomposto (acícula seca) e em decomposição avançada (acícula decomposta). As avaliações foram realizadas a cada 24 horas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros porcentagem de germinação, velocidade média de germinação e comprimento de radículas e epicótilos das plântulas de Avena strigosa. O estágio de acícula verde afetou significativamente as variáveis avaliadas e esse problema aumentou com a concentração do extrato. The purpose of this study was to verify the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract from the Pinus taeda needles on the germination and development of black oat (Avena strigosa) seedlings. The work was carried out at the Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory at the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, using a completely randomized design with factorial distribution in three replicates, under temperature, humidity and light controlled conditions. The extract from the pine needles was composed of five percentages (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) from the crude extract (EB) dilution, composed of distilled water + pine needles in vegetative stage (green needles), moderately decomposed (dry needles) and in advanced decomposition (decomposed needles). The germination percentage, average speed of germination, the length of the primary roots and the length from the seedlings roots of Avena strigosa were evaluated. The stage of green needles affected the variables studied and showed linearly effect with the increasing concentration of the crude extract.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metil e proteína harpina, aplicados em pós-colheita, na indução de resistência sistêmica à podridão-parda em pêssegos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas - com e sem ferimentos provocados aos frutos -, e os tratamentos foram constituídos por: acibenzolar-S-metil (50 mg do i.a. L-1), dois produtos comerciais com proteína harpina (80 mg do i.a. L-1) e uma testemunha (água destilada). Os frutos foram pulverizados, individualmente, com 1 mL de solução aquosa com os tratamentos e, após 12 horas, efetuou-se a inoculação com Monilinia fructicola (0,2 mL da suspensão com concentração de 10(5) esporos mL-1, em cada lado do fruto). Após 60 horas da inoculação, avaliaram-se: a área lesionada, a esporulação e o percentual de controle. Determinaram-se os teores de proteínas totais, açúcares redutores e totais, fenóis, além da atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL). Os eliciadores induziram resistência dos frutos a M. fructicola, com redução do desenvolvimento do fungo. O uso dos eliciadores aumentou os teores dos parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados e a atividade da FAL, que esteve relacionada à redução da área lesionada em pêssegos. Os indutores podem contribuir para o manejo integrado da podridão-parda em pêssegos, em pós-colheita. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl and harpin protein elicitors, applied in post-harvest, in systemic resistance induction to brown-rot, on peaches. A completely randomized design was utilized, with four replicates, in a split plot scheme - injured or noninjured peaches -, and treatments were constituted of : acibenzolar-S-methyl (50 mg of a.i. L-1), two commercial products with harpin protein (80 mg of a.i. L-1); and control (distilled water). Peaches were sprayed individually with 1 mL of aqueous solution containing the treatments and, after 12 hours, the inoculation of Monilinia fructicola was carried out (0.2 mL of spore suspension with 10(5) spores mL-1, in each side of the fruit). Sixty hours past inoculation, the size of lesions, esporulation and percentage of control were evaluated. The contents of total protein, total phenol, total and reducing sugar, besides activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were determined. The elicitors induce resistance to M. fructicola, with reduction in fungal development. Elicitor's increased the evaluated biochemical parameters and the activity of PAL, which was related to the size reduction of lesions in peaches. The elicitors could be used in integrated management of brown-rot, in post-harvest applications.

PRODUÇÃO DE FRUTOS DE PIMENTÃO EM DIFERENTES CONCENTRAÇÕES SALINAS. Marcelo Leonardo1; Fernando Broetto2; Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas3; Rafael Simões Almeida2; José Abramo Marchese4.1Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, marceloleonardo@fca.unesp.br2Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP3UNESP-FCA, Departamento de Recursos Naturais / Ciência do Solo, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP4Laboratório Bioquímica e Fisiologia Vegetal CEFET-PR 1 RESUMO Utilizou-se a técnica de fertirrigação para conduzir experimento com pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) híbrido Elisa. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar impactos quantitativos na produção de frutos, em função do aumento da concentração salina no solo. Desta forma as concentrações de sais foram alteradas a partir da variação do fornecimento de KCl e Ca2NO3. Com esta variação, obtiveram-se valores elevados de condutividade elétrica no solo (CE), tomando-se a CE observada na fertirrigação tradicional, como controle (1,5 dS m-1). Além disso, verificou-se a possibilidade de atenuação do estresse salino com a aplicação de matéria orgânica no solo. Observou-se que os níveis de CE mantidos na cultura correlacionaram-se inversamente ao índice de pegamento e peso médio de frutos, sendo que para o tratamento mais severo aplicado (6,0 dS m-1) os frutos apresentaram redução de até 58% em peso médio e 55% em número de frutos por planta, comparado ao tratamento controle. Baseado nesses resultados demonstrou-se que a variação da CE na solução do solo interferiu drasticamente nos parâmetros de produção avaliados. UNITERMOS: Capsicum annuum L., fertirrigação, condutividade elétrica do solo, cultivo protegido. LEONARDO, M.; BROETTO, F.; VILLAS BOAS, R.L.; ALMEIDA, R.S.; MARCHESE, J.A. PRODUCTION OF FRUITS OF BELL PEPPER IN DIFFERENT SALINE CONCENTRATIONS. 2 ABSTRACT An experiment with an Elisa hybrid sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crop using fertirrigation system was carried out in greenhouse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative effects of an increasing soil saline concentration on the production. The saline concentration was changed by the variation of the KCl and Ca2NO3 concentration in order to obtain high soil electrical conductivity (EC) values. Standard fertigation system (1.5 dS m-1) values were used as control parameters. Besides that, the possibility of saline stress attenuation by applying organic material into the soil was studied. It was observed that the EC levels used in the crop were inversely correlated to the fructification index and the fruit mean weight. Under the most severe treatment (6.0 dS m-1) the fruit mean weight was reduced up to 58 % and the mean produced fruit number per plant was also reduced up to 55 %, when compared to the obtained results under controlled conditions. These results demonstrated that the EC variation in the soil solution had strong interference on the production parameters selected for the studies. KEYWORDS: Capsicum annuum L., fertirrigation, soil electrical conductivity; protected cultivation

The phytotoxicity level caused by hormonal herbicides that work as growth regulators in wheat plants is associated with the growth stage of the apical meristem. Applications of such herbicides when wheat plants are at double ridge and at terminal spikelet stages are very unlikely to cause damage to the ear and to the grain production. So, it is necessary to determine precisely the stages of plant development for having a secure use of these herbicides. However, small alterations may occur as a function of the environmental conditions, the mode of translocation of the herbicides, and tiller development. So, to determine the effect of the application of hormonal herbicide in two wheat cultivars (Embrapa 18 and BR 23), two field experiments were established. The application of hormonal herbicides at double ridge and at terminal spikelet stages did not cause any damage to the ears or to grain production. Applications before such stages caused deformities in the ears, flag leaves, and did no harm to grain yield. Applications after such stages reduced grain yield significantly for both cultivars, reaching the level of 60% reduction. The number of grains per ear was the component that mostly reduced grain yield for both cultivars.