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When relief organisations provide assistance for refugees, aid providers expect particular responses from their beneficiaries that align with the desired outcomes of a given intervention. Yet, in practice, refugees often do not 'perform' to the script prepared by the organisations. When refugees' responses to aid interventions fall outside of expectations, some aid workers struggle to understand the causes of mismatches, leading to the creation of labels such as 'refugee syndrome'. Drawing upon two case studies in refugee camps in East and West Africa, this article examines the roots of such disjuncture between refugees and relief agencies through a lens of performance. While shedding light on dramaturgical setting in refugee assistance, the article particularly explores the social and political dynamics between different actors in the humanitarian sector and offers a theoretical approach to describe why such gaps emerge and endure in implementation of aid programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the multiple ways in which the lives of urban refugees are impacted by the presence of refugee camps. It builds on a growing body of literature on the urban refugee experience that recognizes the agency exercised in the rejection of the camp. But it also demonstrates how, in countries with an encampment policy, the presence of camps can limit urban refugees' mobility and their ability to take advantage of all that urban life has to offer. It also highlights the consequences of the choice refugees must make between receiving humanitarian aid in a camp and living unassisted in an urban area. The paper draws on qualitative interviews with refugees in Ethiopia, Kenya and Jordan. It presents conclusions on the inadequacy of the international response, which fails to capitalize on the presence of displaced people in cities, to achieve the supposed policy goal of "self-reliance". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the book "Time and Power in Azraq Refugee Camp: A Nine-to-Five Emergency" by Melissa Gatter. The book explores the concept of temporal displacement in refugee camps, specifically focusing on the Azraq camp in Jordan. It challenges the conventional narratives about refugee camps by examining the role of time in shaping daily life and power dynamics within the camp. The book provides a nuanced understanding of the experiences of both aid workers and camp residents, highlighting the complexities and challenges they face. It also calls for further research into the timelines and permanence of refugee camps and advocates for reevaluating their temporary status. [Extracted from the article]

Ample scholarship thoroughly documents how modern humanitarian aid enacts legacies of colonialism and processes of Westernization through the imposition of foreign values and promotion of 'universal' norms. Extensive research has also explored processes of socio-cultural-moral transformation due to crisis and displacement. This paper extends this work by demonstrating an explicit connection between the two. Drawing on 10 months of ethnographic research that examined how Burundian refugees in Tanzania experience humanitarian social emotional learning (SEL), findings reveal various intersecting lines of crisis in the Nduta refugee camp. This research illuminates how SEL interacts with these lines of crisis to exacerbate intergenerational tensions. The self-centric values promoted through SEL and the pedagogies it employs conflict with the collectivist ethos of the Nduta community, thus breaking the Burundian generational contract of reciprocity, solidarity, and moral responsibility. In this context, SEL operates on conflicting narratives of crisis that clash with generational hopes for the prevention of future crisis in Burundi. These generational fractures are resulting in fears across the Nduta community that the decline of traditional Burundian values and communitarian ethos will not only perpetuate intergenerational experiences of crisis but has also initiated the perceived erasure of their culture and the essence of their humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research from displacement contexts globally has shown that refugees actively collaborate to establish learning centres in order to address educational service gaps facing their communities, such as lack of access or low-quality education. However, much of the existing research focuses on refugee-led educational initiatives that lack national accreditation. Less is known about nationally accredited refugee-led education initiatives – independently established, funded, and managed solely by refugees, especially in refugee camps. With this study, I contribute to the understanding of this lesser-known phenomenon. I examine the conditions underlying the emergence of nationally accredited refugee-led schools in Kenya's Dadaab camps and what these schools do to improve education quality and their students' performance in national exams. I draw on six months of ethnographic research and virtual follow-ups between 2020 and 2022. In the context of the evolving localisation of humanitarian aid discourse, this study broadens insights into governance practices that yield effective service delivery, good quality education, and better results in national examinations. The case of the nationally accredited refugee-led schools in Dadaab camps teaches us that direct support to the state and refugees, rather than intermediary INGOs, can improve students' results in national exams and the quality of education overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Martina Tazzioli's book, "Border Abolitionism: Migrants' Containment and the Genealogies of Struggles and Rescue," which explores the concept of border abolitionism. Tazzioli argues for a productive disintegration of border practices and institutions, rather than the complete abolition of borders. The book examines various forms of confinement strategies at borders, including spatial, temporal, legal, and technological forms. It also discusses the concept of participatory confinement, where migrants are asked to participate in their own confinement. The last two chapters focus on a genealogy of migrant struggles at the Italian-French border and efforts to create infrastructures of solidarity for migrants. While the book offers intriguing insights and research, it lacks in developing positive arguments about alternative societies and the full implications of border abolitionism. [Extracted from the article]

Architectural works produced within the context of humanitarian aid can be classified under three main categories. The first category includes spatial practices created during emergencies, such as refugee camps and temporary settlements built with the assumption of temporariness. The second category involves the permanent reconstruction of physical realities in urban and rural areas during post-disaster and post-war periods. The third category encompasses architectural productions situated in various contexts, including impoverished geographies, rural areas, and urban slums, where the goal is to transform social conditions through architecture. This study aims to explore a new dimension that architects contribute to the field of humanitarian aid through their architectural practices. The focus is on the works of Francis Kéré, Anna Heringer, and Yasmeen Lari, who exemplify the third category. The study presents a detailed analysis of each architect, examining their organizational and production methods, their efforts to redefine the identity and role of the architect, and the site-specific solutions evident in their work. The findings suggest that a significant new feature is the ability of architectural humanitarian aid to reduce or eliminate the need for external humanitarian assistance by fostering self-sufficiency within communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 1970s nearly one million Rohingyas have fled systematic persecution in Myanmar's Rakhine state and are currently living in inhumane conditions in various refugee camps in Bangladesh. This article provides a critical and constructive account of humanitarian organizations' roles in the protracted Rohingya situation, with attention to prevalent global responsibilities, and proposes an alternative humanitarianism framework to address its limitations. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining in-depth interviews, focus groups, document analysis, and quantitative surveys to comprehensively examine the complexities of the crisis and the potential for a more effective response. The paper underscores the need to move beyond conventional humanitarian approaches and embraces a holistic framework that integrates conflict prevention, human rights protection, long-term development, international cooperation, and regional engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ZARCH: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Architecture & Urbanism is the property of Universidad de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lived experiences of women in Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camps are poorly understood despite the centrality of this issue in discourses on victims' experiences. This study examines the travail of Gwoza women in New Kuchingoro IDPs camp in Abuja, Nigeria. It attempts to identify the survival strategies adopted by women and the possibility of their returning home, in northeastern Nigeria. The study adopted a qualitative research design utilising both primary and secondary data. Insights for data analyses were drawn from transactional theory of stress and coping strategies. The study reveals that Gwoza women rely largely on humanitarian aid from NGOs, while the federal government has largely failed to fulfil that role. Reliance on subsistence farming and humanitarian aid implies that their coping or survival strategy is only tentative. Gwoza women also regard the issue of security as a source of livelihood crucial to their survival, which they are unlikely to get should they return home where they will be exposed to attacks by the insurgent Boko Haram. Moreover, the Nigerian government has not given them any assurance on the provision of adequate security and means of livelihood upon return. They are thus compelled to remain in camp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These field reflections contribute to the discussion on durable solutions to displacement by providing empirical evidence of how intended spillover effects of carefully designed interventions and hybrid settlements can facilitate local integration and return and reintegration. A comparison between Dadaab and Kismayo reveals humanitarian and development aid's influence and spillover effects on economic, social, cultural, and political life beyond the borders of refugee camps and returnee settlements. We argue for leveraging such spillover—in particular in the form of hybrid settlements—for achieving durable solutions to displacement cost-effectively and inclusively. Our observations show that several local stakeholders have recognized the potential of spillover, too and are actively embracing it to drive local socio-economic development. Lastly, we highlight the need for further research into the factors that enable or prevent spillover effects and hybrid settlements from reaching their full potential: the achievement of durable solutions for displacement-affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using a field survey in informal Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon, this paper analyses refugee coping strategies and demonstrates how severe strategies become a way of life. It addresses how each refugee's strategic choices are determined by an environment that is conceptualized via four dimensions of displacement: the civil host community, national and international policy, and humanitarian aid, in addition to individual characteristics such as gender. The findings show that the gender of the household head influences the severity of coping strategies, both directly and indirectly. The likelihood of using child labour and reducing the number of daily meals is higher for female-headed households. To categorise coping strategies among refugees, a new framework is proposed based on three categorisations: survival strategies, enhancing strategies and improving strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 vaccination, the access to vaccines has been unequal among countries and individuals, for example low-income countries displayed significant low levels of vaccination. Furthermore, most refugees are living in developing low-income countries which struggling to access the essential health-care services including vaccination. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the experiences and perceptions of COVID-19 infection and vaccination among Palestine refugees in Jerash camp compared to resident Jordanian citizens. Methods: A face-to-face interview-based comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among Palestine refugees in Jerash camp located in northern Jordan and Jordanian citizens from different cities in Jordan from October, 2021 to March, 2022. A Chi-square test was used to determine the differences in the experiences and perceptions of COVID-19 infection and vaccination between Palestinian refugees and resident Jordanian citizens. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict factors associated with the beliefs, barriers and hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines. Results: The total number of participants was 992, with 501 (50.5%) Palestinian refugees and 491 (49.5%) Jordanian citizens. Most participants (64.1%) who have never been tested for COVID-19 were from the refugees (P < 0.001), whereas about 80.3% of the participants tested for COVID-19 at private healthcare institutions were citizens (P < 0.001). While 70.0% of the participants who tested positive for COVID-19 (n = 303) were from the refugees (P < 0.001). Compared to the citizens, the refugees had significantly lower levels of beliefs about the safety (P = 0.008) and efficiency (P < 0.001) of COVID-19 vaccines. They also had lower rates of vaccine hesitancy (P = 0.002) and vaccine uptake (P < 0.001), and a higher rate of facing difficulties during registration for COVID-19 vaccination (P < 0.001). Furthermore, refugees have more negative attitudes toward the importance and implementation of COVID-19 precautionary activities, including wearing face masks, practicing social distancing and following proper prevention hygiene compared to citizens (P < 0.001). The regression analysis showed that gender (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001) and level of education (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Also, being a refugee (P < 0.001) and being a male (P = 0.012) were significantly associated with facing more difficulties upon the registration to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusions: This study showed that, compared to citizens, refugees had lower attitudes and practices toward COVID-19 infection and vaccination. They also had and a lower rate of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake with limited access to vaccines. Government sectors and non-government organizations should implement policies and regulations to raise the awareness of refugees towards COVID-19 infection, testing, preventive measures, and the safety and efficacy of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Using primary data collected among protracted refugees in camps and an exogenous variation in the time lapse between the food transfer and the interview date, we investigate whether refugee's food consumption responds to the timing of the distribution of food aid. • Refugee households experience an average decline of 1.1 to 1.5 percent per day in their daily caloric intake between distributions of food aid. • Short-term nutritional status of children under five, as measured by mid-upper arm circumference for height z-score, also declines over time over the distribution cycle. Years after the initial settlement, food aid remains an essential component of humanitarian assistance for protracted refugees in managed camps. From data collected among refugee households in three camps in southern Chad and an exogenous variation of time between the latest food distribution and households' interviews, we draw the time path of household's consumption. Consistent with the literature on intertemporal choices in high-income countries, refugee households experience an average decline of 1.1 to 1.5 percent per day in their daily caloric intake between distributions. The short-term nutritional status of children under five also responds to the distance from food aid distribution and confirms the existence of food distribution cycles. Our results suggest that households don't smooth consumption during the interval of time between two distributions, and face regular and frequent cycles of food shortage resulting in detrimental consequences on children's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rohingya refugees are one of the top displaced communities in the world. Refugee crises have been a global concern in recent times, involving inclusive research. This bibliometric analysis aims to produce an overview of Rohingya refugees and help researchers build intuitions on them. To this end, the author implements a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software for cluster analysis and three-factor analysis using publications from Scopus and Web of Science. The author uses180 WoS and 202 Scopus documents to analyse the data based on inclusion criteria. The study results indicate sharp increasing trends of publications and citations in recent times after the major influx in 2017. Bangladesh, the USA, and Australiamade the highest number of publications and collaborations on Rohingya refugee research. Besides, the study results visually demonstrate the sub-areas linking with the Rohingya refugees concerning the scientific journals, leading areas, major influencing countries, authors, sources, institutions, and exciting research directions. The study also identifies the research collaborations between countries and authors. Finally, based on keywords and three-field analyses, it is concluded that Rohingya, refugees, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Rohingya refugees, mental health, and forced migration have captivated extensive attention by the researchers on Rohingya refugees in the last three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unaccompanied young refugees constitute an especially vulnerable population, reporting high rates of trauma and mental health problems. There is a significant gap in the literature on trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in unaccompanied young refugees who are still on the move and live in precarious circumstances such as refugee camps. This study therefore aimed to contribute to this gap by investigating pre- and peri-migration (potentially) traumatic experiences of unaccompanied young refugees; longitudinal trajectories of trauma, daily stressors and PTSS; and the impact of gender, trauma, and daily stressors on PTSS over time. Methods: This longitudinal, mixed-method, and multi-country study was conducted in various settings (e.g. refugee camps, reception centers) across nine European countries. A heterogeneous sample of N = 187 unaccompanied young refugees (78.4% male) from 29 different countries was assessed via interviews at 3 time-points during a period of 27 months. Data was analyzed via growth curve modelling. Results: Prevalence rates of (potentially) traumatic experiences ranged from 29.5 to 91.9%. Peri-migration traumatization remained stable over time (b = − 0.02; p = 0.371), but the number of reported daily stressors (b = − 0.24; p = 0.001) and PTSS scores significantly decreased over time (b = − 0.98; p = 0.004). Females reported higher PTSS compared with males at baseline (p = 0.002), but gender did not influence the longitudinal trajectory of PTSS. The pre-migration trauma load and daily stressors at baseline did not have a significant effect on PTSS at baseline or on the longitudinal trajectory. Conclusions: This is the first study to document not only the high numbers of traumatic events for unaccompanied young refugees pre- and peri- migration, but also the continued traumatization during flight, as well as high rates of daily stressors and PTSS. Humanitarian and political assistance is urgently needed to curb the often life-threatening conditions unaccompanied young refugees face during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent influx of Myanmar Rohingya people are allowed in Bangladesh simply due to humanitarian reason, of which older people are amongst the most vulnerable groups. Utilizing integrated methods, the refugee crisis is being managed jointly by various stakeholders. Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) is an NGO that has been providing support to older Rohingya people in the camps since the crisis began through their Age Friendly Support (AFS) centres. These centres provide basic medical treatment, counselling, education, health and wellbeing services, indoor games, and recreational services/activities. Yet, there have not been any studies to understand the expectations of older Rohingya people living in the camps. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the current YPSA support for older Rohingya people living in the Ukhiya camps and to evaluate their expectations for returning to Myanmar. A pilot survey was conducted on 26th April 2019 in two camp sites and in-depth interviews were also conducted with 4 participants (2 males and 2 females), followed by a focus group discussion. It emerged that older Rohingya people received necessary support services from these YPSA centres and are generally happy with those services. Although they remain grateful to Bangladesh for sheltering them, they are not as happy compared to their lives back in Myanmar. Most of the older people reported that their expectations involved a return to Myanmar as soon as possible as well as seeking justice from the international community so that the Rohingya crisis could soon come to an end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates a concern among encamped elder Karen refugees (an ethnic minority from Myanmar) living along the Thai–Myanmar border that the youth are disconnected politically and culturally. I argue that Karen youth are creative, active participants reimagining and revitalising Karen politics and culture in their image. I explore how displaced youths have found a voice in Karen rap and how they express this voice in the digitally mediated lived space of YouTube. I consider YouTube as a lived space where citizenship is reimagined and long-distance nationalism is articulated. Finally, I contend that YouTube is transforming Karen youths' political experiences and mobility and that they are actively political – just not in the way the elders expect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an initial observation, it is important to underline in this conclusion the fact that the theme chosen for this special issue, i.e. the study of charitable and humanitarian actions in the Middle East, studied from a longue durée perspective, may appear at first sight to be a rather ambitious challenge, so diverse are the historical situations. The state seeks to have a control function either directly through its own agents, such as civil servants or other people who are directly involved in this task and who may take advantage of it to collect taxes or generate revenue for the state. The first aspect concerns the basic definition of the state insofar as it assumes responsibility for the social dimensions of society. [Extracted from the article]

In recent decades, the number of refugees in protracted stateless situations has steadily risen. These vulnerable individuals face serious economic and political issues in their host communities. We assessed the common market project in Tanzania's Nyarugusu refugee camp, examining its impact on refugees' self-reliance and its role in determining peaceful coexistence between refugees and host communities. Through field research and empirical analysis of original survey data gathered from 473 refugee households and 505 host community households, we demonstrate that use of the common market has increased the incomes of both refugees and host communities. Furthermore, interactions within the common market have improved the relationship between refugees and host communities, bringing deeper trust between them. This study supports the market-based approach targeting refugees and host communities near refugee camps as an alternative to the conventional humanitarian aid methods. This approach could effectively ameliorate prolonged refugee crises around the world, where people suffer from decreasing resources and increasing anti-refugee sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 26 million refugees worldwide seeking safety from persecution, violence, conflict, and human rights violations. Camp‐based refugees are those that seek shelter in refugee camps, whereas urban refugees inhabit nearby, surrounding populations. The systems that supply aid to refugee camps may suffer from ineffective distribution due to challenges in administration, demand uncertainty and volatility in funding. Aid allocation should be carried out in a manner that properly balances the need of ensuring sufficient aid for camp‐based refugees, with the ability to share excess inventory, when available, with urban refugees that at times seek nearby camp‐based aid. We develop an inventory management policy to govern a camp's sharing of aid with urban refugee populations in the midst of uncertainties related to camp‐based and urban demands, and replenishment cycles due to funding issues. We use the policy to construct costs associated with: (i) referring urban populations elsewhere, (ii) depriving camp‐based refugee populations, and (iii) holding excess inventory in the refugee camp system. We then seek to allocate aid in a manner that minimizes the expected overall cost to the system. We propose two approaches to solve the resulting optimization problem, and conduct computational experiments on a real‐world case study as well as on synthetic data. Our results are complemented by an extensive simulation study that reveals broad support for our optimal thresholds and allocations to generalize across varied key parameters and distributions. We conclude by presenting related discussions that reveal key managerial insights into humanitarian aid allocation under uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toleration status (temporary suspension of deportation) has been Germany's hesitant answer to providing humanitarian relief for Palestinians escaping the dismal conditions of refugee camps and the civil war in Lebanon in the late 1980s and early 1990s. At the same time, the status has subjected families to years, even decades, of insecurity and uncertainty through constant threats of deportation and restrictions on work, travel and higher education. Based on 19 months of ethnographic research, the article shows the story of one family during their 16 years on toleration status and their experiences after gaining permanent residency. The family's experiences illuminate the insecurity and uncertainty large communities on toleration status in Berlin-Neukölln experienced, all sharing the fate of constantly wavering between hope, fear and disillusionment. Their struggles also show how the permanent temporariness of long-term toleration status affects both the parents who fled the conflict and their children, most of whom were born and raised in Germany. I argue that toleration status limits the capabilities of children stuck in the stagnant realities of their family's insecure status, along the lines of gender and birth order. Moreover, toleration status as a multigenerational ordeal persists long after the legal insecurity has ended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When developing countries are faced with a refugee crisis, their policy selection simultaneously invites humanitarian aid into the country, addresses domestic political interests associated with inviting outsiders in, and creates potential space for a neighboring country's rebel group to exploit refugees fleeing a civil war. Inviting humanitarian aid into a developing country might at first glance seem like a welfare-improving decision. However, this choice involves delegation with foreseeable consequences. International humanitarian groups will organize refugees and the provision of aid efficiently, which armed actors can exploit. Delegating international protection in a way that appeases domestic constituents and does not alter interstate relationships, may prove impossible. This article shows that strategic refugee policy involves asylum countries carefully balancing demands of domestic constituents against efficient provision of aid and the provocation of armed actors across an international border. The research offers an alternative explanation for refugee policy that relies on neither illiberal intentions toward refugees nor the incapacity of countries to control their territory. Refugee policy outcomes are the product of strategic balancing between domestic demands and foreign policy interests. In the Analytic Narrative tradition, the claims of this article are based on a series of case studies. The theory and its implications, though, provide insight into refugee policy selection across the developing world. • Refugee host countries strategically choose refugee policy. • A border camp refugee policy can help a rebel group become more efficient. • By promoting dispersal a refugee host country can avoid intervening in a civil war. • By funding refugee policy, donors also fund a host country's foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Côte d'Ivoire plans to repatriate 55,000 Burkinabe refugees in June 2024 as part of their efforts to address migration and refugee issues in the region. In DR Congo, the European Union has allocated €70m to meet the humanitarian needs of displaced persons in the eastern part of the country. In Ethiopia, clashes between Amhara and Tigrayan forces have resulted in the displacement of thousands of people. In Uganda, the United States is providing over $25m in additional humanitarian funding to assist refugees and asylum seekers. Additionally, there are reports of increased trade and economic ties between Iran and Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe, and Portugal plans to convert Cabo Verde's debt into environmental investments. Guinea-Bissau and Senegal have agreed to strengthen cooperation in various sectors, and the United States has barred four former officials of the Malawi government from entry due to their involvement in corruption. The United Arab Emirates has pledged $100m to support humanitarian efforts in Sudan and neighboring countries. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Children with disabilities face unique challenges in humanitarian aid settings and education may provide protective measures against abuse and exploitation. There are growing calls for inclusive education of children with disabilities in formal education, but little guidance exists on how to enhance inclusion in complex and resource-constrained contexts of humanitarian settings. Case presentation: This study used a community-based system dynamics approach to understand key stakeholders' perspectives of the drivers and effects of inclusion and wellbeing for children with disabilities, and to elicit recommendations to enhance educational inclusion in a refugee camp in Eastern Africa. Community-based system dynamics sessions, designed based on group model building scripts and facilitated by a team of four people, took place with organization staff, community leaders, and parents and caregivers of children with disabilities. The process produced a causal loop diagram depicting the stakeholders' perspectives of how multiple components interact in a system to drive inclusion and wellbeing of children with disabilities over time. Conclusions: Findings indicate participants have a broad conceptualization of inclusion, highlighting the value of community interaction and importance of meeting basic needs, and also demonstrate that including children in mainstream educational settings in a complex humanitarian context requires a more nuanced approach given the lack of existing resources to support Western models of educational inclusion fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the burden of common mental health disorders, such as depressive disorder, is the first step in strengthening prevention and treatment in humanitarian emergencies. However, simple random sampling methods may lead to a high risk of coercion in settings characterized by a lack of distinction between researchers and aid organizations, mistrust, privacy concerns, and the overarching power differential between researchers and populations affected by crises. This case analysis describes a sampling approach developed for a survey study of depressive disorder in a Syrian refugee camp in Greece (n = 135). Discussion: Syrian refugees face an extraordinarily high burden of depressive disorder during the asylum process (43%), necessitating population screening, prevention, and treatment. In order to preserve the informed consent process in this refugee camp setting, the research team developed a two-phase sampling strategy using a map depicting the geographical layout of the housing units within the camp. In the first phase, camp management announced a research study was being undertaken and individuals were invited to volunteer to participate. The participants' container (housing) numbers were recorded on the map, but were not linked to the survey data. Then, in the second phase, the camp map was used for complementary sampling to reach a sample sufficient for statistical analysis. As a result of the two phases of the sampling exercise, all eligible adults from half the containers in each block were recruited, producing a systematic, age- and sex-representative sample. Conclusions: Combining sampling procedures in humanitarian emergencies can reduce the risk of coerced consent and bias by allowing participants to approach researchers in the first phase, with a second phase of sampling conducted to recruit a systematic sample. This case analysis illuminates the feasibility of a two-phase sampling approach for drawing a quasi-random, representative sample in a refugee camp setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the camps face many reproductive health challenges. They should meet their needs timely to save their lives. This paper outlines a systematic review to discuss the challenges of reproductive health management in the camps of internally displaced persons. METHODS: For this research, electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Pro Quest, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library till January 1, 2020 were searched. A threestage screening process was used for the selection of literature due to PRISMA checklist. Finally, a thematic synthesis approach was applied to analyze the data. RESULTS: In total, 133 articles were identified; 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for entering the process of final analysis. The findings were demonstrated in six main categories of availability and accessibility of reproductive health services, sexual and gender-based issues, human rights, social and cultural issues, coordination and collaboration, and mental health issues. The remarkable result of this study highlighted that the main challenges are lack of access to health services, violence against women and lack of household education. CONCLUSION: Results of this systematic review present valuable advice for policy makers and managers to prepare and respond effectively and timely to reproductive health challenges of internally displaces persons. Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans for maintaining and developing reproductive health in IDPs camps are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]