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Can a human right to good mental health be justified? This is an under-explored question: until recently, rights in relation to mental health have been framed and debated primarily in terms of their relevance to psychosocial disability and mental ill-health/mental distress. By contrast, in this article, I propose the basis of a normative justification for a population-wide right to good mental health, focusing in particular on individuals who do not experience mental ill-health/distress or do not have (or may never have) a psychiatric diagnosis or a psychosocial disability. The article is structured into three parts. First, I will outline the emergence of a population-wide right to good mental health in mental health discourse, led by recent reports published by the former United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health, Danius Pūras. I will then go on to explore what we might understand by 'good mental health'. Finally, I will explain how a right to good mental health may be justified, drawing on insights from compassion, 'vulnerable agency', and James Wilson's account of 'a right to public health'. I then respond to feasibility and demandingness concerns about such a right, which together inform the basis of the qualified public health right to good mental health I propose., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In this article, I want to show that the securitization of health issues in the name of national interests led to the militarization of health care in the context of the war against terrorism. However, the connection between health and security also gave way to the emergence of the notion of human security, thus, converging with the human right to health approach and the cosmopolitan discourse on global health. These two perspectives on the relation between health and security lead to conflicting imperatives in the current state of counter-terrorism operations. I argue that when the securitization of health concerns in the name of national security conflicts with the provision of health care in the name of universal human rights, the higher moral end must trump the prudential one. Moreover, it is a duty to promote the human right to health when liberal democracies in foreign policies directly violate this moral ideal in the name of national security.

We developed an index to measure progressive realization for the human right to water and sanitation. While in this study we demonstrate its application to the non-discrimination and equality component for water, the conceptual approach of the index can be used for all the different components of the human right. The index was composed of one structural, one process, and two outcome indicators and is bound between -1 and 1, where negative values indicate regression and positive values indicate progressive realization. For individual structural and process indicators, only discrete values such as -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, and 1 were allowed. For the outcome indicators, any value between -1 and 1 was possible, and a State's progress was evaluated using rates of change. To create an index that would allow for fair comparisons between States and across time, these rates of change were compared to benchmarked rates, which reflect the maximum rates a State can achieve. Using this approach, we calculated the index score for 56 States in 2010 for which adequate data were available and demonstrated that these index scores were not dependent on factors such as achieved level of coverage or gross national income. The proposed index differs from existing measures of inequality as it measures rate of change and not level of achievement, and thus addresses the principle of progressive realization that is fundamental to human rights., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Human rights abuses have been one of the challenges facing Nigeria since the First Republic in 1960 up untill date. On these premises, this study elucidates the interconnectedness and intricate relationships among human rights, democratic governance, and the rule of law in Nigeria. Specifically, the study examines factors undermining Nigeria's democratic governance, rule of law, and human rights. The study adopted mixed methods design with 600 respondents chosen across the study area. The descriptive analysis technique was employed in the analysis of the collected data. The research is theoretically grounded in elite theory. The findings of the study revealed Nigeria's ability to sustain long-term national peace, security, development, and prosperity is jeopardised by numerous instances of fundamental human rights abuses and violations of the rule of law. Equally, the socio-religious dimensions of these challenges are integral to understanding the complexities of human rights and governance issues in Nigeria. The study concludes that allowing the instantaneous development of Nigeria's three levels of government holds the potential to instil typical democratic norms, foster political stability, and pave the way for long-term peace, security, and development in the country. The study recommends that the independence of the judiciary must be strengthened, press freedom preserved, democratic norms and principles upheld, and public awareness increased in order to decrease human rights violations and promote good governance in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Cancer remains a leading cause of death, with 10 million deaths recorded in 2020. Ineffective cancer pain management is a significant problem associated with the disease. Objective: To investigate the role of the pharmacist in cancer pain management. Method: Literature search: pharmacist, pain relief, palliative care, pain management, human rights, public health, cancer, advanced and terminal stage, new technologies, off-label. As a time, frame twenty years was set as a sufficient period. The search language was determined to be English and from world-renowned search engines for scientific topics and articles (Pubmed, Medline), world-renowned organizations (such as WHO and IASP). Results: Most articles focus on the interdisciplinary role of pharmacists in palliative care. A smaller number of articles refer to policy and education issues, off-label drug issues, and personalized treatment issues. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical science and the pharmacist have a leading role in the effort to manage cancer pain better and to provide better quality palliative care. To fulfill this, policies must be developed in which the pharmacist would be an integral member of the interdisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to identify the reasons why cases of leakage of patient personal data often occur in the health sector. This paper also analyzes personal data protection regulations in the health sector from a comparative legal perspective between Indonesia, Singapore and the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach: This type of research is legal research. The research approach used is the statute approach and conceptual approach. The focus of this study in this research is Indonesia with a comparative study in Singapore and the EU. Findings: Cases of leakage of patient personal data in Indonesia often occur. In 2021, the data for 230,000 COVID-19 patients was leaked and sold on the Rapid Forums dark web forum. A patient's personal data is a human right that must be protected. Compared to Singapore and the EU, Indonesia is a country that does not yet have a law on the protection of personal data. This condition causes cases of leakage of patients' personal data to occur frequently. Research limitations/implications: This study analyzes the regulation and protection of patients' personal data in Indonesia, Singapore and the EU to construct a regulatory design for the protection of patients' personal data. Practical implications: The results of this study are useful for constructing regulations governing the protection of patients' personal data. The regulation is to protect the patient's personal data like a patient's human right. Social implications: The ideal regulatory design can prevent data breaches. Based on the results of comparative studies, in Singapore and the EU, cases of personal data leakage are rare because they have a regulatory framework regarding the protection of patients' personal data. Originality/value: Legal strategies that can be taken to prevent and overcome patient data breaches include the establishment of an Act on Personal Data Protection; the Personal Data Protection Commission; and management of patients' personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Essential opportunities are one of the rules that guarantee the regular individual's assumptions. Tragically, it is very unsurprising that tyrants will abuse these freedoms. At the point when this occurs, composing ought to confront the plate and help. Attract light to such encroachment and help people have compassion towards those whose opportunities are mistreated. This paper investigates the connection between composition and normal opportunities. It guarantees that writing might assume a significant role in fortifying normal freedoms in two ways. In the first place, composing, as an impression of the genuine world besides, by using its uncommon ability to arrive at individuals' souls and psyches, writing might make individuals more kind to the people who endure and live in torment because of infringements on their essential opportunities. This study expected to rethink about human rights by deciphering a potential open door and value from existentialist hypothesis grounds in a manner that is delicate to man's existential substance, implying that open door and reasonableness might be decoded in legitimacy and worry for other people. Second, the ongoing review is planned to examine the job of sending in advancing fundamental privileges, by its educational breaking point, and in affecting these freedoms, by permitting the experiences of chance, reality, and affirmation into the existences of the people who come into contact with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the concept of global security with respect to human rights protection by using qualitative research methods. To this end, this article inspects the global perspective of war and how they are executed and their significance to highlight whether wars are the last resort. Further, this article critically investigates the law of war with reference to the human right perspective to analyze the restrictive and traditional approaches in using armed forces for settling wars and the state's responsibility in controlling the war. Then, this research paper focuses on state and global security with regard to human right protection to pinpoint how human rights law can help in controlling and discouraging the concept of wars for the promotion of global security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plastic waste causes various benefits in human life, but it also has negative impacts. Plastic waste has become part of environmental pollution and the Covid-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the use of plastic. The right to life is a part of human rights that every individual absolutely has. Human life depends on the surrounding environmental conditions, and the right to a good environment has a significant influence on the right to life. This study was based on the previous description, entitled "Good Environment as a Part of Human Rights (A Case Study on Plastic Waste)". This study was a normative legal study, which used a conceptual and statute approach. This article discusses two main points namely: (1) The right to a good environment in the concept of human rights; (2) Environmental protection as part of the protection of human rights, with a case study on solid waste. The results showed that the right to a good, clean, and healthy environment is crucial in fulfilling the right to life. Without a good environment, the right to life could not be optimally enjoyed. Thus, protecting the environment from pollution, especially plastic waste, is part of the fulfillment of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The law of euthanasia is part of humanitarian bioideological nihilism, based on dignifying the sufferer to prevent him from suffering uselessly, either because he himself decides to do so or because the health system believes that he should not continue to live. It is the continuation of other hygienic practices, to which, from now on, a eugenic law will be added so that the useless bodies will disappear from the collectivities. It will be progress that will dictate that individuals adapt to the situation set by the exigencies of time and the State, being described at every moment as relatively indispensable and completely dispensable. Following the anthropocentric evolution, the human being, another animal with rights, stands as the intelligence and the will of the planet to compose a demographic and ecological project consisting of drastically reducing the world's overpopulation -- euthanasia as a health war plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A forgotten group of donor-conceived persons is those who believe that gamete donation is morally wrong and should be prohibited. Although they share the two main arguments with the anti-anonymity group, i.e. the psychological harm as a consequence of lacking the necessary information for identity construction, and the violation of a fundamental human right, namely the right to be cared for by one's genetic parents, their voices are largely ignored in the debate. The anti-donation group also has a large part of the ideology of the family in common with the anti-anonymity group. The paper concludes that the anti-donation position should be accepted as an equivalent position. Moreover, given the similarities between the two positions, people who accept the claims of the anti-anonymity donor-conceived persons should explain why the claims of the anti-donation group should not be honoured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Media Iuris is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work analyzes inherent aspects of the fulfillment of the right to education in Ecuadorian educational institutions, taking as a reference the Declaration of Human Rights regarding education and Article 27 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. It is a bibliographic and documentary research, which from the application of theoretical methods allowed to critically analyze the studied reality and to contribute to the permanent debate on education and its quality, which leads to the search for alternatives that allow a sustained improvement of the educational systems. The information analyzed reveals that the Ecuadorian educational system has made significant efforts to improve the quality of education, but it is not yet able to respond adequately to the interests, needs and motivations of all students, regardless of their individual and collective conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that there is evidence of violation of the rights of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing has become a political problem in the vast majority of cities around the world, highlighting obvious injustices. The article pursues the question to what extent the existing human right to housing can be of any interest here. The practice-based approach of Charles Beitz can help against the background of some systematic supplements. A 'negative' approach that distinguishes forms of injustice is an important prerequisite for a substantial use of human rights. The negative approach makes it possible to uncover injustices and shows the obstacles that stand in the way of a practice-based conception of human rights. The practice-based conception is, at the same time, necessary for the social analysis of the obstacles, in order to analyse human rights as well as to be able to justify human rights themselves. The current commodification of housing it is argued impedes the exercise of a practice-based conception of human rights in the way that Charles Beitz has suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Criterio Libre Jurídico is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The pathways of equitable access to work and residency for migrants in the United States are fraught with inconsistencies. Spouses of migrants on a specialty occupation visa (H1B) cannot obtain a social security number, and therefore, their legal standing entirely depends on their H1B spouses. Moreover, these spouses, who are predominantly women from non-Western countries, are strictly prohibited from participating in any type of income-generating activities, including self-employment. Restriction on migrant spouses' workforce participation perpetuates their involuntary financial dependency, which creates such problems as lowered self-esteem, depression, suicidality, marital problems, and domestic violence. In this article, I build on the previous works to further illuminate how the social construction, that is, a popular image or stereotypes of non-Western women as dependents and deviants might have contributed to creating and maintaining the H4 visa regulations while contemplating its long-term impact in light of the U.S. nation-building effort based on the Theory of Social Construction of Target Populations. The social construction lens offers a framework for social work scholars, educators, and practitioners to critically examine and articulate the mechanisms through which stereotypes and bias toward vulnerable populations influence policy design and thereby dictate their life choices and positioning in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Real and genuine document to protect the rights of human was the Bill of Rights is a list or summary of rights and these were considered real and essential rights by large group of people. Another important milestone to preserve and protect the Human Rights is the French Revolution of 1978. The motto Liberty, Equality & Fraternity first appeared during the French Revolution. In 19th Century nothing important came into existence in the history of Human Rights, but just after the first world war came a document or a treaty between fighting nations and result was the creation of the League of Nations. The United Nations replaced the League of Nations at the after the end of the first world war and renewed a number of agencies and organizations initially created by the League. As far as the Human Rights are concerned the United Nations Declaration "United Nations Universal Declaration of The Human Rights" or UNUDHR is the Basic of the Human rights which we all accepted. The United Nations some time becomes spectator only. Take the example of Balkan dispute of 1991-1995, the whole six states were in war specially Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia, The UN was unable to stop uncontrollable dispute for five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to connectivity is a necessary condition for the demand, exercise and expansion of other social, political and cultural rights. The advance of the pandemic and the measures taken to reduce contagions made access to connectivity an essential condition to guarantee essential rights, and deepened existing inequalities. The problem is the following: What is the digital divide, how is it formed and how is it related to other inequalities; What data on the digital divide do we have in Argentina and Latin America? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rape is an unwanted sexual activity in which the perpetrator uses force, threats or takes advantage of victim without their consent. Therefore, this study aimed to review the prevalence of rape reported in the selected hospitals in Ibadan. Hospital records of all reported gynecology emergencies cases of rape in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2016 was reviewed using a structured proforma to determine the prevalence of rape by utilizing a retrospective descriptive study design. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. The patients' age ranged from 2 to 38 years. Out of 142 respondents only 13 (9.2%) were married and 95(66.9%) were in the school age bracket. 141(99.3%) of the sexual assault were through vaginal and 49(34.5%) occurred in the night. The majority of the assailant were strangers 66(46.5%), friends 25(17.6%) and neighbor 25(17.6%). Rape affects victims in every facet of their life, and it remains a public health issue and a violation of basic human right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender change is the right of every citizen, but this invites pros and cons in society. Although the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia has regulated human rights, there is no specific mention of human rights related to sex change. This study aims to determine, examine, and analyze the meaning of "the right to a prosperous life born and inner" as referred to in Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Article 9 paragraph (2) of the Human Rights Law, from the perspective of justice related to sex change in Indonesia. Indonesia. This research is a normative legal research with philosophical, legislative, conceptual, case and comparative approaches. The analysis technique uses descriptive, comparative, evaluative and argumentative techniques. The results of the study indicate that the meaning of the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity in the perspective of gender change is the right to conditions in which an individual with a gender disorder gets health care, safety, and is free from all kinds of disturbances and suffering in order to develop physically, mentally, and physically. spiritual, and social so that the individual realizes his own abilities, can cope with pressure, can work productively, and is able to contribute to himself, his family, community, and society in his environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein I analyze how the French media understand and analyze the comfort women issue. To this end, I review related articles from four major French dailies and three French weekly magazines published between 1990 and 2019. The French press, whether on the right or left, recognize that the Korean comfort women victims, and the civil movements supporting those victims, have contributed to strengthening women's human rights at the global level. They argue that Japan, where historical revisionism prevails, has not faced the truth on this issue. The French leftist press further criticizes the United States for failing to condemn properly Japan's war crimes at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal under the pretext of the Cold War. One French journalist predicted that the future of a democratic and pacifist Japan depended on the sincere resolution of the comfort women issue. The public testimony of comfort women in the early 1990s may be likened to the tiny flapping of a butterfly's wings. The nearly thirty years since this testimony has seen a great butterfly effect, including criticism of the politicization of history in order to conceal or beautify past mistakes, the reinforcement of human rights, and the prospect of advancing democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary laws have been responding to the challenges of ageing societies. Elder people have gradually become a special, if not disadvantaged, social group to be protected, cared for, and even censored by law in the name of protection. The UN has long discussed a Convention to protect the distinctive human rights of old persons while invoking the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to protect the dignity of senior citizens. Under national laws, adult-guardianship, welfare, and medical laws are strengthened in the name of better elder care, yet forcing old people to give up the freedom and autonomy that they have enjoyed throughout adulthood. This paper thus argues for the socio-legal construction of "elderhood" to respond to the special needs of senior citizens to maintain individual dignity. By observing narrative accounts of elders in care, socio-legal images of Taiwan elderhood may be presented for analyses. A proposal is then made to suggest the socio-legal construction of the individual dignity of elder people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To promote equal chances for all people, regardless of gender, education is a basic requirement. The goal of gender justice is to remove prejudice and advance gender equality, particularly in the field of education. Both of these ideas are essential to building an equitable and just society that benefits not only women but also society as a whole. The foundation of society is made up of families, and a strong society leads to a stronger country. Therefore, promoting gender equality is essential for the general growth of society. When the Indian educational system and its approach to gender justice are closely examined, a protective and paternalistic attitude that aims to empower and provide women agency is shown. This essay starts a conversation on the basic problems with gender justice in the classroom. It questions whether a true dichotomy exists between men and women and contends that if there is one, applying a single criteria to judge justice may not be suitable if men and women are genuinely different as distinct categories. On the other hand, if their disparities are essentially personal characteristics rather than social class distinctions, the idea of gender justice as a whole may be erroneous. In actuality, institutions and societal conditions that guarantee women's independence from socially imposed disadvantages must actively work towards their empowerment. Women are given the opportunity to engage equally in decision-making through this empowerment, putting them on an equal footing as partners with men. This transition could result in significant societal change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to free basic education is guaranteed under the national, international and regional laws. While many states protect the right to education in their Constitutions in form of fundamental right, which is enforceable in courts, others, including Nigeria, do so in form of directive principle of the state policy which is perforce, unenforceable. Its non justiciability has constituted an obstacle, making its realization a smokescreen. A global monitoring report by UNESCO Education for All on sub-sahara Africa indicated that about 33 million children of school age are still not enrolled in school in the region. Nigeria, together with six countries reportedly had more than one million out-of-school children while several million adults are also illiterates. This paper therefore, examined the legal framework for the right to basic education in Nigeria, appraising the applicable domestic, regional and international instruments. The paper also applauded the recent breakthroughs recorded by Nigeria through judicial interventions. The author drew comparative lessons from South Africa and India and consequently proffered recommendations towards the actualization of the said right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (RA) for the first time envisaged the right to physical and mental immunity (in the former edition of personal immunity) in 2015. According to Article 25(1) of the RA Constitution, everyone shall have the right to physical and mental integrity. That right may be restricted only by law, for the purpose of state security, preventing or disclosing crimes, protecting public order, health and morals or the basic rights and freedoms of others. The bodily rights of the person, including the right to physical and mental immunity, are recognized in professional literature as somatic rights that have become a subject of vigorous debates as a new generation of human rights. In general, human somatic (bodily) rights constitute a wholeness, which includes: the right to life; the right to die or the right to choose a way of giving up one’s life (right to suicide, right to use euthanasia), etc. Current report in the light of the RA Constitution report discuss some of important issues in this field: eugenic experiments, medical intervention, organs and tissues transplantation, etc.

The presented study has the main objective to analyze the demographic process of distribution and access to water in the situation of drought at Campina Grande - PB. The Water as a basic human right is essential for the achievement of many rights, being necessary the recognition and the normativity of the fundamental right. In regard to the content of the General Comment NO. 15/2003 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), whose protection, following the Universal Declaration of Water Rights constitutes a legal obligation for all men or social groups that make use it. The access to water is recognized as an economic right of the development that does not only involve the satisfaction of today's demands, but also the demands from future generations. The quantity of water is influenced not only by the population growth or by migration flows, but also by the increase of agricultural or industrial production. Undoubtedly, there is a concern with the management of water resources. The binomial availability and management of water resources requires that all national federal entities, implement the access to water as an economic right of the development, and this requires a study of the theories of development. With the Federal Constitution of 1988, the water resources began to receive a more specific treatment as public good, common and finite, turning the water management into an essential element for an effective urban management. The methodology of the research bearing in mind to fulfill the expectations is exploratory and descriptive, with an analytical approach of quantitative and qualitative data; the non-participant observation and the semi structured interview were used as tools for the collection of data; for the analyses of data will be used the analysis of content. The analyses of the results determine that the lack of access to water demands the implementation of public policies, so that the supply may be provided in an equally and democratic way so the population do not feel constantly threatened by water scarcity. In this regard, the study amplifies the debate on the violation of the fundamental human right to drinking water, which is so essential for human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recent theories of foreign aid assume that moral motives drive voters' preferences about foreign aid. However, little is known about how moral concerns interact with the widely accepted instrumental goals that aid serves. Moreover, what effects does this interplay have on preferences over policy actions? This article assesses these questions using a survey experiment in which respondents evaluate foreign aid policies toward nasty recipient regimes (those that violate human rights, rig elections, crack down on media, etc.). The results indicate that the public does have a strong aversion to providing aid to nasty recipient regimes, but that it also appreciates the instrumental benefits that aid helps acquire. Contrary to a mainstay assertion in the literature, the study finds that moral aversion can largely be reversed if the donor government engages more with the nasty country. These findings call into question the micro-foundations of recent theories of foreign aid, and produce several implications for the aid literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text we intend to make a simple tribute to our greatest critic, Antonio Candido, through the reading of his text "O direito à literatura", which reveals the critic's view of the close relationship between Human Rights and Literature, a fundamental theme for the dark times today, as well as to reveal the importance of reading the literary text for the integral formation of man. In an attempt to highlight the relationship between Human Rights and Literature, we will read the poem "Morte do leiteiro", by Carlos Drummond de Andrade, published in A rosa do povo, in 1945. In the poem, which assumes a narrtivity close to the chronicle, we have the expression of aspects that frame the construction of our society, such as social inequality and class privileges, causing us to reflect on human rights and the role of Literature in the organization of a fairer and less unequal country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper: "Recent developments of the right to self-determination before the International Court of Justice: The Chagos Advisory Opinion wishes to tackle a very difficult and sensible subject, the right of peoples to self-determination. This case was specifically chosen because of its peculiarities regarding the subject and their developments going as early as the first principles of the International Court of Justice and reaching into present time. Through the analysis, key findings will be presented in order to grasp the fully extension of the principle and how it was developed over time, ultimately evolving into a basic human right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of expression is one of the most important rights and a structural element of modern constitutional democracy. Through it, the exchange of ideas, political deliberation and the generation of consensus for life in society are protected and guaranteed. It is about the guarantee of being able to formulate our own arguments, of saying what we think and of enjoying the freedom to give opinions and communicate them. All the media would be reduced to a simple propaganda instrument without freedom of expression. Even a multiplicity of rights would be reduced to nothing without the possibility of free, sincere and autonomous dialogue. This article is an attempt to expose the fundamental quality of freedom of expression for Western constitutional law and international human rights law. The first part deals with the philosophical foundations and importance of freedom of expression, and the second part exposes the practical effects of the right. Finally, a conclusion is made, where it is postulated that since freedom of expression is a human right, it must be understood following the moral method of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides some reflections on the discussions resulting from the UN declaration, A/64/L.63/Rev.1. It is a resolution dated July 26, 2010 whereby the UN enacts the drinking water and sanitation as an essential human right, which creates some obligations the private actors will demand the Member States to comply with. Based on the foregoing, the UN Member States, including Colombia, are now required to ensure a water supply with quality and 100% coverage to their inhabitants via an aqueduct. However, governments face, in turn, the challenge to preserve the water sources constituting the raw material for ensuring those rights the UN has enacted as claimable by all human beings. This way, this paper poses some questions and queries regarding the tasks to be undertaken by both the Colombian State and the private actors to comply with the UN directives, without detriment to the water sources and the environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halving the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water was a core target of the Millennium Development Goals. This led to an unprecedented effort in the water sector, improving the livelihoods of millions of people. While the goal has officially been accomplished, unsuitable benchmarks have led to overstatement of the results. Indicators overemphasize improved water sources, disregarding the fact that many continue to be contaminated, unreliable or unaffordable. The alleged success needs to be reframed to avoid confusion, prevent investments from being reallocated away from the water sector and obtain more accurate estimates of water access. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]