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Olives (Olea europaea L.) produce abundant flowers, but only a small subset persist as fruits. We hypothesize that the low fruit set to flower ratio is due to the short ovule longevity. Ethylene inhibition is hypothesized to prolong olive inflorescence longevity, extending the effective pollination period (EPP) and improving yield. The objective of this research is to determine whether applying exogenous aminoethoxyvinglglycine (AVG, an ethylene inhibitor) during bloom will decrease ethylene generation and increase the EPP, fruit set and yield. A 264 ppm ReTain™ (a.i. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine) sprayed at bloom on Arbequina olives and monitored through the end of bloom significantly reduced ethylene production but did not affect visual bloom senescence or pollen tube growth, measured by pollen tube width. At harvest, fruit yield was measured, and the oil analyzed. ReTain™ bloom application did not delay flower senescence or improve pollen tube growth. It significantly reduced ethylene generation and mildly increased fruit yield, but the yield increase was not significant. The collective results show that ReTain™ can significantly and strongly decrease ethylene generation in Arbequina olive flowers, but not extend flower longevity, improve fruit set or yield. Heavy rain, accompanied by low temperatures, during the bloom may be the reason why the flower longevity was not extended, resulting in decreased fruit set.

Kestane (Castanea sativa Mill.), Türkiye’de ve tüm dünyada meyvesi, çiçekleri, yaprakları ve kerestesi için yetiştirilen ve ticari öneme sahip meyve türlerinden biridir. İstanbul Beykoz’da doğal olarak yetişen yoğun kestane popülasyonu bulunmaktadır. İlçede Dereseki bölgesinin doğal ormanlık alanlarında çok sayıda genotip bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Beykoz bölgesinde bulunan kestanelerinin agromorfolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, bölgedeki kestane genotipleri içerisinden 10 genotip ümivar olarak belirlenmiştir. Ümitvar genotiplerin meyve ağırlığı 6.6-12.4 g, eni 23.42-31,56 mm, boyu 12.36-20.22 mm ve yüksekliği 23.11-30.34 mm arasında değişim göstermiştir. 7 genotipin meyve kabuğunun yumuşak, tohum zarının kolay soyulduğu ve tohum kabuğunun tohum içine çoğunlukla girmediği tespit edilmiş ve ümitvar genotiplerin ileride yürütülecek ıslah çalışmaları için bir temel oluşturabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır., Chestnut is one of the important fruit species for commercially to grown with its nut, flower, leaf and timber in Turkey and all over the world. There is a dense natural chestnuts population in Beykoz, Istanbul. There are many genotypes in the natural forest areas of the Dereseki region in the district. In this study, agromorphological characteristics of chestnuts genotypes were determined in Istanbul Beykoz region. In the study, 10 genotypes were determined from chestnut genotypes in the region as promising. Nut weight varied between 6.6-12.4 g, width 23.42-31.56 mm, length 12.36-20.22 mm and height 23.11-30.34 mm in promising genotypes. It was determined that the nut pericarp of 7 genotypes is soft, the seed coat is easily peeled and the seed coat does not penetrate into the seed mostly, and it has been concluded that promising genotypes can form a basis for future breeding studies.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable economic plant used worldwide for its wood and nut fruit. In the current study, the genetic variation of 21 selected walnut genotypes from different regions of Iran was described using nut pomological properties, ISSR primers, and DNA analyses based on SSR primers. Nut pomology revealed nut weight of selected genotypes ranged from 12.1 to 17.5 g (OR23). Kernel weight varied from 5.3 to 10.3 g (OR23), and kernel fill percentage ranged from 43.4 to 62.7% (T12). PCR amplification with ISSR primers revealed 112 bands obtained with 91% polymorphism. Numbers of amplified bands ranged from 9 to 14. The highest primer resolving power (Rp), 7.71, was obtained with the UBC.884 primer and highlights the ability of the most informative primers to differentiate between the genotypes. The average band informativeness (AvIb) varied from 0.14 (UBC.886) to 0.62 (UBC.887 and UBC.888). Using the Jaccard coefficient, genetic similarity values among walnut genotypes varied from 0.52 to 0.88. The dendrogram of UPGMA analysis with ISSR primers classified walnuts genotypes in two main groups and three sub-groups. PCoA largely confirmed cluster analysis results. Genotypes collected from Shahrood displayed lower genetic variation and the Tuyserkan and Urmia genotypes were more genetically distant. Unique DNA profiles were established for all studied genotypes based on three distinct microsatellite loci.

Meyvecilikte ekonomik bir üretim için kültürel uygulamaların ve hasadın doğru zamanda yapılması önemlidir. Meyve tür ve çeşitlerinde meyvelerin büyüme, gelişme ve olgunlaşma dönemlerindeki fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerin bilinmesi uygulanacak kültürel işlemler ile hasat zamanının belirlenmesinde önem arz eder. Bu çalışmada ülkemizin kayısı üretim ve ihracatında önemli paya sahip Hacıhaliloğlu kayısı çeşidinin; meyve gelişim dönemindeki fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada Hacıhaliloğlu kayısı çeşidinde çiçeklenme sonundan hasada kadar geçen sürenin 110 gün olduğu, bu sürenin ilk bir aylık periyodunda hasattaki meyve boyunun yaklaşık %75’ine, meyve genişliği ve kalınlığının %50’sine ulaşıldığı, meyve ağırlığındaki artışın yaklaşık %50’sinin ise son bir aylık periyotta gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. Fitokimyasal analizlerde; meyve olgunluğu arttıkça SÇKM, pH ve toplam şeker içeriğinin arttığı buna karşılık TEA değerinin düştüğü görülmüştür. Meyve kabuk rengi ölçümlerinde; L renk değerinde kısmi bir artış gözlenirken, a ve b renk değerlerinin çağla döneminden hasat dönemine yaklaştıkça yükseldiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; Hacıhaliloğlu kayısı çeşidinin meyvelerindeki fiziksel gelişimin büyük bölümü çağla döneminin ilk bir aylık periyodunda gerçekleşirken, meyvelerdeki tatlanma ve renklenme gibi kalite parametrelerinin hasada yakın dönemde yükseldiği belirlenmiştir., For fruit grawing, it is important to carry out cultural practices and harvest at the right time. To know the physical and chemical changes in the growth, development and ripening periods of the fruit species and varieties are important in determining the harvesting time and cultural processes. This study was carried out to determine physical and chemical changes of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot cultivar, which has an important share in apricot production and export of Turkey, in fruit development period.In the study, it was found that the period between flowering and harvesting was 110 days in Hacıhaliloğlu apricot cultivars. In the first month of this period, approximately 75% of the fruit length, 50% of the fruit width and thickness were reached and 50% of the increase in the fruit weight reached in the last month.In phytochemical analyzes; it was observed that the increase in fruit maturity, TSS, pH and total sugar content increased, while TA value decreased. In fruit skin color measurements; it was observed that a and b color values increased, while a partial increase in L color value was observed as fruits approached harvest period.As a result; Most of the physical development of the fruits of Hacıhaliloğlu apricot cultivar was realized in the first one month period of the unripe fruit period, but it was determined that the quality parameters such as sweetening and coloring of fruits increased in the period closed to harvest.

The field experiment on management of pomegranate fruit borer, Deudorix isocrate conducted during Hasta bahar 2016 and 2017 on number and weight basis at the Pomology Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (Maharashtra). The results revealed that all the treatments were superior over control in minimizing infestation of fruit borer. The lowest % fruit infestation on number and weight basis was observed in spinosad 45 SC @ 73 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha and flubendamide 39.35 SC which were statistically superior over other treatments. Next superior treatments were cyantraniliprole 10.26 OD @ 75 g a.i./ha and emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 11 g a.i./ha. Maximum fruit infestation was recorded in untreated control.

Jack fruit is one of the important tropical fruit crop belongs to family Moraceace. To avoid large postharvest losses in Jackfruit, it is necessary to do research on innovative processed products. The experiment of preparation of jackfruit instant RTS mix powder was conducted at Pomology laboratory, Fruit processing unit of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three treatments T1 (26.17% jackfruit powder + 72.57% sugar + 1.25% citric acid), T2 (31.78% jackfruit powder + 67.05% sugar + 1.17% citric acid) and T3 (37.08% jackfruit powder + 61.84% sugar + 1.08% citric acid) with seven repetitions. Treatment T1 (26.17% jackfruit powder + 72.57% sugar + 1.25% citric acid) was found be best with respect to T.S.S., reducing sugars, titratable acidity, pH and ascorbic acid. Treatment T2 (31.78% jackfruit powder + 67.05% sugar + 1.17% citric acid) found best in sensory evaluation as it recorded maximum score for flavour and overall acceptability after 6 months storage period as well as recorded highest B:C ratio.

The paper is devoted to the centenary of the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology foundation. The authors have depicted the main stages of the institution formation and development and elucidated its principal scientific achievements. The history of the station began with the creation of the greatest in Russian Empire nursery farm by the outstanding Ukrainian pomologist Levko Platonovych Symyrenko near Mliiv (the now Cherkasy region). As early as in 1912 the cultivars of different plants numbered almost to 3 thousand here. On November 25, 1920 according to the decision of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR the Mliiv Horticultural and Truck Gardening Research Station was created on the basis of the above mentioned nursery. Its first director was L.P. Symyrenko’s son Volodymyr Levkovych, who embodied the creative ideas of the great-grandfather, grandfather and father, realized the cause of several generations of the Symyrenkos. He was a real founder of the Ukrainian horticulture, namely: created and developed all the attributes of Ukrainian pomology, systems of research institutions and state nurseries and the State "Pomological Book". V.L. Symyrenko, professors L.M. Ro and V.P. Popov, research worker M.A. Grossheim and others were major organizers of the station. With their direct participation the departments of horticulture, vegetable growing, entomology, agricultural meteorology, phytopathology, technical processing of fruits and small fruits, agrochemistry ets. were founded and functioned by 1927 already. In 1958 the station was named after L.P. Symyrenko. In the April of 1989 on the initiative of its then director M.M. Artemenko and with the support of the scientific collective it was reorganized as the Mliiv L.P. Symyrenko Research Institute of Horticulture of the Lisosteppe of Ukraine, in 1992 in accordance with tho order of the Presidium of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences (UAAS) renamed as Mliiv L.P. Symyrenko Institute of Horticulture of UAAS and in 2006 as L.P. Symyrenko Institute of Pomology of UAAS. In 2017 it was reorganized as the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS). Today, it is one of the leading scientific institutions of the NAAS system in the horticultural branch. The scientific and research works are carried out in conformity with the four scientific and technical programmes of NAAS: “Genetical Resources of Plants”, “Horticulture and Small-Fruit Growing”, “Plant Protection” and “Agrarian Economics”. The main direction of the institution research activity is the elaboration of the scientific basis of the preservation and spread of the genetic versatility of the fruit, small fruit, nuciferous and minor crops. At present more than 3,000 varieties of fruit, small fruit, nuciferous and ornamental crops are studied in the collectional plantations. That is the valuable genetic fund of Ukraine. Today 72 varieties bred by the Mliiv Research Station have been entered into the State Register of the Plant Cultivars Favourable for the Spread in Ukraine.

Relevance. One of the most important directions in the breeding and variety study of fruits, in particular domestic plum European, is the breeding of cultivars with high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits. In this regard, the assessment of some commercial and consumer qualities of fruits in plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool was of great practical and scientific interest. Material and methods. As objects of research, we used 8 plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool and a control cultivar of the RRIFCB breeding Bolkhovchanka. The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding and variety study of stone fruit crops of RRIFCB in 2015-2019. Determination of color, shape, average weight, taste, size of fruit, size and shape of the stone, density of pulp, separation and length of the stalk, color of the juice were carried out in accordance with the "Program and methodology for the variety study of stone fruit crops" and "Pomology". Results. Most of the studied plum cultivars from the gene pool of the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crops Breeding have valuable commercial and consumer qualities of fruits, which will allow them to be used in further breeding for this trait. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya, Zarechnaya rannyaya, Volgogradskaya can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high fruit mass. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya and Bolkhovchanka can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high pulp content in fruits and fruit sizes. On the basis of the tasting assessment of the fresh fruits, the fruits of the cultivar Volgogradskaya stood out positively.

Objective: This research was carried out to determine the fruit and tree characteristics of some important standard cherry varieties grown in Taşova (Amasya) district.Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in a cherry complete orchard belonging to a producer in Yerkozlu Village. The material of the research carried out in 2019 and 2020 was 0900 Ziraat, Early Burlat, Premier Giant and Lambert standard cherry varieties are grown most in the region. The research was planned according to the randomized plots experimental design and with 3 replications, and statistical analyzes were performed by determining the 2019, 2020 and average data of the fruit and tree characteristics of the cultivars.Results: The variation of most of the investigated fruit and tree characteristics according to the cultivars was found to be statistically significant. According to the average data, it was determined that the important fruit characteristics of 0900 Ziraat and Premier Giant cultivars, which are 100 fruit weight, fruit size, fruit volume, fruit firmness, seed weight, fruit stalk thickness and fruit stalk weight, were higher than other cultivars. Among the varieties, Premier Giant had the highest average 100 fruit weight (886.27 g), while Lambert variety had the lowest (609.03 g). On the other hand, Lambert was found to be the highest productive with 75.83 kg of yield per tree, and Premier Giant was the lowest productive with 35.50 kg.Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that the examined cherry cultivars had unique characteristics and showed a good performance in the ecology of the region, Amaç: Bu araştırma Taşova (Amasya) ilçesinde yetiştirilmekte olan bazı önemli standart kiraz çeşitlerine ait meyve ve ağaç özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür.Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışma, Yerkozlu köyünde bir üreticiye ait kapama ticari kiraz bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında yürütülen araştırmanın materyalini bölgede en fazla yetiştirilen 0900 Ziraat, Early Burlat, Premier Giant ve Lambert standart kiraz çeşitleri oluşturmuştur. Araştırma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre ve 3 tekerrürlü olarak planlanmış olup çeşitlerin meyve ve ağaç özelliklerine ait 2019, 2020 ve ortalama veriler belirlenerek istatistik analizler yapılmıştır. Araştırma Bulguları: İncelenen meyve ve ağaç özelliklerinin çoğunluğunun çeşitlere göre değişimi istatistik olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Ortalama verilere göre 0900 Ziraat ve Premier Giant çeşitlerinde önemli meyve özellikleri olan 100 meyve ağırlığı, meyve iriliği, meyve hacmi, meyve eti sertliği, çekirdek ağırlığı, meyve sap kalınlığı ve meyve sap ağırlığının diğer çeşitlere göre yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çeşitlerden Premier Giant en yüksek ortalama 100 meyve ağırlığına (886.27 g) sahip olurken Lambert çeşidi en düşük (609.03 g) değere sahip olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, verim değeri bakımından 75.83 kg/ağaç ile Lambert en yüksek verimli, 35.50 kg ile de Premier Giant çeşidi en düşük verime sahip çeşit olduğu bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak incelenen kiraz çeşitlerinin kendilerine özgü özelliklere sahip olduğu ve bölge ekolojisinde iyi bir performans gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the variation in nutritive contents in wild-growing fruits of Emblica officinalis. Fruits of E. officinalis were collected from twenty-eight naturally growing populations in different parts of Garhwal-Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Several fruit properties including number of fruits kg⁻¹, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp:stone ratio, specific gravity, moisture percent, total soluble solid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, vitamin C, and sugar contents were analyzed to observe the variations among different populations. The results of the study revealed that the average fruit weight varied significantly (P

Coruh Valley located in Northeastern part of Turkey is accepted one of the 34 hotspots for plant biodiversity area by International Union for Conservation of Nature. In this study, 22 seed propagat...

Aim. To determine economic and biological indicators (yield, average weight, palatability) of Viburnum opulus accessions under the conditions of the central forest-steppe of Ukraine. Results and Discussion. V. opulus accessions were studied at the L.P. Symyrenko Experimental Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS in 2015-2019. Five cultivars were studied: Koralova, Velykoplidna, Rubinova, Ukrainochka, and Bahriaana. In addition, 21 elite hybrid forms, which had been planted in plots of 4 m x1.5 m in 1998, were investigated. The number of recorded plants per plot was 15 in 3 replications. Measurements and monitoring were performed according to conventional methods. Multi-year breeding resulted in the following cranberry tree cultivars: Koralova, Velykoplidna, Rubinova, Ukrainochka, and Bahriana. Pomological characteristics of the cultivars are given for basic economic and biological features under the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine. The yield capacity is the main criterion in economic evaluation of V. opulus. It to a large extent depends on characteristics of a cultivar, soil and climatic factors, and farming techniques. The fruit size and palatability are major components of the performance determining the fruit quality. Large and uniform berries are more attractive both as fresh and as frozen products. In 2015-2019, the V. opulus yield ranged 6.52 to 9.37 kg per bush and 10.9 to 15.6 tons per hectare. The average berry weight was 0.8 - 1.25 g. Cultivar Bahriana and hybrid form Ch-19500 were the most productive: 9.37 kg and 9.19 kg per bush, respectively. Velykoplidna, Rubinova and Bahriana were distinguished due to the average berry weight: 1.25 g, 1.2 g and 1.2 g, respectively. We built up a working collection of V. opulus accessions by yield capacity and quality. The collection comprises 20 cultivars. All the cultivars are of local origin. The collection is formed by the following traits: yield level, berry size, berry shape, berry after colour, berry hardness, palatability, and the berry number per corymb. Conclusions. The 2015-2019 studies showed that the highest yields were obtained from Bahriana (15.6 t/ha), elite hybrid form Ch-19500 (15.3 t/ha) and elite hybrid form P-19503 (15 t/ha); the highest fruit weight was recorded in Velykoplidna (1.25 g), Rubinova (1.2 g), Bahriana (1.2 g), Ukrainochka (1.15 g), and elite hybrid form P-19503 (1.16 g); the best palatability scores were intrinsic to Koralova (8.5 points), Rubinova (8.5), Ukrainochka (8.3), Bahriana (8.3), elite hybrid form K-19501 (8.3).

Investigation was carried out during two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018 on ten grape cultivars namely Thomson Seedless ,Ruby Seedless (KingRuby), Red Roomy, Provano ,Black Moskate , Polomino , Rich Baba,Beauty Seedless, Bez El Naka and Bez El Anza grown in the orchard of Pomology Department at the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University .This study aimed to evaluate this cultivars regarding vegetative growth .The illustrated data revealed that, the average shoot length progressively increased with increasing the period of time. The last dates of estimation showed a slower increase of shoot length comparing with the earlier dates. Rich Baba and Ruby Seedless represented also higher values (80.41 and 80.1 cm2, respectively) with no significant differences between them, however Bez-El-Anza exhibited the lowest value (49.54 cm2).Provano grape cultivar gave the highest pruning weight followed by Red Roomy and then Bez-El-Naka. The present study revealed that there were great differences between the studied grape cultivars.

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yer alan ve incir popülasyonunun yoğunlukta olduğu Siirt ili Eruh ilçesi Mışar Ovası’nda ve Siirt Merkez ilçeye bağlı Gökçebağ beldesinde yetiştirilen yerel incir çeşitleri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, yörenin incir gen kaynakları araştırılmış, seçilen ağaçlarda morfolojik ve fenolojik gözlemler yapılmış, toplanan meyve örneklerinde pomolojik özellikler incelenmiş ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Pomolojik ve kimyasal özellikler yönünden incelenen çeşitlerin; meyve ağırlığı 2.31-64.82 g, ortalama meyve boyu 20.00-52.50 mm, ortalama meyve eni 20.00-55.00 mm, meyvelerin suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı % 9.00-32.00, titre edilebilir asitliği % 0.141-0.544 ve pH’sı 3.21-4.68 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Özellikle, Türkiye kurutmalık incir sektöründe ön planda olan sarılop çeşidi ve sofralık incir piyasasında önemli yeri olan Bursa Siyahı çeşidi ile benzer niteliklere sahip olduğu düşünülen genotiplerin varlığı tespit edilmiştir.

The research was conducted in the fruit nursery of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (RBIP) Holovousy, Czech Republic in 2015, 2016 and 2017. The efficacy and potential phytotoxic effect of soil herbicides were assessed in spring‑planted and summer‑budded rootstocks M9, MA, Gisela 5 and St. Julien A in seven treatments with the following herbicides: linuron, metazachlor, metamitron, chlorotoluron, dimethenamid‑P, pendimethalin, and combination of pendimethalin and dimethenamid‑P in one product. The effects of the surfactant and simulated rainfall in combination with the pendimethalin + dimethenamid‑P treatment were also assessed. Herbicides were applied twice a season, i.e. in spring after planting and in autumn to control weeds emerging during the season. The efficacy of the herbicide combining both pendimethalin and dimethenamid‑P was the highest in all three seasons. Metazachlor, pendimethalin and dimethenamid‑P provided satisfactory efficacy with adequate soil moisture. Pre‑emergent efficacy of metamitron, linuron and chlorotoluron was not satisfactory, especially in dryer conditions. The synergistic effect of the surfactant and rainfall on the efficacy of pendimethalin in combination with dimethenamid‑P was proved in the dry year only. None of the tested herbicides had a negative effect either on the growth and health status of planted rootstocks or subsequently on budded plants in the following year.

The evaluated sweet cherry genebank was established at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. in 1989. Holovousy has an annual temperature of 8.4°C and precipitation of 663.5 mm. Since its establishment, new accessions have continuously supplemented this collection. The collection (three plants representing each cultivar) was planted at an altitude of 320 m with spacing of 6.0×6.0 m on Prunus avium rootstock. Weed-free strips were maintained under the bushes with the application of herbicide. Regularly cut grass was established between the rows. Here, we report the evaluation of economically important characters in 26 early-ripening sweet cherry cultivars in 2015 and 2016. Fruits of early-ripening sweet cherry cultivars ripened in the 1st and 2nd cherry weeks. These early cultivars ripened at the same time as the reference cultivar ‘Burlat’, or 10 days earlier. Vegetative and fruit characters were evaluated. Phenotypic characterisation revealed high diversity among the analysed germplasm. ‘Merchant’ (8.27 g), ‘Valerij Tschkalov’ (8.24 g), and ‘Burlat’ (7.36 g) had the biggest fruits. In contrast, ‘Fruheste der Mark’ (2.45 g) and ‘Moravska rychlice’ (2.94 g) had the smallest fruits. While ‘Early Rivers’, ‘Burlat’, and ‘Merchant’ ranked the highest for taste, ‘Kisinevskaja’, ‘Moravska rychlice’, ‘Munchenberska’, ‘Fruheste der Mark’, ‘Rivan’, ‘Skierniewice 1’, and ‘Skorospielka’ ranked the lowest. The most important sweet cherry cultivars are described in this paper.

Fruit cracking of sweet cherries is a major global problem for growers. The rain protective covering system seems to be the best option to prevent the cracking caused by rain. Although the aim of covering is to protect the cherries against the cracking, there are also cases of cracking without fruit wetting under covers. Despite this fact the covering system is still the profitable option to reduce the fruit cracking induced by rain. An experiment using a rain protective covering system in sweet cherries was done by Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy in 2013-2016. The trial was established in the orchard located in Holovousy (Czech Republic, Eastern Bohemia). Fruit weight, soluble solid content, fruit firmness and percentage of cracked fruits were observed in the cultivars ‘Aranka’, ‘Amid’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Early Korvik’, ‘Horka’, ‘Jacinta’, ‘Justyna’, ‘Kasandra’, ‘Kordia’, ‘Regina’, ‘Sandra’, ‘Tamara’, and ‘Vanda’. The trees of cherry cultivars were grafted on rootstock Gisela 5 and trained as free spindle at 5×1.5 m spacing. Results were compared to a control variation consisting of uncovered trees in the experimental orchard. Rain protective covering of cherry orchard was the most effective in fruit cracking elimination within cultivars ‘Burlat’, ‘Tamara’ and ‘Justyna’. Fruit cracking was affected by weather conditions depending on the year. Although the amount of precipitation mostly affected the fruit cracking in uncovered orchard fruit, cracking was also observed in the covered orchard depending on cultivar. Impact of rain protective covering to quality of fruits due to the evaluation was not evident.

Sweet cherry is a vegetatively propagated, perennial plant with high level of heterozygosity and ancient breeding history. Therefore, it is necessary to keep, conserve and evaluate known genetic resources for future breeding programs and fruit production stability. In present, the utilization of DNA molecular genetic methods is the best suitable method for evaluation of individual accessions, so that we eliminated duplications and characterized genetic relationships. Recently, there are many different molecular methods but the most reliable are SSR markers. In our work, we used PCR primer combinations for 20 SSR and 2 EST-SSR markers for analyses of 82 current, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from Czech genetic resources of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy. In total, 113 polymorphic markers were amplified which we used for hierarchical cluster analysis of genetic variability. The resulting dendrogram corresponded with genealogical and geobotanical characteristics of individual accessions which were divided into five clusters. The breeding history of several known accessions was also proved.

The research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (RBIP) Holovousy Ltd. holds a fruit germplasm of about 2,500 accessions in field collections. Unfortunately trees in these collections are at permanent risk from environmental conditions, pests and diseases. Germplasm preservation of vegetatively propagated fruit species in field collections may be supplemented using biotechnological methods. In vitro storage under slow-growth conditions is one of these techniques. The experiment with medium term storage of in vitro cultures of strawberry, apple, pear and sweet cherry at a low above zero temperature of 4.0°C was used in RBIP Holovousy Ltd. as a duplicate method to field collections. In vitro cultures were established on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in aluminium-capped 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with five explants 25 mL(-1) of medium. The experiment was successful and viable shoot tips were obtained at the end of storage period. The best overall results were obtained awith sweet cherry rootstock genotype P-HL-A, where 92.0% explants survived without an intervening subculture after seven months. In contrast, the lowest survival was observed with sweet cherry P-HL-C, where only 2.0% of shoots survived 7 months from the beginning of experiment. Remaining genotypes of fruit species used in the experiment had intermediate results. The storage of in vitro cultures at 4°C appears to be a promising technique as a duplicate short- or medium- term conservation method for fruit germplasm, which can considerably reduce labour and material costs. Moreover, in vitro collections are year-long accessible, and enable germplasm distribution among germplasm curators and the user community.

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible determined by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system (GSI). The self-incompatibility is controlled by a multi-allelic S-locus and includes two genes coding for the synthesis of proteins responsible for the incompatibility response. The knowledge about the S-allele constitution of cultivars is very important for fruit growers and breeders. Recently, molecular methods have been developed to distinguish the S-alleles in sweet cherries and different molecular primers for the PCR-based identification of all S-alleles were designed during the last years. In our work, we analyzed S-locus genotypes by 10 universal and specific PCR primer combinations within 82 current, old and local sweet cherry cultivars from Czech genetic resources of Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology in Holovousy. We confirmed previous S-genotyping for 46 accessions except ‘Droganova’, ‘Hedelfingen’, ‘Erika Fruhe Meckenheimer’, ‘Huldra’, ‘Rivan’, ‘Vanda’ and ‘Winkler’. It can be due to mislabeling or mistakes in previous analyses. Newly, S-genotyping was determined for 36 accessions when we found 4 new S-loci combinations. Totally, we detected S-locus combinations in 21 incompatibility groups. The most frequent incompatibility groups were III (S3S4), IV (S2S3), VI (S3S6) and II (S1S3) with 13, 11, 9 and 8 genotypes, respectively.

The sour cherry breeding program at the Research Institute of Horticulture (formerly known as the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture until the end of 2010) in Skierniewice began in 1954. The main objective of this program is to obtain new sour cherry genotypes which are well-suited to the climate and soil conditions in Poland, and which produce typical dessert fruit or fruit for use by the food processing and frozen-food industries. The new cultivars should be characterized by low susceptibility to diseases with economic costs. An important direction of sour cherry breeding is also towards obtaining new genotypes that will facilitate further intensification of fruit production by using combine harvesters. As part of the sour cherry breeding program, studies have also been conducted on selection within the Prunus mahaleb species of new generative rootstocks for sour cherry trees. To date, 11 cultivars and two generative rootstocks have been included in the national register of cultivars. Among these, only the cultivars ‘Sabina’, ‘Wanda’, and ‘Lucyna’, and both the generative rootstocks ‘Popiel’ and ‘Piast’ are used in commercial production. The most recent cultivar submitted for registration is ‘Granda’.

Some important morphological such as fruit weight, fruit external color, fruit shape, the number of berry per cluster, cluster color, plant crown habit, harvest date and biochemical characteristics including sugars, organic acids, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity of thirteen wild grown Caucasian whortleberry sampled from Coruh valley, in northeastern Turkey, were determined. Antioxidant capacity was measured as FRAP assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power). Significantly differences were found among genotypes for most of the selected morphological and biochemical features. The genotypes had in general black fruit color and round shape. Harvest date varied from 2 August to 12 August. Fruit weight ranged from 0.37 to 1.08 g. Genotypes had only fructose and glucose in their fruits as sugars. Citric acid was dominant organic acids and was found between 8.87 and 11.20 g per kg of fresh fruits and followed by tartaric acid (2.85-3.30 g/kg). Fruits of genotypes exhibited very high total phenolic content, which ranged from 3740 to 5541 µg per g on a fresh weight basis. Total anthocyanin contents were between 81 and 172 µg of delphinidin-3-glucoside equivalent in per g fresh fruit indicating great diversity.

In this study, the molecular, biochemical and agro-morphological characterization of genotypes belonging to hawthorn species collected from Bolu province of Turkey was performed. Inter-priming binding sites (iPBS) markers based on retrotransposons were used for the first time in the molecular properties of hawthorn genotypes in the world. The marker system provided very useful information for revealing the genetic variation of the genotypes. Six iPBS markers amplified 68 fragments, of which 65 were polymorphic (95.59%) with an average of 10.83 polymorphic bands per primer. The polymorphism and resolving power per primers ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 and from 0.78 to 8.11 with the average being 0.32 and 5.95, respectively. Pomological properties of Crataegus tanacetifolia, such as fruit pomology and core weight were determined to higher than those of Crataegus monogyna. Citric acid was determined as the most predominant organic acid, followed by malic and succinic acid in the genotypes of both species. The highest citric acid content (26.745 mg 100 g&minus, 1) was noted for 14BL09 genotype. The vit. C content was recorded ranging from 2.681 to 9.621 mg 100 g&minus, 1. Catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic and rutin contents were varied between 4.140&ndash, 51.393 mg, 2.254&ndash, 42.361 mg, 0.624&ndash, 4.407 mg, and 1.241&ndash, 10.029 mg per 100 g of fruits, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that twenty-five genotypes belonging to different hawthorn species are important genetic resources to be evaluated in horticultural breeding studies in terms of their physical and biochemical contents.

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is an important fruit crop and member of the Prunus genus of the Rosaceae family that is planted in many temperate regions worldwide. The quality of fruit is assessed by many pomological parameters which can serve as a decisive factor in apricot breeding, because the introduction of new cultivars is required. These parameters can differ with climate conditions, geographical location or geographic ecological origin. Similarly, another biological characteristic can be measured depending on these terms. The present study was conducted with the aim of estimating pomological traits together with the nuclear DNA content of 35 apricot cultivars with different geographical origins. Only CV values lower than 5% were considered in flow cytometry analysis. All analyzed cultivars were diploid and the genome size value ranged from 0.587 to 0.644 pg/2C, where Turkish apricots reached the highest value (on average 0.628 pg/2C) followed by the European group (on average 0.625 pg/2C). A Spearman-rank correlation was used and the different correlation was found for specific geographical groups of apricot cultivars. The genome size values of apricots and related botanical species P. mume, P. sibirica and P. ansu showed to be very similar values.

The chestnut (Castanea spp.) tree is extremely valuable for it ecological role in the environment as well as its role in the production of sweet, edible nuts, decay resistant timber, and the production of chemical compounds such as tannins. Although native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, it has been planted successfully throughout the southern hemisphere including Australia, New Zealand and Chile. Currently, the genus Castanea is represented by 13 species ranging in size from shrubs to large trees. Five species of Castanea are native to East Asia, seven species are native to North America and one species is native to Europe. Many chestnut cultivars have been selected or bred for various purposes such as improving nut or timber quality, increasing yield, enhancing resistance to diseases or pests and winter hardiness. For the purpose of registering new cultivars, distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of the cultivars need to be described and verified. For this aim, morphological characteristics of the cultivar candidates should be determined. There are many morphological traits used for identifying cultivar candidates. However, reliable characteristics need to be selected and scored. Generally, the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) criteria have been used for this purpose, but we believe the UPOV criteria need to be updated. In this review, various descriptive morphological chestnut parameters are discussed to promote the list of current and new criteria. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science. All Rights Reserved.

Growth and yield characteristics of three plum cultivars (Prunus domestica) ‘Elena’, ‘Tophit’ and ‘Cacanska lepotica’ grafted on seven different rootstocks were evaluated in the years 2010-2015. The tested material included St. Julien A as a standard, Jaspi-Fereley, Julior-Ferdor, St Julien 2, Pixy, MY-KL-A and Wangenheim seedling. Furthermore, ‘Tophit’ was assessed also on VVA1. The trees were planted in the experimental orchard of the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy in the Czech Republic. The orchard was established on medium fertile loamy soil in a non-irrigated plot in the autumn 2009. Planting distance was 5.5×2.7 m and the trees were trained to a central leader. The following characteristics were assessed: flowering intensity, yield, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), crown volume, yield efficiency related to TCSA, yield efficiency related to crown volume, average fruit weight and suckering. We observed significant differences in growth and yields among the rootstock combinations in all of the cultivars. The most vigorous were MY-KL-A, St. Julien 2 and Jaspi-Fereley for all of the cultivars and also Julior-Ferdor for ‘Elena’ and ‘Tophit’. The least vigorous were Wangenheim seedling, Pixy and for ‘Tophit’ also VVA1. The production of suckers was generally at low level and dependent on grafted cultivar. All of the cultivars reached the highest yields on rootstock Jaspi-Fereley. The least productive were the trees on rootstock Pixy and in case of ‘Tophit’ also on VVA1. Similarly, the highest yield efficiency related to TCSA was on Jaspi-Fereley for all of the cultivars. Jaspi-Fereley had also a good yield efficiency related to crown volume and brought fruits of good weight. We concluded that Jaspi-Fereley is the best rootstock in non-irrigated orchards in our conditions for the first years of the growing period. Though it grows more than standard rootstock St. Julien A, it is precocious, highly productive and brings fruits of high weight.

This experiment was carried out during the 2012 and 2013 seasons on polyembryonic 'Zebda' mango seeds planted at the nursery of pomology department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the effect of quick dipping in different plant growth regulators, namely, GA3, IBA (indole butyric acid) and BAP (benzyl amino burine) at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm besides the control on seedling yield of mango seeds. The results indicated that GA3 at 500 and 4000 ppm as well as IBA at 500 ppm significantly increased the total seedling yield expressed as number of emerged seedling per seed and germination percent. Seedling length and vigor index were significantly increased by GA3 at 2000 and 4000 ppm compared to the control. Leaf number per seedling increased significantly by GA3 application at 2000 ppm. BAP treatments had a negative effect on most of the studied parameters.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum harvest time of ‘Jinhong’ plums. In 2013, differences in fruit quality and volatile components of ‘Jinhong’ plum at different harvest dates were studied in a field experiment in a plum orchard at Shandong Institute of Pomology. The results showed that fruit weight and soluble sugars, vitamin C, tannin, anthocyanin, and calcium content of the fruit increased with delay in harvest time. The soluble solids and total acid and total flavonoids content first increased and then decreased with delay in harvest time, and the firmness decreased with delay in harvest time. Plums could release unique volatile compounds at different harvest dates, but the rates of volatile compound synthesis decreased as the delay in harvest time increased; an electronic nose was sensitive to changes in volatile compounds in plums harvested at different times. The optimal harvest time of ‘Jinhong’ plums in central Shandong was 20-25 July.

Anatolia is one of the primary centers of origin of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.). Pomological and morphological characteristics of strawberry tree genotypes, naturally growing in natural flora of Northern Anatolia, were investigated in this study in 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 48 genotypes were identified and subjected to physico-chemical analyses (fruit weight, fruit length and width, soluble solids content, titratable acidity), phenological observations (initial-bloom and full-bloom dates) and sensory analyses (fruit taste, stoniness, juiciness, appearance and roughness). Based on weighted-ranked scores for different attributes, 24 genotypes were selected as promising ones and analyses were continued on these genotypes in 2009. Fruit weights of genotypes varied between 2.28 g (28G32) and 11.00 g (28G41); fruit widths between 16.51 mm (28G32)–28.05 mm (28G41); fruit lengths between 13.06 mm (28G26) and 22.03 mm (28G41); soluble solids contents between 24% (28G28, 28G40) and 31% (28G30) and titratable acidity between 0.77% (28G30) and 1.19% (28G41). Initial-bloom dates varied between 5th of October (28G36, 28G45 and 28G46) and 10th of November (28G16 and 28G26) and full-bloom dates varied between 15th of November (28G02, 28G31, 28G36, 28G47) and 15th of December (28G02, 28G44, 28G45). These 24 genotypes were selected as promising genotypes potentially to be used in breeding studies on strawberry tree fruits.

The article summarizes information about the 90-year activities of VIR’s Department of Fruit Crop Genetic Resources. This Department was organized at the initiative of N. I. Vavilov as the Department of Fruit Growing, Horticulture and Special Crops. Its first head was an expert in fruit crop pomology V. V. Pashkevich who later became academician. In the 1920-30s a network of experiment stations was established to grow fruit-trees, berries, nut-bearing plants, subtropical and ornamental crops, and grapes. Active plant introduction efforts were immediately launched at these stations; planting materials were imported from abroad or selected among the germplasm collected during plant explorations. Many well-known scientists contributed much to the replenishment and study of the genetic diversity of various fruit and berry plants. Among them were such Vavilov’s associates as P. N. Bogushevsky, R. P. Bologovskaya , J. F. Katz, N. I. Kichunov, N. V. Kovalev, K. F. Kostina, F. A. Kryukov, F. D. Likhonos, A.M. Negrul, N. M. Pavlova, A. M. Rozanova, G. A. Rubtsov, V. A. Rybin, G. G. Tarasenko. By 2015, the fruit crop genetic diversity at the Institute’s experiment stations reached 22 750 accessions: among them 5913 are pome plants, 7445 drupes, 4227 berries, 439 other fruits, 1587 ornamentals and 3031 grapes. Collections include wild and cultigen types, old and new cultivated varieties, sources and donors of valuable breeding and economic traits. Key words: genetic diversity, experiment stations, fruit and berry crops.

The present study estimated almond nut weight using flower, nut and kernel characteristics of almond’s cultivars and genotypes by multivariate analysis. The nut traits had heritability from 20.73 t...

Peach has a wide range of adaptation to tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones around the world, hence is spreading as a fruit species. This study was done in a semiarid climate in Sanliurfa. The phenological, pomological and yield characteristics of 11 peach cultivars (Maycrest, Springcrest, Earlyred, Cardinal, Redhaven, Glohaven, Dixired, Cresthaven, Maria Marta, Elegant Lady and Monroe), were determined. Early flowering in the peach cultivars started on 14th March and ended on 8th April. The first flowering and the last flowering took place between 9 and 17 days. The full bloom to harvest of the cultivars took place between 74 (Maycrest) and 151 (Monroe) days. Based on the long-term observations, the earliest fruit maturation in peach varieties (Maycrest) occurred on the 2nd of June and the last fruit maturation occurred in Monroe on the 24th of August. The weights of the fruit varieties are as follows: Cardinal, 78.19; Dixired, 218.73; for TSS: Earlyred, 14.06; Maria Marta, 17.28%; for titratable acid content: Dixired, 0.47; Redhaven, 1.07 %; and for flesh firmness: Springcrest, 1.82; Dixired, 4.72 kg cm-2. Between 2007 and 2011 years, cumulative yield values were found in Elegant Lady (166.87) and Earlyred (278.33 kg/tree). Key words: Peach, Prunus persica, fruit yield, fruit quality, phenology, pomology, yield efficiency.

Bozhuyuk, Mehmet Ramazan/0000-0001-5021-6019; Akbulut, Mustafa/0000-0003-1028-162X WOS: 000411504400015 Turkey ranked third place in the world for chestnut production after China and Bolivia and the country has unique chestnut populations including valuable and diverse seed propagated chestnut genotypes. in this study, chestnuts (Castanea sativa) were collected during the 2016 harvest season from Northeastern part of Turkey from promising 12 different seedling origin genotypes. Tree growth habit, nut weight, kernel ratio, kernel color, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, dietary fiber, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and fatty acid content of fruits belongs to 12 genotypes were determined. the results showed that, the majority of genotypes had semi upright tree growth habit. the nut weight and kernel ratio were between 5.05 g (K-10) and 10.10 g (K-5) and 71.10% (K-1) and 82.44% (K-3) among genotypes. the total crude fat content ranged from 0.87% (K-7) to 2.61% (K-1) while the crude protein ranged from 4.80% (K-7) to 7.65% (K-1). the dietary fiber content made up no more than 3.61% of the remaining portion of the kernel. It was found that total polyphenols was between 1.66 and 2.70 g GAE/ kg and antioxidant activity was between 5.80 and 9.07 mu mol Trolox equivalent/ g dry weight basis. Oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in all chestnut fruits and followed by palmitic and linolenic acid. the results showed that there was enough variations among seed propagated chestnut genotypes for most of the searched parameters and this highlights the importance of conserving the genotypes, as their high levels of heterogeneity allow them to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses and adapt to low-input farming systems.

The experiment was carried out to study pomochemical properties of twenty superior genotypes of apricot (Prunusarmeniaca L) during two consecutive growing seasons (2013-2014) in the Khalkhal valley, south of Ardabil province (Iran). Physical parameters (weight, flesh, skin and color) and chemical parameters (total soluble solids content and acidity) were evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis Ward Method. The results indicated a high variability in the set of the evaluated apricot genotypes based on bud break season, fruit and pit weight, harvest season, fruit yield, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acidity. Most of the genotypes had a relatively small fruit size; only four had a fruit weight >39 g. In general, fruits had yellowish skin ground color and cream flesh color. There was a high correlation between fruit and pit weight(r = 0.575), but fruit weight was not correlated with TSS content and acidity. There was a high negative correlation between the TSS and total acidity (r = -0.954). Bud break season was highly correlated with harvest season (r = 0.857). The results indicated the presence of great genetic variability among local genotypes, and there was promising genotypes with appropriate pomological and phenological characteristics. Genotypes such as BG2, KG1, SG6 and EG1 deserve to be exploited for the future apricot conservation and breeding programs

7th International Cherry Symposium -- JUN 23-27, 2013 -- Plasencia, SPAIN WOS: 000416790300050 The sweet cherry is apparently native in some parts of North Anatolia. There are a lot of cherry genotypes in Anatolia (Asia Minor). These genotypes may be genetic resources for developing new cultivars. This study was conducted on 42 cherry genotypes collected from Amasya and Giresun, Turkey to determine phenological, morphological and pomological characteristics such as first blossom, full blossom, harvest date, tree growth habit, leaf width and length (cm), fruit weight (g), yield, soluble solids content (%), titrable acid content (%), flavor, fruit firmness, appearance of the fruit, fruit width (mm), seed weight (g), fruit stalk length and thickness (mm), fruit shape, and skin color, and to select promising cherry genotypes. To determine the promising cherry genotypes, a "Modified Weighted-Ranked Method" was used based on fruit weight, yield, and appearance of the fruit, flavor, harvest date and soluble solids content; six cherry genotypes were determined as promising. Genotype 'A5' of the promising cherry genotypes had the highest score, followed by 'A6', 'A4', 'A12', 'A8' and 'S2'. Int Soc Horticultural Sci Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research CouncilOndokuz Mayis University [BAP ZRT.1904.10.023] This study was supported by Ondokuz Mayis University Scientific Research Council (BAP ZRT.1904.10.023).

Apple cultivars’ storability could be strengthened through known techniques of cold storage, advanced industries of control atmosphere or other routine usages like fruit pre-cooling followed by immersion in CA++ solution, depending on genetic potential of the plant material. At the end of pomology and cold storage assessments of 93 apple cultivars, two high yielding native "Dirras-e Mashhad" and "Wealthy" were treated by single and combined 1-MCP and ethylene nano-absorbent (ENA) to assess eventual improvements in cold storage span, fruit eating quality and role of cultivar. For this purpose, directs effects and interactions between all sources of variance were studied. Ethylene emission and CO2 amounts were measured. The results showed that reduced weight loss and flesh firmness, were registered in the treated samples of both cultivars compared with the control. Using of 1-MCP affected significantly (p 0.05) on these characteristics. The native apple "Dirras-e Mashhad" showed higher pH value than "Wealthy" under the combined treatment (ENA+1-MCP). Genetic source revealed significant difference through lower "Wealthy" storability. Ethylene emission increased to 53.64 ppm/Kg·hr after 5th month, which resulted in significant difference at p > 0.01 level related to the initial value of 3.26 ppm/Kg·hr. The combined treatment (ENA+1-MCP) affected significantly (p < 0.05) most of the fruit characteristics in both of the cultivars. The treatments demonstrated different results by cultivar.