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The objective of this research was to develop a solution for the deterioration effect on the high-temperature rutting performance and water stability of SMC. This research proposed a method for designing an SMC normal temperature modified asphalt mixture based on the existing findings, experimental research and the performance balance. First, the power function curve model of the aggregate gradation was put forward. The 0.075 mm, 4.75 mm and nominal maximum particle size were the key points of the aggregate gradation, and their passing rate was about 6%, 30%, and 95% respectively. Then, on the basis of the quadratic curve model, a method for determination of the optimum asphalt aggregate ratio of SMC normal temperature modified asphalt mixture was put forward, considering the skeleton-density structure. Last, rutting tests, small beam bending tests, freeze-thaw split tests, permeability coefficient tests, texture depth tests and pavement roughness tests were conducted, and the test results all met the performance requirements of the specifications for the construction of highway asphalt pavement in China perfectly, especially the high-temperature and water stability properties, which indicated that the design method for SMC normal temperature modified asphalt mixtures based on performance balance presented in this paper was reasonable and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water is the most important and common water resource on earth. Accurate and effective mapping and detecting of surface water have been made possible by remote sensing technology, highresolution satellite data, playing an important role in surface water monitoring and mapping, which has become the current hot research for water information extraction in recent decades. Therefore, in this paper, we tested and analysed four models to extract water bodies using China's GF-2 HD satellite (GF- 2) image, including Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Shadow Water Index (MSWI), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Object-Oriented Method (OOM). The results showed applying water extraction models can map surface water with an overall accuracy of 0.8935, 0.9256, 0.9467 and 0.9357, respectively. SVM owns the highest overall accuracy value of 0.9467, followed by OOM. SVM performed significantly better at surface water extraction with kappa coefficients improved by 9.00%, 5.00%, and 2.00%, respectively, which yielded the best results and used to map surfaces water bodies in the study region, while index methods (NDWI and MSWI) are mostly classified into the water and non-water information based on a threshold value, with higher total omission and commission errors at 12.45%, 25.64%, 6.38% and12.87%, respectively. Therefore, we proposed SVM as the best algorithm to identify water body and effectively detect surface water from the GF-2 image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guangxi Guilin area, China, is rich in hot spring resources. In this paper, a hot spring water temperature monitoring system is developed for longsheng hot springs. Mainly using the hot water of eye of hot springs as the heat source, designing a set of multi-point temperature monitoring system with single-chip and multislave as the core of the single-chip microcomputer and wireless and bi-directional transmission for the main station and multiple slave stations to realize automatic temperature monitoring. The system slave station can exchange geothermal water with high temperature extracted from the eye of hot springs and cold water, and automatically control the temperature of the hot spring pool to reach a set value range by controlling the flow rate of the cold water. At the same time, the main station can complete the tasks of monitoring system by setting control commands such as temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geogas field can reflect the deep-seated tectonic constructing information. Geogas method can be applied to the exploration of deep geothermal resources. In this paper, based on the advanced geogas model of metal ore, a set of simulation model of geogas transportation for hot spring is built. In the model, hot spring water collected from Wuning, JiangXi province, China is used to simulate hot spring reservoir, and the hot air flow formed by electric hot plate is used to simulate rising geogas flow. The transporting materials from hot spring reservoir are sampled in 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 d respectively. More than 30 elements in these samples are determined with ICP-MS. The experimental results confirm that many elements in hot spring can be transferred out by geogas flow, transportation rate and transportation ratio of different elements is of obvious differences. The migratory activity of most elements in hot spring is greater than that in concealed ore body, thus the transportation amount of the element is easily recognizable. The elements with high transportation ratio and high concentration, including Cd, Cu, Pb, Sc, Y, Zn, are most helpful to indicate towards hot springs, the result provides reference to application of geogas survey on geothermal resource exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To match for the different temperature of the geothermal resource and strengthen the flexibility of organic Rankine cycle, a variable capacity power generation superstructure based on flash and organic Rankine cycle for geothermal energy was proposed. A combined flash-binary experimental prototype is newly established to investigate thermodynamic performance both on system and equipment in this paper. Pressured hot water is adopted as the extensive worldwide existed hydrothermal geothermal resource, eliminating the influence of the used heat transfer oil on evaporating process. The experimental results show that there is an optimal mass-flow rate of R245fa under the condition of different heat source temperature. Flash and binary power subsystem dominate the flash-binary power system, respectively, when the heat source temperature is 120 °C and 130 °C. The isotropic efficiency of modified compressor just between 0.2 and 0.25. The power output of per ton geofluid are 0.78 kWh/t and 1.31 kWh/t, respectively, when the heat source temperature are 120 °C and 130 °. These results will predict the operation data of flash-binary power plant driven by the low-medium temperature geothermal water for construction in western of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal fields emit remarkable amounts of mercury (Hg) to the environment. To address the source, fate and geochemical cycling of Hg in geothermal fields, we investigated Hg concentrations and isotopic compositions of hot spring water and fumarole gases from Rehai and Dagejia in SW‐China. Elevated Hg concentrations in fumarole gases (10.0–167 ng m−3) and hot spring water (3.44–84.5 ng L−1) were observed, suggesting that both geothermal fields are of environmental concern. The variation in Δ199Hg (−0.06 to 0.23‰) and Δ200Hg (−0.09 to 0.19‰) in hot spring water supports Hg likely originating from endogenous volcanic degassing and/or rainwater. Negative and nearly zero Δ199Hg in fumarole gases (−0.32 to 0.03‰) supports volcanic degassing and background atmosphere origin. The ranges of δ202Hg in fumarole gases (−0.74 to 0.59‰) and hot spring water (−1.29 to 0.52‰) could reflect limited fluids boiling in geothermal fields. This study, thus, fills an important knowledge gap regarding Hg global cycling. Plain Language Summary: A large amount of mercury (Hg) is emitted into the atmosphere through geothermal activities. A knowledge gap exists regarding the source, fate and geochemical cycling of Hg in geothermal fields. Here, we studied Hg concentrations and isotopic compositions in hot spring water and fumarole gases from two large geothermal fields in SW‐China. Our results support that the two fields received Hg from endogenous volcanic degassing and rainwater. Deep magma chambers acted as heat sources, triggering fluid circulation in geothermal areas and entraining Hg from rainwater into geothermal systems. Key Points: Rehai and Dagejia geothermal fields are likely of local environmental concern regarding Hg emissionMercury isotopic ratios evidence that geothermal fields could receive Hg from endogenous volcanic degassing and rainwaterGeothermal fluid boiling is not common in geothermal fields in SW‐China [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption is evidenced to play an increasing significant role accompanied by economic transition in China. Carbon emissions caused by consumption are becoming an important growth point of carbon emissions. The size of China's middle-income groups is growing and is expected to reach 60 % of the population in 2035. However, the amount of indirect carbon emissions from household consumption (ICEHCs) of middle-income groups and the effects of their drivers have not been quantitatively assessed. In response, this paper adopts input-output tables to calculate urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs from 2012 to 2018, and uses structural decomposition analysis to determine the effects of drivers and sectors. Results are as follows: Urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) are increasing and its differences are significant, and present a spatial pattern of high in the eastern region while low in the western region. S22 (Production and Supply of Electric Power, Steam and Hot Water) becomes the main sector of carbon emissions, which accounts for about 70.00 % of the total middle-income groups' ICEHCs in 2018. Consumption pattern is the predominant driver for promoting urban-rural middle-income groups' ICEHCs, whereas production structure is the predominant restraining driver. • Middle-income groups' ICEHCs are calculated and S22 is the main sector. • The drivers and main sectoral sources of household energy consumption are explored. • Consumption pattern is the predominant driver for promoting ICEHCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient utilization of solar energy significantly contributes to energy efficiency in buildings. Solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) heat pumps, a hybrid of photovoltaic and solar-assisted heat pumps, have demonstrated a significant development trend due to their multi-generational capacity for heating, power, and cooling with reliable operational performance. This research work presents and investigates a single-stage compression PVT heat pump system, along with the operation principle of the system's heating and power co-generation throughout the winter and transitional season. The construction of the testing facility, data reduction, error analysis, and performance evaluation indices of the system are all explained theoretically. A continuous experiment research project focusing on system heating and power performance was carried out in Dalian during the transition season (November in this study) and winter season (December in this study) as part of our investigation into the potential uses for space heating, residential hot water, and power supply in northern China. The findings of the experimental research demonstrate that the proposed system can generate electricity and heat at high efficiency during the winter and transitional seasons, with long-term stable performance. The system's average heating COPt is 5 during the transitional season and 4.4 during the winter season. Meanwhile, the average photovoltaic power efficiency under both weather conditions is 11.9% and 10.2%, with a peak value of 15.7% and 12.0%, respectively. Additionally, the system compression ratio's variation range is 2 to 3.88, which is lower than the standard heat pump system. As a result, the entire system heating operating process remains constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC) and K2Cr2O7oxidizable organic carbon (OOC) have been suggested as indicators to assess soil management effects on soil organic matter; however, traditional methods for measuring these C fractions are costly and tedious. The potential of using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) with partial least squares (PLS) regression to predict HWEOC and OOC concentrations in cultivated and uncultivated Mollisols in China were explored in this paper. The soil organic carbon (SOC), OOC, and HWEOC in 0–30 cm layer were 37.6, 41.2, and 58.8% lower in cultivated than in uncultivated soils. The HWEOC is more sensitive to soil management relative to SOC or OOC. HWEOC concentrations were accurately predicted using NIRS-PLS model, with high coefficient of determination (R2=0.89), residual prediction deviation (RPD=3.69) for model calibration, and highR2(0.85),RPD(3.03), and correlation coefficient (r=0.92) of predicted and measured values in the validation set. Excellent prediction for OOC was acquired withR2andRPDat 0.97 and 6.11 for model calibration, respectively, andR2andRPDandrat 0.92, 5.75, and 0.97 for model validation, respectively. This study indicated that the HWEOC could be used to illustrate the impacts of agronomic management on soil quality. Both of HWEOC and OOC can be accurately quantified using NIRS-PLS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• A PVT collector with a roll-bond absorber is designed for rural home application. • Thermo-laminating is a novel and convenient method for PV-absorber connection. • The validated PVT model can simulate the roll-bond PVT performance accurately. • The model is available for predicting the dynamic performance of PVT systems. This paper mainly investigated the performance of a low-cost roll-bond water-type photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector from both experimental and modelling approaches under the climatic conditions of Sichuan Basin of China. The design and manufacturing process of the PVT prototype adopted the available commercial PV panels for convenience and for reducing the manufacturing cost. The experiment measured all the main properties of the developed PVT module. The excellent heat transfer performance of its roll-bond absorber plate was also validated by outdoor steady-state tests. Then, the steady-state numerical models were used to simulate the performance of the PVT prototype in TRNSYS. By comparing the simulation and experimental results, two robust models were selected which have their own advantages in charactering the thermal and electrical properties of the PVT collector. Through validating the numerical models with experimental data, the deviation between the simulated and the measured values was further reduced. In addition, a complete photovoltaic thermal–domestic hot water (PVT-DHW) system with such PVT collectors was developed in TRNSYS, by which the annual system output and efficiency were predicted and analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of city-residential solar hot water systems (SHWS) in a large-scale area is a complicated topic since many endogenous and exogenous factors would affect the results. This paper presents an adaptability evaluation model for regional SHWS in city-residential buildings through using multiple attribute-decision methods. The evaluation factors, including six variable parameters and eight constant parameters, were selected based on energy-economic-environment consideration. In addition, the provincial databases of the utilization of solar energy resources in China were established and 31 provincial capital cities were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1) the five most important factors, with summing weights accounting for 54% in total, are the solar radiation intensity, payback period, solar fraction, installation area, and water supply temperature; 2) compared with the evaluation methods regarding different factors, energy-economic-environment adaptability evaluation method is more reliable, especially when there are huge differences existing in solar energy resources, economic levels, and energy prices. 3) sensitivity analysis shows that it has little influence on the evaluation results when the weight of the first level evaluation index changes within 25%. The conclusions in this paper provide valuable guidance for renewable energy planner and decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ormosia hosiei is a secondary protected wild plant in China, and its seed has a hardness rate of 86%. To explore the characteristics of the hard seed and the difference in seed vigor between hard seeds and the non-hard seeds of O. hosiei, the water absorption characteristics, germination characteristics, seed coat structure, seed coat permeability, enzyme activity, and main biochemical substances of the O. hosiei seeds were determined. The results showed that the hard and dense seed coat is the main obstacle to absorbing water of O. hosiei seeds; the main reason is that the seed coat is composed of cuticle, palisade cells, and thick-walled cells with impermeability. Hot water treatment can soften the seed coat and remove wax and grease from the seed coat, and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment can corrode the local seed coat and break the barrier of cuticle and palisade tissue. The effectiveness of concentrated sulfuric acid to break the dormancy of O. hosiei hard seeds is better than that of hot water treatment, but the damage to the seed coat is larger and irreversible. The germination, germination index, root activity, TTCH content, and SOD activity of the hard seeds were higher than those of the non-hard seeds, but the SSC, conductivity value, and MDA content were lower than those of the non-hard seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing concern for building energy efficiency, domestic hot water (DHW) supply systems, which have significant energy-saving potential, have drawn more attention from both practitioners and academia. In this study, we conducted a field study on seven centralized hot water supply systems in Beijing, measuring the water temperature and flow rate in primary or secondary pipes and collecting the operating records of hot water usage, gas consumption, and electricity consumption. In addition, we discuss the main problems existing in the current centralized DHW system. Based on measured data, this paper further analyzes energy losses from each link in the hot water supply system. A mathematical model is then proposed for simulating the energy consumption of hot water supply systems under various conditions such as various boiler efficiency, thermal insulation thickness, water pipe network structure, and hot water usage. The model is also used to explore the main factors that lead to low performance of centralized DHW systems in China. Finally, we analyze the applicability of diverse heat sources (e.g., electricity, gas, and heat pumps) in centralized DHW systems in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water immersion residual coal tend to happen spontaneous combustion accidents after mining the coal seam. For exploring the oxidative re-ignition properties of high-temperature oxidized water-impregnated long-flame coal, the thermal evolution law toward each pre-oxidized coal soaked in water under varying heating rates (Rh) (5, 10, 15°C/min) has been analyzed by thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The findings are as follows: the DTG at the critical temperature (T1) and maximum weight loss temperature (T5) increases, the activation energy (E) decreases, and the heat output increases (maximum 6391J/g) with the rising Rh. The violent oxidated reaction process of coal samples has been delayed as the Rh was 10°C/min. The water-immersed coal sample (I200) contains more free water on the surface, and the maximum (0.45 mW/mg) and total (178.8 J/g) heat absorption of are higher. Oxidation at 200°C and soaking in water (O200I200) reduced the ignition point temperature (minimum 399°C) and E (minimum 18.5 kJ/mol), and increased the total heat release (maximum 323 J/g) making it easier to oxidize and re-ignite. Under the same Rh, the oxidation and combustion traits of each pre-oxidized water-immersed coal (PWIC) remained unchanged. Reducing the Rh can effectively prevent spontaneous combustion of high-temperature oxidized water-soaked coal in shallow-buried and short-distance coal seams in northwest of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplar is a common tree species that is extensively cultivated in China, and its density is relatively low. The low density of poplar results in low mechanical properties, which restrict its application range. However, the density of wood can be increased by compressing the porous structure in the transverse direction. Before compression, the wood needs to be softened from a rigid state to a thermoplastic flow state. After compression, the compressive deformation needs to be fixed. The hot water pretreatment and heat post-treatment is by far the most convenient and environment-friendly way for the manufacture of the densified wood. This study presents the mechanical properties of densified poplar by hot water pretreatment with different compression ratio and thermal modification time, and explores the engineering application potential of densified poplar as wooden dowel to connect timber members instead of steel dowel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of climate alteration and human activities, the hydrological regime of rivers is changing dramatically, which has become a hot spot for water environment research. In this study, we quantitatively assessed the degree of hydrological variability of the Jialing River and the contribution of climate alteration and human activities to hydrological alterations using the ecohydrological indicator range of alteration (IHA-RVA) method and Budyko hypothesis formulations. The results showed that (1) The average annual runoff and the precipitation of Jialing River showed a decreasing trend, the potential evapotranspiration showed an increasing trend. (2) Compared with before the hydrological situation changed, the degree of alteration in the annual extreme streamflow is 31%, which is a low degree of alteration; the degree of alteration in monthly streamflow, annual extreme flow magnitude, extreme flow ephemeris, and streamflow alteration frequency are 51%, 43%, 54%, and 64% respectively, which are all moderate degrees of alteration; the overall hydrological alteration is 50%, which belongs to moderate alteration. (3) The contribution of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and human activities to the runoff alteration is 61%, − 16%, and 55%, respectively. This study provides corresponding references for ecological restoration and sustainable development of the Yangtze River Basin in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Evacuated tube solar water heaters are increasingly in use in Hong Kong because of their good thermal efficiency and high water temperature achievable as compared to the flat-plate solar water heaters. But so far their thermal performance has not been systematically evaluated and therefore not well known to the users. This paper reports our experimental and numerical works on evaluating the performance of the two common types of evacuated tube solar water heaters for domestic hot-water applications. These are the single-phase open thermosyphon system and the two-phase closed thermosyphon system. Our results show that the daily and annual thermal performance of the two-phase closed thermosyphon solar collector is slightly better than the single-phase open thermosyphon design. But the payback periods of the two are relatively the same because of the higher initial costs of the two-phase closed thermosyphon collector system. Although economically they are less attractive than the flat-plate type collector system, they are suitable for applications in advanced systems with higher temperature demands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports the investigation results on application of the solar assisted air source heat pump systems for hot water production in Hong Kong. A mathematical model of the system is developed to predict its operating performance under specified weather conditions. The optimum flow rate from the load water tank to the condenser is proposed considering both the appropriate outlet water temperature and system performance. The effect of various parameters, including circulation flow rate, solar collector area, tilt angle of solar collector array and initial water temperature in the preheating solar tank is investigated, and the results show that the system performance is governed strongly by the change of circulation flow rate, solar collector area and initial water temperature in the preheating solar tank. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Overgrazing has caused serious grassland soil deterioration and significant soil organic carbon (SOC) losses. Controlled grazing is recommended for restoring grassland and enhancing SOC stocks. Studies have suggested that, in particular, labile organic carbon (C) is a sensitive indicator for soil degradation and SOC recovery, but few studies of the effect of different grassland management practices have been published so far. Here, we investigate the effects of long‐term grazing exclusion and short‐term rotational grazing with different grazing intensities on labile SOC, including hot water extractable organic C (HWEC) and particulate organic C (POC), as well as potential N mineralization (Nmin) rate in soils (0–10 cm) of two grasslands in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. Treatments include long‐term (34 years) exclusion, medium‐term (21 years) exclusion and continuous grazing (ambient grazing) at one of the sites, and we investigate no grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing and high‐grazing intensity at the study site for rotational grazing. Our results show that grazing exclusion significantly enhances labile SOC stocks and potential Nmin rate compared to ambient grazing (e.g., POC stock at long‐ and medium‐term exclusion and ambient grazing are 5.71 ± 0.94 Mg C ha−1, 3.25 ± 0.30 Mg C ha−1 and 2.12 ± 0.38 Mg C ha−1, respectively). However, after two decades of exclusion, the potential for further C sequestration is limited. Five years of rotational grazing significantly enhances HWEC, but not POC and potential Nmin rate, when comparing the highest grazing intensity (1.88 sheep ha−1 yr−1) with grazing exclusion during the same period. We conclude that rotational grazing may be a viable alternative to exclusion, offering a more rational use of grassland without causing soil C loss. We also show that HWEC is a particularly sensitive labile SOC indicator and is tightly correlated to POC and potential Nmin rate. Highlights: We investigated effects of grazing exclusion and rotational grazing on labile soil organic carbon.Grazing exclusion increased labile SOC and the highest level appeared in medium‐term exclusion.Five years of high‐intensity rotational grazing increased HWEC with no significant effects on POC.Rotational grazing is a viable alternative to grazing exclusion management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is highly valued crop traded worldwide. Fruit fly is serious issue in mango producing countries, and being a quarantine pest, needs specific disinfestation treatments to fruit before export. This study was aimed to assess the effect of hot water quarantine treatment on two commercial mango cultivars for mango export to China. Mature, physically de-sapped mangoes of both cultivars (Sammar Bahisht Chaunsa and Sufaid Chaunsa) were subjected to hot water treatment (HWT; 48°C for 60 min) as obligatory quarantine protocol for export to China and held at simulated air freight conditions (24 ± 2 °C, 80% RH) for six and eight days till ripening, respectively. At eating soft ripe stage, HWT-treated fruits appeared to maintain visual quality, skin colour, and flesh colour, with substantially reduced disease incidence (stem end rot, side and body rot), skin defects and flesh defects, as compared to control. It was noted that HWT-treated fruits had higher marketability index, taste, flavor, slightly increased soluble solid contents, sugar acid ratio and ascorbic acid in both cultivars, respectively. Fruit weight loss, skin shriveling, firmness, flesh texture, aroma, titratable acidity and antioxidant activities were not significantly affected by HWT. However, HWT-treated fruits exhibited higher total phenolics and carotenoid contents as compared to untreated control fruits. Conclusively, hot water quarantine treatment maintained better fruit physical, biochemical quality and marketability index compared to control, and thus can be used effectively at commercial scale for export of both cultivars to China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cassiterite U-Pb dating yielded an age of 86.7 ± 2.8 Ma. • CO 2 -rich (Type 1) and aqueous inclusions (Type 2) in cassiterite are identified. • Elemental and isotopic evidence suggests a mixed source. • Genesis of oxidized Sn ores is associated with the Gejiu granite magmatism. The Gejiu Sn ore district, one of the largest Sn producing area (300Mt @1 wt% Sn) in the world, is located in the western margin of the Cathaysia Block, SW China. There are five types of Sn ores in the Gejiu district, including greisen, skarn, veined tourmaline, massive sulfide and oxidized. Among these types of Sn ores, the genesis of the oxidized Sn ores is most controversial, such as magmatic hydrothermal origin and sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) or hot water deposition (Red Sea type). This paper reports U-Pb ages, fluid inclusions, trace elements and H-O isotopes of cassiterite from the oxidized Sn ores, aiming to solve this issue. LA-MC-ICPMS cassiterite U-Pb dating yielded an age of 86.7 ± 2.8 Ma, which is accordant with the formation ages (~86 Ma) of granitic intrusions in the Gejiu district. Two types of fluid inclusions in cassiterite from the oxidized Sn ores were observed, one type is CO 2 -rich inclusions (Type 1) and the other type is aqueous inclusions (Type 2). The homogenization temperatures range from 220 to 366 °C and the salinities range from 10.9 to 21 wt% NaCl equiv. for the two types of fluid inclusions. Furthermore, fluid inclusions in cassiterite from the oxidized Sn ores located at 300 m far away from granitic intrusions have higher temperatures (357–366 °C) than those located at 500 m (273–330 °C). Hence, the ore-forming temperatures tend to decrease with the distance far away from the magmatic hydrothermal center. The vapor components for the two types of fluid inclusions are CO 2 and H 2 O, respectively, and the liquid phase compositions of them are all H 2 O. The CO 2 in the ore-forming fluids may source from marble by decarbonization. This indicates that the precipitation of cassiterite is resulted from fluid immiscible. The δ18O values of fluid inclusions in cassiterite range from +6.1 to +7.7‰, and the δD values range from −135 to −153‰, indicating a mixture of magmatic and meteoric waters. Trace elements show that cassiterite is rich in In, Rb and U, but Ba, Nb and Ti are depleted. In addition, the lower Sr (0.4–2.1 ppm) and higher Sc (35.9–53.7 ppm) contents reflect that the formation of cassiterite is related to F-rich intermediate-acid magma. Cassiterite has a relatively low total REE contents (2.7–9.2 ppm) with negative Eu (δEu = 0.14–0.76) and Ce (δCe = 0.1–0.6) anomalies, indicating that the ore-forming environment is oxidized. This is consistent with the cassiterite precipitation conditions. Hence, all the evidence supports that the oxidized Sn ores are genetically associated with the Gejiu granitic magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world's largest exporter and may release lots of air pollutants to produce exported commodities due to taking coal as its main source of energy. Processing exports play a significant role in Chinese exports, yet previous studies of embodied air pollutants in Chinese exports failed to distinguish processing exports from normal exports. This paper investigates the effect of trade heterogeneity on the estimation of embodied emissions by re-examining the embodied air pollutants in Chinese exports based on an extended non-competitive input-output table that distinguishes processing from normal exports. The results show that processing exports generate 22.81% of the value added embodied in gross exports and 16.48% of the emissions embodied in gross exports. The embodied air pollutants in Chinese exports would be overestimated by 12%–22% without accounting for trade heterogeneity. Unequal distributions of export-related air pollutants and value added exist among different sectors. In particular, Manufacturing of Electronics and Communication Equipment sector induces 39.56% of embodied emissions in processing exports, and 41.78% of which are generated by Production and Supply of Electric Power and Steam Hot Water sector. China's restrictions on processing exports should focus not only on the direct emissions generated by each sector but also on the emissions embodied in domestic supply chains. • Embodied air pollutants are reexamined by accounting for trade heterogeneity. • Flows of embodied emissions for both processing and normal exports are tracked. • Export-related air pollutants and value added are analyzed from sector level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for indoor thermal comfort in recent years, radiant heating & cooling systems have been very popular in China. However, for the household air-conditioning in hot-summer and cold-winter regions, an effective solution of heating and cooling source supply for radiant air-conditioning system remains to be developed. In this paper, an energy-efficient radiant heating/cooling system with fresh air supply is proposed and investigated for household utilization numerically. Under summer conditions, dehumidified fresh air supply is a tough problem in radiant cooling since the chilling water temperature for radiant cooling is much higher than traditional air-conditioning systems. In the proposed system, the fresh air handling unit is composed of both pre-cooling dehumidification coil and liquid desiccant dehumidifier, where high-temperature chilling water is used for cooling source and small part of condensing heat is used for liquid desiccant regeneration. The results indicated that the fresh air can be steadily supplied and sufficiently dehumidified for indoor air quality and humidity control. The chilling water flow rate in pre-cooling coil ( m w , c o i l ) and the solution flow rate from regenerator to dehumidifier ( m s , S S ) can be recognized as control parameters to reliably regulate the indoor air humidity. The load ratio of sensible heat to latent heat had no significant impact on C O P s y s , which means the system can operate with a steady energy efficiency despite of the indoor heat load. Satisfactory energy-saving potential was revealed in the proposed system with a COP improvement of 25.8%–30.1% compared to the conventional system under typical summer conditions in Nanjing. • An integrated radiant heating/cooling system is proposed for household utilization. • The system serves effectively for heating & cooling source supply for radiant air-conditioning. • The dehumidification capacity and energy-saving performance are evaluated. • The effects of m w , c o i l and m s , S S on dehumidification performance are analyzed. • Performance evaluation is conducted in one-day simulation under summer conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrogeochemical changes in association with earthquakes are considered as a potential means of identifying earthquake precursors. The Xianshuihe fault zone (XSHF) is considered one of the most active seismic fault zones in China; 43 hot springs were sampled and analysed in the laboratory for major elements, silica, stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) and strontium isotopes were investigated from 2008 to 2021. The meteoric water acted as the primary water source of the hot spring in the XSHF, and recharged elevations ranged from 1.9 to 4.8 km. The geothermometers method was used to estimate the region of thermal storage temperature and its temperature between 8 and 142 °C. And the circulation depth ranged from 0.1 to 6.9 km. Most of the hot spring water was immature water with a weak degree of water-rock reaction. However, the degree of water-rock reaction and the depth of hot spring water circulation were high in part of the Kangding and Daufu segments, which also had the highest reservoir temperature and the most frequent strong earthquakes. Temporal variations of hydrogeochemical showed that Na+, Cl− and SO42− decreased obviously following the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 and existed abnormal value fluctuations from the 20 April 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 to 22 November 2014 Kangding Ms6.3 occurred and after 20 July 2017 returned to the normal levels. And the ion concentrations in hot springs increased by 5% to 35% three months before 22 November 2014 Kangding Ms6.3 with the obvious precursor anomaly. Hydrogeochemical anomalies could be useful for predicting an earthquake in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to reveal the energy use and indoor environment characteristics of twelve households located in six cities in China, including daily use of gas and electricity, temperature and humidity throughout a year. The energy uses for district heating and hot water were not included. The investigated houses were separated into two groups, namely Group 1 with domestic heating, and Group 2 with district heating. The analysis showed that the energy use of Lighting and Audio visual & information for each house is not very different during the four seasons. Annual energy use varied from 13.3 to 32.4 GJ in Group 1. The energy use of House 05 was 32.4 GJ/year, which is the highest in Group 1, the space heating reached 18.5 GJ/year, accounting for 57% of the total. Energy use of House 01 increased in winter and summer, which is attributed to the use of heating in winter and cooling in summer, respectively. Annual energy use varied from 2.9 to 17.0 GJ in Group 2. Almost no change of energy use was found for the houses in Group 2 during the four seasons, but a big difference of average indoor temperature was found in the coldest days between the houses in Group 1 (around 10 °C) and Group 2 (around 20 °C), while the difference was small in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula represent a primary gold resource in China and mostly exhibit similar ore-forming features related to sericite-quartz-pyrite alteration and other controls from (micro-)structural deformation. This study investigates the pyrite textures and trace elements in the Sizhuang gold deposit (>100 t Au) to document the key factors impacting on the genesis of the Jiaodong-type orogenic deposits. Three main types of pyrite are identified: (1) the first generation of pyrite (Py1) occurs as disseminated euhedral to subhedral grains in K-feldspar-albite-rutile-hematite and sericite alteration (stage 1), (2) Py2 as aggregates in quartz-sericite-pyrite altered rocks or quartz-pyrite veins (stage 2) can be subdivided into Py2a as irregular cores, Py2b as a zoned overgrowth on Py2a, and Py2c as overgrowth on early pyrite, and (3) Py3 as fine-grained crystals in siderite-polymetallic veins (stage 3). Primary gold at the Sizhuang deposit is coevally or slightly later deposited with Py2b, Py2c, and Py3. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) analyses show that the highest Co and Ni contents in Py1 and high but variable Co in Py2b favors the involvement of deep high-temperature magmatic waters at stage 1 and middle stage 2. The elevated As contents from Py2a to Py2c and depletion of trace elements (e.g., Co, Ni, As and Te) and high Au/Co, Cu/Ni, and As/Ni values in Py2a and Py3, combined with published H-O isotope data, imply a meteoric water ingress during stage 2–3. Thus, the fluid evolution at Sizhuang is a consequence of pulsed deep magmatic fluid release plus progressive meteoric fluid ingress. The rhythmic Co–As–Ni–Au bands of Py2b additionally suggest episodic changes in the composition of ore-forming fluids. Moreover, the sharp textural features (e.g., pyrite overgrowth on previously cataclastic crystals) of Py2 and As-Cu-rich and Co-poor bands in zoned Py2b probably also reflect rapid metal deposition and self-organization and subsequent mineral crystal growth due to the pressure release during phase separation in the Sizhuang deposit. Considering the significantly concentrated gold (>1300 t) in the regional Jiaojia fault zone and Au-bearing mineral formation related to phase separation (boiling) in the Sizhuang deposit, gold mineralization in the Sizhuang deposit was interpreted to be controlled by the pressure-driver owing to the seismic activities in the Jiaojia fault system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distributed energy system (DES) has increasingly attracted considerable attention from researchers due to its environmental friendliness and high efficiency. In the hot summer and cold winter areas, DES is an efficient alternative for district cooling and heating. A case study located in Changsha, China, which is a typical hot summer and cold winter area, is analyzed. Four control strategies are proposed in this study. The four cases under different control strategies are compared in terms of energy, economy, environment, solar fraction, and soil annual heat imbalance rate. Results show that the DES can be an energy saving and environmentally friendly alternative. The primary energy saving (PES) is more than 36.70% and can reach up to 48.04%, whereas DES can realize economical operation and reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and dust. In addition, DES consumes more electricity and less natural gas than the conventional energy system. These features are beneficial to the optimization of China's energy consumption structure. Moreover, the operation of seasonal thermal storage for the ground soil is effective in maintaining the balance of soil annual heat. The control strategy combining geothermal and solar energies is recommended due to its good performance and high flexibility. This study may provide guidance in the development of DESs in hot summer and cold winter climate zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot springs occurring in two plunging ends of a very long and narrow anticline is unique. This study focuses on the hydrogeochemical characteristics and formation of the anticline-controlled thermal groundwater which may provide a perspective for geothermal resources potential. The low-to-middle temperature thermal groundwater of the Taozidang anticline in the Sichuan Basin, China, was examined to estimate the temperature of the deep reservoir and identify the main hydrogeochemical processes affecting the composition of hot water during circulation and evolution. The occurrences of thermal groundwater of these springs strongly controlled by anticline are in the two plunging ends of the anticline and differ from that of the more common deep-fault circulation controlled by faults or by faults and anticlines. Incongruent dissolution of the gypsum or anhydrite of the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang and Middle Triassic Leikoupo Groups is affected by the anticline structures and results in hot water of SO4–Ca type. Meteoric water infiltrates through the karst channels and fissures at the outcropping area of carbonates to feed the groundwater. Part of the groundwater flows to depth and circulate along the two flanks of the anticline after heated. It issues in the form of hot springs or wells in the plunging ends of the anticline. Another part of the groundwater undergoing a shallow circulation forms the normal temperature spring near the hot springs. This study of the anticline-controlled thermal groundwater is important for exploitation and utilization of geothermal energy (tourism) and provides a perspective for the anticline-controlled geothermal resources potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim For the purpose of reducing both the consumption of crude drug resources and patient burden in preparing the decoctions, we developed a new preparation method for the decoctions of Kampo formula: immersion of powdered crude drugs in hot water ( IPCD method), inspired by a method of decoction that was widely used in the Song period of China. Methods Ephedra herb (terrestrial stem of Ephedra sinica), scutellaria root (root of Scutellaria baicalensis), and Kampo formulas that contain several crude drugs including ephedra herb and scutellaria root were powdered, and then immersed in hot water to extract the ingredients. The residue was filtered out using a commercially available tea server. The contents of marker compounds in the decoctions were measured. Results Using the IPCD method, the amounts of marker compounds from ephedra herb and scutellaria root transferred to hot water exceeded by 1.3-1.4-fold that obtained by the standard method of decocting the same amounts of cut crude drugs for >30 min. The amount of transferred marker compounds reached a plateau within 4 min after the beginning of immersion, suggesting that only 4 min of immersion is sufficient for the IPCD method. The sludge residue of powdered crude drug produced by immersion could be easily filtered with a commercially available tea server. Conclusion Using this method, the same or greater amounts of marker compounds were transferred in the decoctions in a much shorter time with lower consumption of crude drugs than with the usual decoction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]