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5 results on '"Varela, Ricardo"'

1. Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant.

Author

Simões LG, Günther T, Martínez-Sánchez RM, Vera-Rodríguez JC, Iriarte E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Bokbot Y, Valdiosera C, and Jakobsson M

Subjects
Humans, Africa, Northern, Europe ethnology, Farmers history, Genome, Human genetics, Genomics, History, Ancient, Africa, Western, Diffusion of Innovation, Agriculture history, Archaeology, Human Migration history, Transients and Migrants history
Abstract

In northwestern Africa, lifestyle transitioned from foraging to food production around 7,400 years ago but what sparked that change remains unclear. Archaeological data support conflicting views: (1) that migrant European Neolithic farmers brought the new way of life to North Africa 1-3 or (2) that local hunter-gatherers adopted technological innovations 4,5 . The latter view is also supported by archaeogenetic data 6 . Here we fill key chronological and archaeogenetic gaps for the Maghreb, from Epipalaeolithic to Middle Neolithic, by sequencing the genomes of nine individuals (to between 45.8- and 0.2-fold genome coverage). Notably, we trace 8,000 years of population continuity and isolation from the Upper Palaeolithic, via the Epipaleolithic, to some Maghrebi Neolithic farming groups. However, remains from the earliest Neolithic contexts showed mostly European Neolithic ancestry. We suggest that farming was introduced by European migrants and was then rapidly adopted by local groups. During the Middle Neolithic a new ancestry from the Levant appears in the Maghreb, coinciding with the arrival of pastoralism in the region, and all three ancestries blend together during the Late Neolithic. Our results show ancestry shifts in the Neolithization of northwestern Africa that probably mirrored a heterogeneous economic and cultural landscape, in a more multifaceted process than observed in other regions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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2. Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia.

Author

Valdiosera C, Günther T, Vera-Rodríguez JC, Ureña I, Iriarte E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Simões LG, Martínez-Sánchez RM, Svensson EM, Malmström H, Rodríguez L, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Carbonell E, Alday A, Hernández Vera JA, Götherström A, Carretero JM, Arsuaga JL, Smith CI, and Jakobsson M

Subjects
Archaeology, DNA genetics, Europe, Genetic Variation, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, History, Ancient, Humans, DNA analysis, Farmers history, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Genomics methods, Human Migration history
Abstract

Population genomic studies of ancient human remains have shown how modern-day European population structure has been shaped by a number of prehistoric migrations. The Neolithization of Europe has been associated with large-scale migrations from Anatolia, which was followed by migrations of herders from the Pontic steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age. Southwestern Europe was one of the last parts of the continent reached by these migrations, and modern-day populations from this region show intriguing similarities to the initial Neolithic migrants. Partly due to climatic conditions that are unfavorable for DNA preservation, regional studies on the Mediterranean remain challenging. Here, we present genome-wide sequence data from 13 individuals combined with stable isotope analysis from the north and south of Iberia covering a four-millennial temporal transect (7,500-3,500 BP). Early Iberian farmers and Early Central European farmers exhibit significant genetic differences, suggesting two independent fronts of the Neolithic expansion. The first Neolithic migrants that arrived in Iberia had low levels of genetic diversity, potentially reflecting a small number of individuals; this diversity gradually increased over time from mixing with local hunter-gatherers and potential population expansion. The impact of post-Neolithic migrations on Iberia was much smaller than for the rest of the continent, showing little external influence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Paleodietary reconstruction shows that these populations have a remarkable degree of dietary homogeneity across space and time, suggesting a strong reliance on terrestrial food resources despite changing culture and genetic make-up., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Published
2018
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3. POPULATION GENETICS. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans.

Author

Raghavan M, Steinrücken M, Harris K, Schiffels S, Rasmussen S, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Valdiosera C, Ávila-Arcos MC, Malaspinas AS, Eriksson A, Moltke I, Metspalu M, Homburger JR, Wall J, Cornejo OE, Moreno-Mayar JV, Korneliussen TS, Pierre T, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, de Barros Damgaard P, Allentoft ME, Lindo J, Metspalu E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Mansilla J, Henrickson C, Seguin-Orlando A, Malmström H, Stafford T Jr, Shringarpure SS, Moreno-Estrada A, Karmin M, Tambets K, Bergström A, Xue Y, Warmuth V, Friend AD, Singarayer J, Valdes P, Balloux F, Leboreiro I, Vera JL, Rangel-Villalobos H, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Davis LG, Heyer E, Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MS, Smith CI, Grimes V, Pike KA, Deal M, Fuller BT, Arriaza B, Standen V, Luz MF, Ricaut F, Guidon N, Osipova L, Voevoda MI, Posukh OL, Balanovsky O, Lavryashina M, Bogunov Y, Khusnutdinova E, Gubina M, Balanovska E, Fedorova S, Litvinov S, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Mosher MJ, Archer D, Cybulski J, Petzelt B, Mitchell J, Worl R, Norman PJ, Parham P, Kemp BM, Kivisild T, Tyler-Smith C, Sandhu MS, Crawford M, Villems R, Smith DG, Waters MR, Goebel T, Johnson JR, Malhi RS, Jakobsson M, Meltzer DJ, Manica A, Durbin R, Bustamante CD, Song YS, Nielsen R, and Willerslev E

Subjects
Americas, Gene Flow, Genomics, History, Ancient, Humans, Indians, North American genetics, Models, Genetic, Siberia, Human Migration history, Indians, North American history
Abstract

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model., (Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Published
2015
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4. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans

Author

Raghavan, Maanasa, Steinrücken, Matthias, Harris, Kelley, Schiffels, Stephan, Rasmussen, Simon, DeGiorgio, Michael, Albrechtsen, Anders, Valdiosera, Cristina, Ávila-Arcos, María C, Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Eriksson, Anders, Moltke, Ida, Metspalu, Mait, Homburger, Julian R, Wall, Jeff, Cornejo, Omar E, Moreno-Mayar, J Víctor, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S, Pierre, Tracey, Rasmussen, Morten, Campos, Paula F, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Allentoft, Morten E, Lindo, John, Metspalu, Ene, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Mansilla, Josefina, Henrickson, Celeste, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Malmström, Helena, Stafford, Thomas, Shringarpure, Suyash S, Moreno-Estrada, Andrés, Karmin, Monika, Tambets, Kristiina, Bergström, Anders, Xue, Yali, Warmuth, Vera, Friend, Andrew D, Singarayer, Joy, Valdes, Paul, Balloux, Francois, Leboreiro, Ilán, Vera, Jose Luis, Rangel-Villalobos, Hector, Pettener, Davide, Luiselli, Donata, Davis, Loren G, Heyer, Evelyne, Zollikofer, Christoph PE, Ponce de León, Marcia S, Smith, Colin I, Grimes, Vaughan, Pike, Kelly-Anne, Deal, Michael, Fuller, Benjamin T, Arriaza, Bernardo, Standen, Vivien, Luz, Maria F, Ricaut, Francois, Guidon, Niede, Osipova, Ludmila, Voevoda, Mikhail I, Posukh, Olga L, Balanovsky, Oleg, Lavryashina, Maria, Bogunov, Yuri, Khusnutdinova, Elza, Gubina, Marina, Balanovska, Elena, Fedorova, Sardana, Litvinov, Sergey, Malyarchuk, Boris, Derenko, Miroslava, Mosher, MJ, Archer, David, Cybulski, Jerome, Petzelt, Barbara, Mitchell, Joycelynn, Worl, Rosita, Norman, Paul J, Parham, Peter, Kemp, Brian M, Kivisild, Toomas, Tyler-Smith, Chris, Sandhu, Manjinder S, Crawford, Michael, Villems, Richard, Smith, David Glenn, Waters, Michael R, Goebel, Ted, Johnson, John R, Malhi, Ripan S, Jakobsson, Mattias, Meltzer, David J, Manica, Andrea, Durbin, Richard, Bustamante, Carlos D, Song, Yun S, and Nielsen, Rasmus

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, History, Heritage and Archaeology, Human Society, Historical Studies, Anthropology, Minority Health, Human Genome, American Indian or Alaska Native, Americas, Gene Flow, Genomics, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Humans, Indians, North American, Models, Genetic, Siberia, General Science & Technology
Abstract

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.

Published
2015

5. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans

Author

Raghavan, M., Steinrücken, M, Harris, M, Schiffels, Stephan, DeGiorgio, Michael, Albrechtsen, M, Valdiosera, M, Ávila-Arcos, M, Malaspinas, M, Eriksson, Anders, Moltke, M, Homburger, M, Wall, Jeff, Cornejo, Omar, Moreno-Mayar, M, Korneliussen, M, Pierre, M, Rasmussen, Rasmus, Campos, Paul, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Allentoft, M., Lindo, John, Metspalu, M., Rodríguez-Varela, Carlos, Mansilla, M, Henrickson, Celeste, Seguin-Orlando, M, Malmström, M, Stafford, M, Shringarpure, M, Moreno-Estrada, M, Karmin, M., Tambets, Kristiina, Bergström, Anders, Xue, Yali, Vera, Vera, Friend, Andrew, Singarayer, M, Valdes, Paul, Balloux, François, Leboreiro, M, Vera, M, Rangel-Villalobos, M, Pettener, David, Luiselli, Donata, Davis, Loren, Heyer, M, Zollikofer, Chris, Ponce de León, M, Smith, M, Grimes, John, Pike, John, Deal, John, Fuller, M, Arriaza, Bernardo, Standen, Vivien, Luz, M., Ricaut, M, Guidon, M, Osipova, Ludmila, Voevoda, M., Posukh, Olga, Balanovsky, M, Lavryashina, M., Bogunov, M, Khusnutdinova, M, Gubina, M., Balanovska, M, Fedorova, M, Litvinov, Sergey, Malyarchuk, M, Derenko, M., Mosher, M., Archer, David, Cybulski, Jerome, Petzelt, Barbara, Mitchell, Joycelynn, Worl, Rosita, Norman, Paul, Parham, Peter, Kemp, Brian, Kivisild, Toomas, Smith, Chris, Sandhu, Manjinder, Crawford, Michael, Villems, Richard, Smith, David, Waters, Michael, Goebel, Ted, Johnson, John, Malhi, Ripan, Jakobsson, Mattias, Meltzer, David, Manica, Andrea, Durbin, Richard, Bustamante, Carlos, Song, Yun, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Steinrucken, M., Harris, K., Rasmussen, S., Albrechtsen, A., Valdiosera, C., Avila-Arcos, M., Malaspinas, S., Moltke, I., Homburger, J., Moreno-Mayar, J., Korneliussen, S., Pierre, T., Rasmussen, M., Damgaard, P., Metspalu, E., Rodriguez-Varela, R., Mansilla, J., Seguin-Orlando, A., Malmstrom, H., Stafford, T., Shringarpure, S., Moreno-Estrada, A., Bergstrom, A., Warmuth, V., Singarayer, J., Leboreiro, I., Vera, J., Rangel-Villalobos, H., Heyer, E., Ponce De Leon, M., Grimes, V., Pike, K., Deal, M., Fuller, T., Ricaut, F., Guidon, N., Balanovsky, O., Bogunov, Y., Khusnutdinova, E., Balanovska, E., Fedorova, S., Malyarchuk, B., Norman, J., Kemp, M., Malhi, S., Meltzer, J., Song, S., Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Human Evolution, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Edinburgh, University of Bologna, Universidad de Tarapaca, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), School of Health Science, Higher Education Centre Novo mesto, Departments of Chemistry and of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University (WSU), Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre for Cybercrime and Computer Security [Newcastle], School of Computing Science [Newcastle], Newcastle University [Newcastle]-Newcastle University [Newcastle], Strangeways Research Laboratory, MRC, UMR 6578 : Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle (UAABC), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University [New York], Dept Integrat Biol, Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Austin Health-Centre for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-Austin Hospital [Melbourne], Austin Health, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundaçao Museu do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, parent, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Stanford University [Stanford], UMR 6578 : Adaptabilité Biologique et Culturelle (UAABC), Cornell University, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Raghavan, Maanasa, Steinrücken, Matthia, Harris, Kelley, Schiffels, Stephan, Rasmussen, Simon, Degiorgio, Michael, Albrechtsen, Ander, Valdiosera, Cristina, Ávila-Arcos, María C., Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Eriksson, Ander, Moltke, Ida, Metspalu, Mait, Homburger, Julian R., Wall, Jeff, Cornejo, Omar E., Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Pierre, Tracey, Rasmussen, Morten, Campos, Paula F., De Barros Damgaard, Peter, Allentoft, Morten E., Lindo, John, Metspalu, Ene, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Mansilla, Josefina, Henrickson, Celeste, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Malmstöm, Helena, Stafford, Thoma, Shringarpure, Suyash S., Moreno-Estrada, André, Karmin, Monika, Tambets, Kristiina, Bergström, Ander, Xue, Yali, Warmuth, Vera, Friend, Andrew D., Singarayer, Joy, Valdes, Paul, Balloux, Francoi, Leboreiro, Ilán, Vera, Jose Lui, Rangel-Villalobos, Hector, Pettener, Davide, Luiselli, Donata, Davis, Loren G., Heyer, Evelyne, Zollikofer, Christoph P. E., Ponce De León, Marcia S., Smith, Colin I., Grimes, Vaughan, Pike, Kelly-Anne, Deal, Michael, Fuller, Benjamin T., Arriaza, Bernardo, Standen, Vivien, Luz, Maria F., Ricaut, Francoi, Guidon, Niede, Osipova, Ludmila, Voevoda, Mikhail I., Posukh, Olga L., Balanovsky, Oleg, Lavryashina, Maria, Bogunov, Yuri, Khusnutdinova, Elza, Gubina, Marina, Balanovska, Elena, Fedorova, Sardana, Litvinov, Sergey, Malyarchuk, Bori, Derenko, Miroslava, Mosher, M.J., Archer, David, Cybulski, Jerome, Petzelt, Barbara, Mitchell, Joycelynn, Worl, Rosita, Norman, Paul J., Parham, Peter, Kemp, Brian M., Kivisild, Tooma, Tyler-Smith, Chri, Sandhu, Manjinder S., Crawford, Michael, Villems, Richard, Smith, David Glenn, Waters, Michael R., Goebel, Ted, Johnson, John R., Malhi, Ripan S., Jakobsson, Mattia, Meltzer, David J., Manica, Andrea, Durbin, Richard, Bustamante, Carlos D., Song, Yun S., Nielsen, Rasmu, Willerslev, Eske, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)

Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE, Gene Flow, Pleistocene, CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY, CLOVIS, MIGRATION, Human Migration, Population, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Population genetics, NEW-WORLD, America, Biology, Beringia, Gene flow, SOUTH-AMERICA, 03 medical and health sciences, 0601 history and archaeology, education, History, Ancient, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, CONDITIONAL SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION, Multidisciplinary, 060102 archaeology, Models, Genetic, Human migration, business.industry, Medicine (all), 06 humanities and the arts, BRAZIL, MODEL, Siberia, South american, ORIGINS, Genomic, Indians, North American, Ethnology, Athabascans, business, Human
Abstract

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome wide data we found that the ancestors of all present day Native Americans including Athabascans and Amerindians entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000 year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present day East Asians (including Siberians) and more distantly Australo Melanesians. Putative “Paleoamerican” relict populations including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego Patagonians are not directly related to modern Australo Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model. INTRODUCTION The consensus view on the peopling of the Americas is that ancestors of modern Native Americans entered the Americas from Siberia via the Bering Land Bridge and that this occurred at least {\textasciitilde}14.6 thousand years ago (ka). However the number and timing of migrations into the Americas remain controversial with conflicting interpretations based on anatomical and genetic evidence. RATIONALE In this study we address four major unresolved issues regarding the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans: (i) the timing of their divergence from their ancestral group (ii) the number of migrations into the Americas (iii) whether there was {\textasciitilde}15000 years of isolation of ancestral Native Americans in Beringia (Beringian Incubation Model) and (iv) whether there was post Pleistocene survival of relict populations in the Americas related to Australo Melanesians as suggested by apparent differences in cranial morphologies between some early (“Paleoamerican”) remains and those of more recent Native Americans. We generated 31 high coverage modern genomes from the Americas Siberia and Oceania; 23 ancient genomic sequences from the Americas dating between {\textasciitilde}0.2 and 6 ka; and SNP chip genotype data from 79 present day individuals belonging to 28 populations from the Americas and Siberia. The above data sets were analyzed together with published modern and ancient genomic data from worldwide populations after masking some present day Native Americans for recent European admixture. RESULTS Using three different methods we determined the divergence time for all Native Americans (Athabascans and Amerindians) from their Siberian ancestors to be {\textasciitilde}20 ka and no earlier than {\textasciitilde}23 ka. Furthermore we dated the divergence between Athabascans (northern Native American branch together with northern North American Amerindians) and southern North Americans and South and Central Americans (southern Native American branch) to be {\textasciitilde}13 ka. Similar divergence times from East Asian populations and a divergence time between the two branches that is close in age to the earliest well established archaeological sites in the Americas suggest that the split between the branches occurred within the Americas. We additionally found that several sequenced Holocene individuals from the Americas are related to present day populations from the same geographical regions implying genetic continuity of ancient and modern populations in some parts of the Americas over at least the past 8500 years. Moreover our results suggest that there has been gene flow between some Native Americans from both North and South America and groups related to East Asians and Australo Melanesians the latter possibly through an East Asian route that might have included ancestors of modern Aleutian Islanders. Last using both genomic and morphometric analyses we found that historical Native American groups such as the Pericúes and Fuego Patagonians were not “relicts” of Paleoamericans and hence our results do not support an early migration of populations directly related to Australo Melanesians into the Americas. CONCLUSION Our results provide an upper bound of {\textasciitilde}23 ka on the initial divergence of ancestral Native Americans from their East Asian ancestors followed by a short isolation period of no more than {\textasciitilde}8000 years and subsequent entrance and spread across the Americas. The data presented are consistent with a single migration model for all Native Americans with later gene flow from sources related to East Asians and indirectly Australo Melanesians. The single wave diversified {\textasciitilde}13 ka likely within the Americas giving rise to the northern and southern branches of present day Native Americans. View larger version: In this page In a new window Download PowerPoint Slide for Teaching Population history of present day Native Americans.The ancestors of all Native Americans entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia (purple) no earlier than {\textasciitilde}23 ka separate from the Inuit (green) and diversified into “northern” and “southern” Native American branches {\textasciitilde}13 ka. There is evidence of post divergence gene flow between some Native Americans and groups related to East Asians/Inuit and Australo Melanesians (yellow). Genetic history of Native Americans Several theories have been put forth as to the origin and timing of when Native American ancestors entered the Americas. To clarify this controversy Raghavan et al. examined the genomic variation among ancient and modern individuals from Asia and the Americas. There is no evidence for multiple waves of entry or recurrent gene flow with Asians in northern populations. The earliest migrations occurred no earlier than 23000 years ago from Siberian ancestors. Amerindians and Athabascans originated from a single population splitting approximately 13000 years ago. Science this issue 10.1126/science.aab3884

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