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Background The mistreatment of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium is a global public health problem besides being a violation of human rights. However, research exploring the consequences of mistreatment of women and newborns is scarce. Question To shed light on this issue, we investigated the association between the mistreatment of women during childbirth and the subsequent use of postnatal health services by women and their newborns. Methods We used data from the study “Birth in Brazil”, a national hospital-based survey of puerperal women and their newborns, carried out in 2011/2012. This analysis involved 19,644 women. Mistreatment was a latent variable composed of seven indicators. We assessed the attendance of women and newborns to a review consultation following birth, and the timing of this appointment. We applied multigroup structural equation modeling (based on childbirth payment source) and considered separate analysis for women (vaginal births and0 caesarean-sections) and newborns. Findings We found a causal association between mistreatment during childbirth and decreased and/or delayed use of postnatal health services, for both women and their newborns. These results also revealed that women who use the public sector are affected more than those who pay for private healthcare. Conclusion Mistreatment during childbirth has broader implications than “maternal mental health”, and it would be useful to understand that experience of care has vast implications for families. In Brazil, the mistreatment must be mitigated via the implementation of public policy. This is part of the path to dignified and respectful childbirth care for all women.

Summary Background & aims Most Brazilian women fail to gain weight within recommendations during pregnancy but current guidelines about gestational weight gain was based on North American population analysis. There are no standardized recommendations developed from Brazilian population data, which should be particularly analysed due to ethnic and sociodemographic characteristics. This study analyses the gestational weight gain of Brazilian women with favourable obstetric and neonatal outcomes according to the pre-pregnancy body mass index, considering maternal sociodemographic characteristics. Methods We analysed data from the Birth in Brazil: national survey into labour and birth study, a nationwide hospital-based cohort carried out in 266 Brazilian hospitals from February/2011 to July 2012, including adult pregnant women who have no chronic diseases and who have single foetal gestation, born alive and without malformation. Favourable obstetric and neonatal outcomes considered were gestational age at birth greater than or equal to 37 and less than 42 weeks, birthweight between 2500 g and 4000 g, and birthweight suitable for gestational age. Sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from medical records and interviews. Weight and height information was obtained from the prenatal card or self-reported. The pre-pregnancy BMI was classified in low weight, normal weight, overweight, obesity I, obesity II, and obesity III. For the missing cases on pre-pregnancy weight or height, body mass index was imputed by multiple imputation prediction model. Gestational weight gain was the difference between the last weight before delivery and the pre-pregnancy weight and was presented as mean and confidence interval, mean and standard deviation, and percentiles distribution (10th to 90th) for each pre-pregnancy body mass index, thus compared to Institute of Medicine recommendations. Results The analysis included 8184 Brazilian women. The gestational weight gain was lower in women with less favoured social conditions. The mean gestational weight gain according to pre-pregnancy body mass index was within the Institute of Medicine recommendations, except for women with overweight or obesity class I, who have the mean weight gain higher than upper limit of the Institute of Medicine range. Gestational weight gain decreased with an increase in the categories of body mass index; the mean (±standard deviation) were: 15.41 kg (±5.53), 13.54 kg (±4.97), 12.45 kg (±5.86), 9.38 kg (±6.31), 7.15 kg (±6.43), and 5.04 kg (±7.10), for low weight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity I, II and III, respectively. Women had favourable obstetric and neonatal outcomes gaining less, within or more than the recommendations with higher range of variation amongst obesity classes I, II, and III which do not have specific ranges stated in Institute of Medicine guidelines. Conclusion Brazilian women had favourable obstetric and neonatal outcomes gaining less, within or more than the Institute of Medicine recommendations. We highlight the need of population-based high-quality research to investigate the optimal GWG recommendations for this population.

Background Many women are victims of disrespect and abuse during childbirth period. In Brazil, the prevalence of these acts has varied between 11.3% and 18.3%. Despite the high prevalence and grave consequences of mistreatment of women during birth care, women's mental health during this period, and its determining factors, are still poorly understood. The main objective is to investigate the association between mistreatment of women during childbirth and postpartum depression. Methods national survey in childbirth care carried out between 2011 and 2012. The sample was composed of 23,378 puerperal women. Disrespect and abuse was composed by seven indicator.We assessed postpartum depression using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale screening questions. We applied multigroup structural equation modelling (childbirth payment source), considering different theoretical models for vaginal births and C-sections. Results Disrespect and abuse towards women during childbirth were associated with postpartum depression both in the public and private sectors, for both vaginal births and C-sections. In the public healthcare sector, disrespect and abuse were associated with maternal hospitalization. Presence of fundal pressure manoeuvre, not be white, and not receiving the desired mode of birth (only for C-sections). In the private sector, for both vaginal births and C-sections, not having the desired mode of birth was the only characteristic associated with disrespect and abuse. Conclusion Disrespect and abuse towards women during childbirth may contribute to the development of postpartum depression. Identifying its causes may help prevent the problem and strengthen public policies that favor the good quality of childbirth care.

Summary Background & aims Monitoring gestational weight gain (GWG) is relevant for perinatal outcomes, especially in the context of increasing obesity and overweight in the female population. This study analyses the association between GWG in Brazilian women, according to different body mass index (BMI) categories, and different outcomes, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes (GD) and caesarean section. Methods Data on women from all the major regions of Brazil with a single pregnancy of a gestational age of 28 weeks or more and information available for anthropometric evaluation were included in the Birth in Brazil survey. Adequacy of GWG was assessed according to the percentile distribution of GWG of women with favourable neonatal outcomes, with the median of the distribution referred to as 100% adequacy in the GWG evaluation. Results The study consisted of 18,953 women, 58.3% of whom were normal weight and 35.1% were overweight. The adequacy of GWG was better amongst the normal weight women (91.1%) and worse amongst those with class III obesity (46.0% with excessive GWG), with the latter showing the highest occurrence of adverse outcomes. Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that weight gain above 200% of the median in the normal weight, overweight and obese women was positively associated with HDP and caesarean section, but not with GD. Conclusions The proposed ranges of appropriate GWG associated with favourable neonatal outcomes based on the data from the Birth in Brazil survey proved good predictors of HDP and caesarean section amongst the women included in the study.

This study aimed to describe cesarean and repeated cesarean section rates in Brazil according to gestational age (GA) at birth and type of hospital. This is an ecologic study using data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births and the 2017 National Registry of Health Facilities. Overall and repeated cesarean section rates were calculated and analyzed according to GA, region of residence, and type of hospital. Spearman correlations were performed between cesarean and repeated cesarean section rates by GA subgroups at birth (≤ 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39-41, and ≥ 42 weeks) and analyzed according to the type of hospital. Overall and repeated cesarean section rates were 55.1% and 85.3%, respectively. More than 60% of newborns between 37-38 weeks were delivered via cesarean section. Private hospitals in all regions showed the highest cesarean section rates, especially those in the Central-West Region, with more than 80% at all GAs. The overall cesarean section rate was highly correlated with all cesarean section rates of GA subgroups (r0.7, p0.01). Regarding repeated cesarean sections, the overall rate was strongly correlated with the rates of 37-38 and 39-41 weeks in public/mixed hospitals, differing from private hospitals, which showed moderate correlations. This finding indicates the decision for cesarean section is not based on clinical factors, which can cause unnecessary damage to the health of both the mother and the baby. Then, changes in the delivery care model, strengthening public policies, and encouragement of vaginal delivery after a cesarean section in subsequent pregnancies are important strategies to reduce cesarean section rates in Brazil.O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as taxas de cesariana e cesariana recorrente no Brasil segundo a idade gestacional (IG) ao nascer e o tipo de hospital. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos e do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde de 2017. As taxas de cesariana geral e recorrente foram calculadas e analisadas de acordo com a IG, região de residência e tipo de hospital. Foram realizadas correlações de Spearman entre as taxas de cesariana e cesariana recorrente por subgrupos de IG ao nascer (≤ 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39-41 e ≥ 42 semanas), analisadas segundo o tipo de hospital. Verificaram-se taxas de cesariana geral e recorrente de 55,1% e 85,3%, respectivamente. Mais de 60% dos recém-nascidos entre 37-38 semanas ocorreram via cesariana. Os hospitais privados de todas as regiões concentraram as maiores taxas de cesariana, sobretudo os do Centro-oeste, com mais de 80% em todas as IG. A taxa geral de cesariana foi altamente correlacionada com todas as taxas de cesariana dos subgrupos de IG (r0,7, p0,01). Quanto à cesariana recorrente, verificou-se forte correlação com as taxas de 37-38 e 39-41 semanas no hospital público/misto, diferindo do hospital privado, que apresentou correlações moderadas. Isso indica que a decisão pela cesariana não é pautada em fatores clínicos, o que pode causar danos desnecessários à saúde da mulher e do bebê. Conclui-se que mudanças no modelo de atenção ao parto, fortalecimento de políticas públicas e maior incentivo do parto vaginal após cesárea em gestações subsequentes são estratégias importantes para a redução das cesarianas no Brasil.El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las tasas de cesárea y de cesárea recurrente en Brasil según la edad gestacional (EG) al nacer y el tipo de hospital. Estudio ecológico a partir de los datos del Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivos y del Registro Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud 2017. Se calcularon y analizaron las tasas de cesárea general y recurrente según EG, región de residencia y tipo de hospital. Se aplicaron las correlaciones de Spearman entre las tasas de cesárea y de cesárea recurrente por subgrupos de EG al nacer (≤ 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39-41 y ≥ 42 semanas) y se analizaron según el tipo de hospital. Las tasas de cesárea general y recurrente fueron del 55,1% y 85,3%, respectivamente. Más del 60% de los recién nacidos entre 37-38 semanas nacieron por cesárea. Los hospitales privados de todas las regiones concentraron las tasas más altas de cesáreas, especialmente los del Centro-Oeste, con más del 80% en todas las EG. En general, la tasa general de cesáreas estuvo altamente correlacionada con todas las tasas de cesáreas de los subgrupos de EG (r0,7, p0,01). En cuanto a la cesárea recurrente, se encontró que la tasa general se correlacionó fuertemente con las tasas de 37-38 y 39-41 semanas en el hospital público/mixto, a diferencia del hospital privado que mostró correlaciones moderadas. Esto indica que la decisión de hacer la cesárea no se basa en factores clínicos, lo que puede causar daños innecesarios a la salud de la mujer y del bebé. Por lo tanto, los cambios en el modelo de asistencia al parto, el fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas y una mayor promoción del parto vaginal en los embarazos posteriores de la cesárea se encuentran entre las estrategias importantes para reducir esta práctica en Brasil.

Collaborative models (CM) focused on intrapartum care shared between both midwives and obstetricians have been proposed as a strategy to reduce these rates. Our aim was to compare use of evidence-based practices, obstetric interventions and c-section rates in two settings: a maternity hospital that applies a CM of care (MRJ) and data from a pool of maternity hospitals included in the Birth in Brazil Survey (NB) that do not adopt a CM. Data was abstracted from medical and administrative records in MRJ and from medical records and face-to-face interviews in NB. Differences were compared using chi-square test, with significance level set at p

This study analyzed late-term and post-term birth, evaluating the maternal profile, its characteristics, and maternal and neonatal complications. A total of 23,610 babies were selected from the Birth in Brazil study (2011), and a descriptive analysis of the study population was performed. The association between late-term and post-term birth and their outcomes was performed using logistic regressions (p-value0.05). The prevalence found was 7.4% for late-term and 2.5% for post-term birth, both of which were more frequent in the North and Northeast regions, in adolescents, black women, with low schooling, multiparous, cared for by the public sector. Late term pregnancies had a higher chance of induction of vaginal delivery (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.67-2.45), of cesarean section (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.16-1.52), of severe laceration (OR = 3.75; 95%CI: 1.36-10.36), and of oxygen therapy for newborns (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.02-2.26). In post-term pregnancies, newborns had a lower chance of breastfeeding at birth (OR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.56-0.97) and during hospitalization (OR = 0.62; 95%CI: 0.40-0.97) and a higher chance of being born small for the gestational age (OR = 4.01; 95%CI: 2.83-5.70). The results using only ultrasound as a measure of gestational age confirmed the previous findings. Late-term and post-term pregnancies occur more frequently in the North and Northeast regions and in women with greater social vulnerability, being associated with maternal and neonatal complications.Este estudo analisou o nascimento termo tardio e pós-termo, avaliando o perfil materno, suas características e as complicações maternas e neonatais. Foram selecionados 23.610 bebês do estudo Nascer no Brasil (2011), sendo realizada uma análise descritiva da população de estudo. A associação entre o nascimento termo tardio e pós-termo e seus desfechos foi efetuada pela utilização de regressões logísticas (valor de p0,05). A prevalência encontrada foi de 7,4% para o termo tardio e de 2,5% para o pós-termo, tendo ambos sido mais frequentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, em adolescentes, mulheres negras, de baixa escolaridade, multíparas, atendidas no setor público. As gestações termo tardio tiveram maior chance de indução do parto vaginal (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,67-2,45), de cesariana (OR = 1,32; IC95%: 1,16-1,52), de laceração grave (OR = 3,75; IC95%: 1,36-10,36) e de uso oxigenoterapia para os recém-nascidos (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,02-2,26). Nas gestações pós-termo, os recém-nascidos tiveram menor chance de amamentação ao nascer (OR = 0,74; IC95%: 0,56-0,97) e durante a hospitalização (OR = 0,62; IC95%: 0,40-0,97) e maior chance de nascerem pequenos para a idade gestacional (OR = 4,01; IC95%: 2,83-5,70). Os resultados utilizando somente a ultrassonografia como medida da idade gestacional confirmaram os achados anteriores. Gestações termo tardio e pós-termo ocorrem com maior frequência nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e em mulheres com maior vulnerabilidade social, associando-se a complicações maternas e neonatais.Este estudio analizó los nacimientos a término tardío y postérmino, evaluando el perfil materno, sus características y las complicaciones maternas y neonatales. Se seleccionó a 23.610 bebés del estudio Nacer en Brasil (2011) para realizar un análisis descriptivo de la población de estudio. La asociación entre el nacimiento a término tardío y postérmino y sus desenlaces se realizó mediante regresiones logísticas (valor de p0,05). Se encontró una prevalencia del 7,4% para nacimientos a término tardío y del 2,5% para postérmino, ambas más frecuentes en las regiones Norte y Nordeste brasileño, en adolescentes, mujeres negras, con bajo nivel de estudios, multíparas y atendidas en el sector público de salud. Los embarazos a término tardío tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de inducir el parto vaginal (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,67-2,45), cesárea (OR = 1,32; IC95%: 1,16-1,52), laceración severa (OR = 3,75; IC95%: 1,36-10,36) y uso de oxigenoterapia en los recién nacidos (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,02-2,26). En los embarazos postérmino, los recién nacidos tuvieron menos probabilidad de ser amamantados al nacer (OR = 0,74; IC95%: 0,56-0,97) y durante la hospitalización (OR = 0,62; IC95%: 0,40-0,97), y más probabilidad de nacer pequeños para la edad gestacional (OR = 4,01; IC95%: 2,83-5,70). Los resultados que utilizaron solo la ecografía como medición para la edad gestacional confirmaron estos hallazgos. Los embarazos a término tardío y postérmino ocurren con mayor frecuencia en las regiones Norte y Nordeste brasileño, en mujeres con mayor vulnerabilidad social y están asociados a complicaciones maternas y neonatales.

Describe and estimate the rate of recurrent preterm birth in Brazil according to the type of delivery, weighted by associated factors.We obtained data from the national hospital-based study "Birth in Brazil", conducted in 2011 and 2012, from interviews with 23,894 women. Initially, we used the chi-square test to verify the differences between newborns according to previous prematurity and type of recurrent prematurity. Sequentially, we applied the propensity score method to balance the groups according to the following covariates: maternal age, socio-economic status, smoking during pregnancy, parity, previous cesarean section, previous stillbirth or neonatal death, chronic hypertension and chronic diabetes. Finally, we performed multiple logistic regression to estimate the recorrence.We analyzed 6,701 newborns. The rate of recurrence was 42.0%, considering all women with previous prematurity. Among the recurrent premature births, 62.2% were spontaneous and 37.8% were provider-initiated. After weighting by propensity score, we found that women with prematurity have 3.89 times the chance of having spontaneous recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.89; 95%CI 3.01-5.03) and 3.47 times the chance of having provider-initiated recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.47; 95%CI 2.59-4.66), compared to women who had full-term newborns.Previous prematurity showed to be a strong predictor for its recurrence. Thus, expanding and improving the monitoring and management of pregnant women who had occurrence of prematurity strongly influence the reduction of rates and, consequently, the reduction of infant morbidity and mortality risks in the country.

Background Twin pregnancies account for 0.5–2.0% of all gestations worldwide. They have a negative impact on perinatal health indicators, mainly owing to the increased risk for preterm birth. However, population-based data from low/middle income countries are limited. The current paper aims to understand the health risks of twins, compared to singletons, amongst late preterms and early terms. Methods Data is from “Birth in Brazil”, a national inquiry into childbirth care conducted in 2011/2012 in 266 maternity hospitals. We included women with a live birth or a stillborn, and excluded births of triplets or more, totalling 23,746 singletons and 554 twins. We used multiple logistic regressions and adjusted for potential confounders. Results Twins accounted for 1.2% of gestations and 2.3% of newborns. They had higher prevalence of low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction, when compared to singletons, in all gestational age groups, except in the very premature ones ( Conclusion Although strongly mediated by gestational age, an independent risk remains for twins for most neonatal morbidities, when compared to singletons. These disadvantages seem to be more prominent in early-term newborns than in the late preterm ones.

This study aimed to assess whether nurses' presence in delivery care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha program promotes access to best obstetric practices during labor and delivery. We conducted an evaluative study in 2017 in all 606 SUS maternity hospitals that joined this strategic policy in all Brazilian states. We collected data from maternity hospital managers and puerperae. The analysis was performed at two levels: hospital with or without a nurse in delivery care; and professionals that attended vaginal delivery, whether doctors or nurses. We used best practices and interventions for vaginal deliveries and cesarean section rates as dependent variables. We included 5.016 subjects for analyses of vaginal deliveries and 9.692 to calculate cesarean section rates. Multiple regressions were adjusted for geographic region, maternity hospital size, and puerperae skin color and parity. Maternity hospitals with nurses in delivery care used more the partograph and less oxytocin, lithotomy, episiotomy, and cesarean section. Deliveries attended by nurses had more frequent use of the partograph and a lower likelihood of lithotomy and episiotomy. The inclusion of nurses in vaginal delivery care has successfully brought women closer to a more physiological and respectful delivery.O objetivo foi avaliar se a presença da enfermeira na atenção ao parto em maternidades da Rede Cegonha promove o acesso às boas práticas de atenção obstétrica ao trabalho de parto e parto. Avaliação conduzida em 2017, nas 606 maternidades do SUS que aderiram a essa política estratégica em todos os estados do Brasil. Utilizamos dados coletados com gestores das maternidades e puérperas. A análise ocorreu em dois níveis: hospitalar, com ou sem assistência ao parto por enfermeiras; e profissional, que assistiu ao parto vaginal, médico ou enfermeira. Como variáveis dependentes incluímos boas práticas e intervenções no parto vaginal e na taxa de cesariana. Foram incluídas na análise dos partos vaginais 5.016 puérperas e no cálculo da taxa de cesariana 9.692. Análises múltiplas foram ajustadas por região geográfica, localização, porte da maternidade, cor da pele e paridade da puérpera. Maternidades com enfermeira na assistência ao parto usam mais partograma; e menos ocitocina, litotomia, episiotomia e cesariana. Em partos assistidos por enfermeiras foi mais frequente o preenchimento do partograma e menor a chance de litotomia e episiotomia. A inserção da enfermeira na assistência ao parto vaginal tem se mostrado bem sucedida, trazendo às mulheres um parto mais fisiológico e respeitoso.

This paper aims to compare best practices for healthy newborns in public and mixed hospitals affiliated with SUS, according to type of birth, between "Nascer no Brasil/2011" (NB - Birth in Brazil) and in the last assessment cycle of Rede Cegonha, here called "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha/2017" (ARC - Stork Network Assessment). NB included a sample with national representativeness of 266 hospitals, and ARC was conducted in 606 maternity hospitals included in the Rede Cegonha strategy, totaling 15,994 and 8,047 pairs of healthy mothers and newborns, respectively.Between the two studies, NB-2011 and ARC-2017, although the proportion of cesarean sections remained around 44%, the prevalence of skin-to-skin contact with newborns, breastfeeding in the delivery room and breastfeeding in the first 24h of life increased by 140%, 82% and 6%, respectively. The proportion of upper airway aspiration of newborns dropped 65%. The results indicate that the use of evidence-based guidelines for the care of healthy newborns has increased in clinical practice, considering the six-year period between the compared studies. Despite the progress, important challenges remain to ensure best practices for all women and newborns, especially in relation to cesarean births.O artigo tem como objetivo comparar práticas do cuidado ao recém-nascido saudável no momento do nascimento em hospitais públicos e mistos conveniados ao SUS, segundo o tipo de parto, verificadas na pesquisa “Nascer no Brasil/2011” (NB) e no último ciclo avaliativo da RC, aqui denominada “Avaliação da Rede Cegonha/2017” (ARC). O NB incluiu uma amostra com representatividade nacional de 266 hospitais e a ARC foi conduzida em 606 maternidades inseridas na estratégia Rede Cegonha, totalizando 15.994 e 8.047 pares de puérperas e recém-nascidos saudáveis, respectivamente. Entre os dois estudos, NB-2011 e ARC-2017, embora a proporção de cesariana tenha se mantido em torno de 44%, a prevalência do contato pele a pele com o RN, da amamentação na sala de parto e nas primeiras 24h de vida aumentaram, 140%, 82% e 6%, respectivamente. Já a proporção de aspiração de vias aéreas superiores do RN, caiu 65%. Os resultados indicam que o uso de diretrizes baseadas em evidências para o cuidado de recém-nascidos saudáveis aumentou na prática clínica, considerando o período de seis anos entre os estudos comparados. Apesar desse progresso, permanecem importantes desafios para garantir as melhores práticas para a totalidade de mulheres e recém-nascidos, principalmente em relação aos partos cesáreos.

To analyze association of different methods of gestational weight gain assessment with live births small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA).This was a cross-sectional study with adult women, normal prepregnancy BMI, single pregnancy and gestational age at delivery ≥28 weeks, from the "Birth in Brazil" study, between 2011 and 2012.Among the 11,000 women participating in the study, prevalence of excessive weight gain was 33.1% according to the Brandão et al. and Institute of Medicine (IOM) methods, and 37.9% according to the Intergrowth method. The chance of being born SGA in the case of insufficient weight gain was OR=1.52 (95%CI 1.06;2.19), OR=1.52 (95%CI 1.05;2.20) and OR=1.56 (95%CI 1.06;2.30) for the Brandão et al., IOM and Intergrowth methods, respectively. Likelihood of excessive weight gain using the same methods was OR=1.53 (95%CI 1.28;1.82), OR=1.57 (95%CI 1.31;1.87) and OR=1.65 (95%CI 1.40;1.96), for LGA respectively.Compared to the IOM recommendations, the Intergrowth and Brandão et al. methods show themselves to be alternatives for identifying SGA and LGA.Analisar a associação de diferentes métodos para avaliação do ganho de peso gestacional com nascidos vivos pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG) ou grandes para idade gestacional (GIG).Estudo transversal, com mulheres adultas, IMC pré-gestacional de eutrofia, gestação única e idade gestacional no parto ≥28 semanas, da pesquisa ‘Nascer no Brasil’, em 2011-2012.Participaram do estudo 11 mil mulheres; a prevalência de ganho excessivo foi de 33,1% segundo os métodos Brandão et al., e IOM, e 37,9% segundo Intergrowth. A chance de nascer PIG para ganho de peso insuficiente foi de OR=1,52 (IC95% 1,06;2,19), OR=1,52 (IC95% 1,05;2,20) e OR=1,56 (IC95% 1,06;2,30) para Brandão et al., IOM e Intergrowth, respectivamente, enquanto o ganho de peso excessivo apresentou OR=1,53 (IC95% 1,28;1,82), OR=1,57 (IC95% 1,31;1,87) e OR=1,65 (IC95% 1,40;1,96), para GIG, respectivamente.Comparados às recomendações do IOM, Intergrowth e Brandão et al. apresentam-se como alternativas para identificar PIG e GIG.Analizar diferentes métodos de evaluación del aumento de peso gestacional (APG) con nacidos vivos pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG).Estudio transversal, con mujeres adultas, IMC pregestacional eutrófico, un solo embarazo y edad gestacional al nacer ≥28 semanas, del estudio `Nacer en Brasil´, entre 2011 y 2012.En las 11.000 mujeres del estudio, la prevalencia de ganancia excesiva fue del 33,1% según los métodos de Brandão et.al. y el IOM y 37,9% para Intergrowth. La probabilidad de nacer PEG por una ganancia de peso insuficiente fue OR=1,52 (IC95% 1,06; 2.19), OR=1,52 (IC95% 1,05; 2.20) y OR=1,56 (IC95% 1,06; 2.30) para Brandão et.al, IOM e Intergrowth. La ganancia de peso excesiva, en los mismos métodos presentó OR=1,53 (IC95% 1,28;1,82), OR=1,57 (IC95% 1,31;1.87) y OR=1,65 (IC95% 1,40;1,96) para GEG.En comparación con las recomendaciones del IOM, Intergrowth y Brandão et.al. se presentan como alternativas en la identificación de PEG y GEG.

This article compares the findings of "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha" (ARC - Stork Network Assessment), an evaluative study on the Rede Cegonha (RC - Stork Network) program, with Nascer no Brasil (NB - Born in Brazil), a national survey on labor and birth, conducted in 2011-12, before the start implementation of RC. ARC was conducted in 2017, in 606 maternity hospitals involved in RC and NB included a sample with national representation of 266 hospitals. In the current analysis, we included the 136 SUS hospitals that participated in both studies, totaling 3,790 and 12,227 puerperal women. We perform comparisons of best practices and interventions in the management of labor and delivery using Pearson's chi-square test for independent samples. The prevalence of best practices was, on average, 150% higher in ARC than in NB, with a greater relative increase in less developed regions, for older, brown and black women and less educated. Regarding interventions, there was an average reduction of 30% between NB and ARC, with a greater relative reduction in less developed regions and less educated women. There was a significant improvement in the scenario of care for labor and childbirth, with a reduction in regional, educational and racial inequalities in access to appropriate technologies, suggesting that the RC intervention was effective.Este artigo compara os achados da Avaliação da Rede Cegonha (ARC), estudo avaliativo sobre o programa Rede Cegonha (RC), com o Nascer no Brasil (NB), inquérito nacional sobre parto e nascimento, realizado em 2011-12, antes do início da implementação da RC. A ARC foi conduzida em 2017, em 606 maternidades envolvidas na RC e o NB e empregou uma amostra com representatividade nacional de 266 hospitais. Na análise atual, incluímos os 136 hospitais do SUS que participaram de ambos os estudos, totalizando 3.790 e 12.227 puérperas, respectivamente. Realizamos as comparações de boas práticas e intervenções no manejo do trabalho de parto e de parto utilizando o teste qui-quadrado para amostras independentes. A prevalência das boas práticas foi, em média, 150% maior na ARC que no NB, com maior aumento relativo nas regiões menos desenvolvidas, para mulheres mais velhas, pardas e pretas e menos escolarizadas. Com relação às intervenções, houve redução média de 30% entre o NB e a ARC, com maior redução relativa nas regiões menos desenvolvidas e nas mulheres menos escolarizadas. Houve melhoria significativa no cenário da atenção ao trabalho de parto e parto, com diminuição de iniquidades regionais, de nível de instrução e raciais no acesso às tecnologias apropriadas, sugerindo que a intervenção da RC foi efetiva.

OBJECTIVE: To verify regional inequalities regarding access and quality of prenatal and birth care in Brazilian public health services and associated perinatal outcomes. METHODS: Birth in Brazil was a national hospital-based survey conducted between 2011 and 2012, which included 19,117 women with public-funded births. Regional differences in socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics, as well as differences in access and quality of prenatal and birth care were tested by the χ2 test. The following outcomes were assessed: spontaneous preterm birth, provider-initiated preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, Apgar in the 5th min < 8, neonatal and maternal near miss. Multiple and non-conditional logistic regressions were used for the analysis of the associated perinatal outcomes, with the results expressed in adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Regional inequalities regarding access and quality of prenatal and birth care among users of public services are still evident in Brazil. Pilgrimage for birth associated with all perinatal outcomes studied, except for intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratios ranged between 1.48 (95%CI 1.23–1.78) for neonatal near miss and 1.62 (95%CI 1.27–2.06) for provider-initiated preterm birth. Among women with clinical or obstetric complications, pilgrimage for birth associated with provider-initiated preterm birth and with Apgar in the 5th min < 8, odds ratio of 1.98 (95%CI 1.49–2.65) and 2.19 (95%CI 1.31–3.68), respectively. Inadequacy of prenatal care associated with spontaneous preterm birth in both groups of women, with or without clinical or obstetric complications. CONCLUSION: Improvements in the quality of prenatal care, appropriate coordination and comprehensive care at the time of birth have a potential to reduce prematurity rates and, consequently, infant morbidity and mortality rates in the country.

Studies on disrespect and abuse/mistreatment/obstetric violence during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium have increased in recent decades. However, researchers interested in the subject face many theoretical and methodological difficulties. In this sense, this study aims to discuss and reflect on how issues related to definition and terminology, measurement, and public policies in Brazil have hindered research on this topic and the mitigation of these acts. The first problem addressed was the lack of consensus regarding the terminology and definition of this construct. This situation causes a cascading effect, impacting the use of non-validated measurement instruments and, consequently, a lack of accuracy and comparability between studies. Another issue mentioned is the lack of studies exploring the consequences of these acts on women's and newborn's health, which is one of the main gaps on the subject today. The absence of causal studies affects health decision-making, impairing the elaboration of specific public policies.Estudos sobre desrespeitos e abusos/maus tratos/violência obstétrica durante gestação, parto e puerpério têm aumentado nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, os pesquisadores interessados na temática se deparam com muitas dificuldades teóricas e metodológicas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo consiste em discutir e refletir sobre como questões relacionadas a definição e terminologia, mensuração e políticas públicas no Brasil têm dificultado a pesquisa da temática, assim como a mitigação desses atos. O primeiro problema abordado foi a falta de consenso em relação a terminologia e definição desse construto. Essa situação provoca um efeito em cascata, com a utilização de instrumentos de aferição não validados que implicam falta de precisão e comparabilidade entre os estudos. Outra questão mencionada é a falta de estudos explorando as consequências desses atos na saúde da mulher e do recém-nascido, configurando uma das principais lacunas sobre o tema atualmente. A ausência de estudos causais impacta a tomada de decisão em saúde, prejudicando a elaboração de políticas públicas específicas.

Background Cesarean section (CS) rates are increasing worldwide but there is some concern with this trend because of potential maternal and perinatal risks. The Robson classification is the standard method to monitor and compare CS rates. Our objective was to analyze CS rates in Brazil according to source of payment for childbirth (public or private) using the Robson classification. Methods Data are from the 2011–2012 “Birth in Brazil” study, which used a national hospital-based sample of 23,940 women. We categorized all women into Robson groups and reported the relative size of each Robson group, the CS rate in each group and the absolute and relative contributions made by each to the overall CS rate. Differences were analyzed through chi-square and Z-test with a significance level of

This article aims to describe the preliminary results of two evaluations studies, one about the Stork Network program and the other about the Adequate Birth program, called Stork Network Assessment and Healthy Birth, and to identify possible improvements in comparison to the Birth in Brazil study. Both studies used a cross-sectional design and were conducted in 2017. The Stork Network Assessment study included all 606 public and mixed maternity hospitals from the Stork Network and a total of 10,675 postpartum women. The Healthy Birth study included a convenience sample of 12 private hospitals and 4,798 women. Indicators of labour and childbirth care were: presence of a companion person, care by obstetric nurse, use of partograph, use of non-pharmacological methods, walking during labor, eating, use of peripheral venous catheter, position for delivery, episiotomy, and Kristeller maneuver. The indicators were compared to those verified in Birth in Brazil, a nationwide population-based study in 2011-2012, before the start of the two intervention programs. Comparisons used the chi-square test for independent samples and 95% confidence interval. There was a significant increase in the number of women with access to appropriate technology for labour and childbirth from 2011 to 2017 and a reduction in harmful practices. The private sector also showed a decrease in cesarean rates and an increase in gestational age at birth. The study's results show that properly conducted public policies can change the scenario of care for labor and childbirth, helping to reduce in negative maternal and neonatal outcomes.Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever os primeiros resultados de dois estudos avaliativos, um sobre a Rede Cegonha e outro sobre o projeto Parto Adequado, denominados, respectivamente, de avaliação da Rede Cegonha e Nascer Saudável, e identificar possíveis melhorias em comparação ao estudo Nascer no Brasil. Ambos os estudos têm desenho seccional, realizados em 2017. O estudo avaliação da Rede Cegonha incluiu todas as 606 maternidades públicas e mistas envolvidas na Rede Cegonha e um total de 10.675 puérperas. O estudo Nascer Saudável incluiu uma amostra de conveniência de 12 hospitais da rede privada e um total de 4.798 mulheres. Os indicadores de atenção ao parto e nascimento avaliados foram: presença de acompanhante, atendimento por enfermeira obstétrica, preenchimento de partograma, uso de métodos não farmacológicos, deambulação, alimentação, uso de cateter venoso periférico, analgesia, posição da mulher para o parto, episiotomia e manobra de Kristeler. Esses indicadores foram comparados aos encontrados no Nascer no Brasil, estudo de base nacional realizado em 2011-2012, antes do início dos dois programas de intervenção. Para as comparações utilizamos o teste do qui-quadrado para amostras independentes e nível de 95% de confiança. Houve um aumento significativo do número de mulheres com acesso à tecnologia apropriada ao parto entre os anos de 2011 e 2017 e redução de práticas consideradas prejudiciais. No setor privado, observou-se também redução nas taxas de cesariana e aumento da idade gestacional ao nascer. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que políticas públicas bem conduzidas podem mudar o cenário da atenção ao parto e nascimento, promovendo a redução de desfechos maternos e neonatais negativos.El objetivo de este artículo es describir los primeros resultados de dos estudios evaluativos, uno sobre la Red Cigüeña y otro sobre el proyecto Parto Adecuado, denominados respectivamente como evaluación de la Red Cigüeña y Nacer Sano, e identificar posibles mejorías en comparación con el estudio Nacer en Brasil. Ambos estudios tienen un diseño transversal, realizados en 2017. El estudio evaluación de la Red Cigüeña incluyó todas las maternidades públicas (606) y mixtas implicadas en la Red Cigüeña y a un total de 10.675 puérperas. El estudio Nacer Sano incluyó una muestra de conveniencia de 12 hospitales privados y a un total de 4.798 mujeres. Los indicadores de atención al parto y nacimiento evaluados fueron: presencia de acompañante, atención por enfermera obstetra, cumplimentación de partograma, uso de métodos no farmacológicos, deambulación, alimentación, uso de catéter venoso periférico, analgesia, posición de la mujer para el parto, episiotomía y maniobra de Kristeler. Estos indicadores se compararon con los encontrados en Nacer en Brasil, un estudio a nivel nacional, realizado en 2011-2012, antes del inicio de los dos programas de intervención. Para las comparaciones utilizamos el test del chi-cuadrado para muestras independientes y nivel de confianza de un 95%. Hubo un aumento significativo del número de mujeres con acceso a la tecnología apropiada para el parto entre los años de 2011 y 2017 y una reducción de las prácticas consideradas perjudiciales. En el sector privado, se observó también una reducción en las tasas de cesárea y aumento de la edad gestacional al nacer. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las políticas públicas bien dirigidas pueden cambiar el escenario de la atención al parto y nacimiento, promoviendo la reducción de desenlaces maternos y neonatales negativos.

This article aims to assess the influence of hospital characteristics on the odds of performing an elective cesarean in the Southeast region of Brazil. Data were obtained from the Birth in Brazil study, conducted from February 2011 to October 2012. The current analysis includes the sample from Southeast Brazil, with 10,155 women. The group of women that underwent elective cesareans was compared to the women who went into labor or underwent labor induction, regardless they had intrapartum cesarean or vaginal delivery. Except for gestational age, all the obstetric characteristics analyzed were associated with elective cesarean. In this group, 60.5% had no prior cesarean and 64.7% had low-risk gestations. Among the births with public financing, there were higher odds of elective cesareans in women treated at hospitals with1,500 births/year (OR = 2.11; 95%CI: 1.37-3.26) and 1,500-2,999 births/year (OR = 1.45; 95%CI: 1.04-2.02) and in mixed hospitals (OR = 1.81; 95%CI: 1.37-2.39). In the mixed hospitals, the association was stronger when located in non-capital cities with3,000 births/year (OR = 3.45; 95%CI: 1.68-7.08), reaching the highest level in hospitals in non-capital cities with3,000 births/year (OR = 4.08; 95%CI: 2.61-6.37). Meanwhile, no association was seen between elective cesarean and public hospitals located in non-capital cities of the Southeast region. Prevalence rates of elective cesareans in public hospitals in Southeast Brazil are high when compared to other countries, and they are heavily influenced by hospital characteristics.Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a influência das características hospitalares sobre a chance de realização de cesariana eletiva na Região Sudeste do Brasil. Foram utilizados dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, realizada entre fevereiro de 2011 e outubro de 2012. A presente análise inclui a amostra da Região Sudeste, compreendendo 10.155 mulheres. O grupo de mulheres submetidas à cesariana eletiva foi comparado ao de mulheres que entraram em trabalho de parto ou foram submetidas à indução do parto, independentemente se fizeram cesariana intraparto ou parto vaginal. Com exceção da idade gestacional, todas as características obstétricas analisadas mostraram-se associadas à cesariana eletiva. Nesse grupo, 60,5% não possuíam cesariana prévia à gestação atual e 64,7% eram de baixo risco. Dentre os partos com financiamento público, observou-se maior chance de cesárea eletiva nas mulheres que foram atendidas nos hospitais com1.500 (OR = 2,11; IC95%: 1,37-3,26) e entre 1.500-2.999 partos/ano (OR = 1,45; IC95%: 1,04-2,02) e nos hospitais mistos (OR = 1,81; IC95%: 1,37-2,39). Nos hospitais mistos, a magnitude da associação é maior quando localizados em não capitais com volume3.000 partos/ano (OR = 3,45; IC95%: 1,68-7,08) e atinge seu maior valor nos hospitais localizados em não capitais com volume3.000 partos/ano (OR = 4,08; IC95%: 2,61-6,37). Em contrapartida, não observou-se associação entre cesariana eletiva e os hospitais públicos localizados em não capitais do Sudeste. As prevalências de cesariana eletiva nos hospitais públicos da Região Sudeste são altas quando comparadas a outros países, e sofrem importante influência das características hospitalares.El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la influencia de las características hospitalarias sobre la oportunidad de realización de cesáreas electivas en la región sudeste de Brasil. Se utilizan datos de la investigación Nacer en Brasil, realizada entre febrero de 2011 y octubre de 2012. El presente análisis incluye la muestra de la región sudeste, comprendiendo a 10.155 mujeres. El grupo de mujeres sometidas a una cesárea electiva se comparó con el de mujeres que entraron en trabajo de parto o fueron sometidas a la inducción del parto, independientemente si tuvieron cesárea intraparto o parto vaginal. Con excepción de la edad gestacional, todas las características obstétricas analizadas se mostraron asociadas con la cesárea electiva. En ese grupo un 60,5% no tuvieron una cesárea previa y un 64,7% tenían gestaciones de riesgo bajo. Entre los partos con financiación pública se observó una mayor oportunidad de cesárea electiva en las mujeres que fueron atendidas en los hospitales con1.500 (OR = 2,11; IC95%: 1,37-3,26) y entre 1.500-2.999 partos/año (OR = 1,45; IC95%: 1,04-2,02) y en los hospitales mixtos (OR = 1,81; IC95%: 1,37-2,39). En los hospitales mixtos, la magnitud de la asociación es mayor cuando están localizados fuera de la capital (OR = 3,45; IC95%: 1,68-7,08), en los con volumen3.000 partos/año, y alcanza su mayor valor en los hospitales fuera de las capitales con volumen3.000 partos/año (OR = 4,08; IC95%: 2,61-6,37). Como contrapartida, no se observó asociación entre cesárea electiva y los hospitales públicos localizados fuera de las capitales del sudeste. Las prevalencias de cesárea electiva en los hospitales públicos de la región sudeste son altas, cuando se comparan con las de otros países, y sufren una importante influencia de las características hospitalarias.

This study is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of data from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC) in Brazil. Coverage of the data by municipality was estimated as the ratio between reported and estimated live births. Data quality in the SINASC was assessed via probabilistic linkage with the database from the Birth in Brazil study, 2011-2012, and kappa coefficients of agreement were calculated. In 2013, data coverage was high and homogeneous in all states of Brazil. However, the analysis according to municipalities (counties) showed greater spatial heterogeneity. As for completeness of information in SINASC, kappa coefficients were statistically different from zero for all the tested variables (p0.001), and marginal distributions of all the variables were similar in the two databases. Gestational age was the variable with the worst agreement, with a kappa value of 0.461. The indicator that describes the inconsistencies, measured by the sum of the square of the differences between the reported and expected prematurity rates by birthweight bracket, showed the highest value in the North of Brazil and the lowest in the South, pointing to geographic inequalities in measurement of gestational age.Neste trabalho, avaliam-se quantitativa e qualitativamente as informações do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). A cobertura das informações por município foi estimada pela razão entre nascidos vivos informados e estimados. Para avaliação da qualidade das informações do SINASC, relacionou-se o sistema à base de dados do estudo Nascer no Brasil, 2011-2012, e foram estimados coeficientes kappa de concordância. Em 2013, a cobertura das informações foi alta e homogênea em todas as Unidades da Federação. Entretanto, a análise por município brasileiro apresentou maior heterogeneidade espacial. Quanto à qualidade de preenchimento das informações do SINASC, os coeficientes kappa de concordância foram estatisticamente diferentes de zero para todas as variáveis testadas (p0,001), e as distribuições marginais para todas as variáveis consideradas foram semelhantes nas duas bases de dados. A idade gestacional foi a variável que mostrou pior concordância, com valor de kappa de 0,461. O indicador que descreve as inconsistências, medido pela soma do quadrado das diferenças entre os percentuais de prematuridade informados e esperados por faixa de peso ao nascer, teve o valor mais alto na Região Norte e o menor na Região Sul, apontando para desigualdades geográficas na mensuração da idade gestacional.En este trabajo, se evalúa cuantitativa y cualitativamente la información del Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) de Brasil. La cobertura de la información por municipio se estimó por la razón entre nacidos vivos informados y estimados. Para la evaluación de la calidad de la información del SINASC, se efectuó la relación del sistema con la base de datos del estudio Nacer no Brasil, 2011-2012 y se estimaron los coeficientes kappa de concordancia. En 2013, la cobertura de la información fue alta y homogénea en todas las unidades de la Federación. No obstante, el análisis por municipio brasileño presentó mayor heterogeneidad espacial. En cuanto a la calidad de cumplimentación de la información del SINASC, los coeficientes kappa de concordancia fueron estadísticamente diferentes de cero para todas las variables probadas (p0,001) y las distribuciones marginales para todas las variables consideradas fueron semejantes en las dos bases de datos. La edad gestacional fue la variable que mostró peor concordancia, con valor de kappa de 0,461. El indicador que describe las inconsistencias, medido por la suma del cuadrado de las diferencias entre los porcentajes de prematuridad informados y esperados por franja de peso al nacer, tuvo el valor más alto en la región Norte y el menor en la Sur, apuntando desigualdades geográficas en la medición de la edad gestacional.

Objective To assess the hospital, maternal, and obstetric characteristics associated with elective repeat cesarean delivery (ERCD) among women eligible for trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) delivery in Brazil. Methods The present data were retrieved from the Birth in Brazil study, a national hospital-based cohort study conducted during 2011-2012. Data were collected from medical records and by interview. Univariate and hierarchical multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze factors associated with ERCD among women with a previous cesarean delivery who were eligible for TOLAC. Results Among 2295 women considered eligible for TOLAC, 1516 (66.1%) had an ERCD; the overall cesarean delivery rate was 79.4%. In the private sector, almost all deliveries (95.3%) were performed by ERCD. In the public sector, ERCD was associated with socioeconomic (more years of schooling), obstetric (women's preference, no previous vaginal delivery, macrosomia), and hospital (mixed hospital, location in noncapital city, fewer than 1500 deliveries per year) characteristics. Conclusion The ERCD rate in Brazil was high even in a low-risk group, indicating that nonclinical factors may be driving the decision for cesarean delivery. Efforts aiming to reduce cesarean deliveries in Brazil should target women with a previous cesarean delivery.

International audience; This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy, the mother to child transmission of syphilis and the incidence of congenital syphilis in incarcerated women in Brazil; to compare these rates to those observed in pregnant women outside of jail; and to verify the maternal factors associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy in free and incarcerated women. We used data from two nationwide studies conducted during the period 2011-2014. The Birth in Brazil study included 23,894 free women cared for in 266 hospitals. The Maternal and Infant Health in Prisons study included 495 incarcerated pregnant women or mothers living with their children, according to a census conducted in 33 female prisons. The same case definitions and data collection methods were used in both studies. The chi-square test was used to compare the characteristics of incarcerated and free women with a significance of 0.05. For incarcerated women, the estimated prevalence of syphilis during pregnancy was 8.7% (95%CI: 5.7-13.1) and for HIV infection 3.3% (95%CI: 1.7-6.6); the estimated mother to child transmission of syphilis was 66.7% (95%CI: 44.7-83.2) and the incidence of congenital syphilis was 58.1 per 1,000 living newborns (95%CI: 40.4-82.8). Incarcerated women had a greater prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection during pregnancy, lower quality of antenatal care and higher levels of social vulnerability. Syphilis infection showed to be an indicator of social vulnerability in free women, but not in incarcerated women. Health initiatives in prison are necessary to reduce healthcare inequalities and should include adequate antenatal and birth care.; O estudo teve como objetivos estimar a prevalência de infecção de sífilis e HIV na gravidez, transmissão vertical de sífilis e incidência de sífilis congênita em filhos de mulheres encarceradas no Brasil, comparar as taxas com aquelas observadas em gestantes não encarceradas e verificar os fatores maternos associados à sífilis gestacional em mulheres encarceradas e não encarceradas. Usamos os dados de dois inquéritos nacionais realizados entre 2011 e 2014. O estudo Nascer no Brasil incluiu 23.894 mulheres não encarceradas atendidas em 266 hospitais. O estudo sobre Saúde Materno-Infantil nas Prisões do Brasil incluiu 495 mulheres encarceradas, entre gestantes e mães vivendo com seus filhos, de acordo com um censo realizado em 33 presídios femininos. Os dois estudos usaram a mesma definição de casos e os mesmos métodos de coleta de dados. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as características das mães encarceradas e não encarceradas, com significância definida em p < 0,05. Nas mulheres encarceradas, a prevalência estimada de sífilis gestacional era 8,7% (IC95%: 5,7-13,1) e para infecção pelo HIV era 3,3% (IC95%: 1,7-6,6); a taxa de transmissão vertical da sífilis foi 66,7% (IC95%: 44,7-83,2) e a incidência de sífilis congênita foi 58,1 por 1.000 nascidos vivos (IC95%: 40,4-82,8). As mulheres encarceradas mostraram uma prevalência mais alta de sífilis e de infecção pelo HIV durante a gravidez, pior qualidade de atendimento pré-natal e níveis mais elevados de vulnerabilidade social, quando comparadas às mulheres não encarceradas. A sífilis mostrou ser indicador de vulnerabilidade social em mulheres não encarceradas, mas não em mulheres encarceradas. Os achados destacam a importância de iniciativas nas prisões para reduzir as desigualdades na assistência à saúde e de cuidados adequados durante o período pré-natal e parto. ***Los objetivos del estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia de infección de sífilis y VIH en el embarazo, la transmisión vertical de sífilis y la incidencia de sífilis congénita en hijos de mujeres encarceladas en Brasil, además de comparar las tasas con las observadas en gestantes no encarceladas y verificar los factores maternos asociados a la sífilis gestacional en mujeres encarceladas y no encarceladas. Usamos los datos de dos encuestas nacionales, realizadas entre 2011 y 2014. El estudio Nacer en Brasil incluyó a 23.894 mujeres no encarceladas, atendidas en 266 hospitales. El estudio sobre Salud Materno-Infantil en las Prisiones de Brasil incluyó a 495 mujeres encarceladas, entre gestantes y madres, viviendo con sus hijos, de acuerdo con un censo realizado en 33 presidios femeninos. Los dos estudios usaron la misma definición de casos y los mismos métodos de recogida de datos. El test del chi-quadrado se utilizó para comparar las características de las madres encarceladas y no encarceladas, con significancia definida en p < 0,05. En las mujeres encarceladas, la prevalencia estimada de sífilis gestacional era 8,7% (IC95%: 5,7-13,1) y para infección por VIH era 3,3% (IC95%: 1,7-6,6); la tasa de transmisión vertical de la sífilis fue 66,7% (IC95%: 44,7-83,2) y la incidencia de sífilis congénita fue 58,1 por 1.000 nacidos vivos (IC95%: 40,4-82,8). Las mujeres encarceladas mostraron una prevalencia más alta de sífilis y de infección por VIH durante el embarazo, peor calidad de atención prenatal y niveles más elevados de vulnerabilidad social, cuando se comparan con las mujeres no encarceladas. La sífilis mostró ser un indicador de vulnerabilidad social en mujeres no encarceladas, pero no en no mujeres encarceladas. Los hallazgos destacan la importancia de iniciativas en las prisiones para reducir las desigualdades en la asistencia a la salud y de cuidados adecuados durante el período prenatal y parto.

Background Mass population screening for the early detection of cervical and breast cancer has been shown to be a safe and effective strategy worldwide and has reduced the incidence and mortality rates of these diseases. The aim of this study is to analyse the reach of screening tests for cervical and breast cancer according to sociodemographic variables and to analyse their correlation with a healthy lifestyle. Methods We have analysed data collected from 31.845 women aged 18 and over, who were interviewed for the Brazilian National Health Survey, a nationwide household inquiry, which took place between August 2013 and February 2014. The Pap tests performed in the last 3 years in women aged between 25 and 64 and screening mammogram performed in the last 2 years in women aged between 50 and 69 were considered adequate. We identified habits that constitute a healthy lifestyle, such as the consumption of five or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables, 30 min or more of leisurely physical activity and not smoking. Results We observed that the Pap test (78.8 %) was more widespread than the screening mammogram (54.5 %), with significant geographical and social differences concerning access to health care. Access for such screening was higher for women living in more developed regions (Southeast and South), who were white-skinned, better educated, living with a partner and, especially, who were covered by private health insurance. Those who underwent the tests according to established protocols also had a healthy lifestyle, which corroborates the healthy behaviour pattern of damage prevention. Conclusion Despite the progress made, social disparity still defines access to screening tests for cervical and breast cancer, with women covered by private health insurance tending to benefit the most. It is necessary to reduce social and regional inequalities and ensure a more uniform provision and access to the tests, especially for socially disadvantaged women, in order to reduce the incidence and mortality rate resulting from the aforementioned diseases.

Background Approximately 5–10 % of newborns require some form of resuscitationupon delivery; several factors, such as maternal abnormal conditions, gestational age and type of delivery could be responsible for this trend. This study aimed to describe the factors associated with the need for positive pressure ventilation (PPV) via a mask or endotracheal tube and the use of supplemental O2 in newborns with a gestational age greater than 34 weeks in Brazil. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study and obtained data from the Birth in Brazil Survey. The inclusion criterion was a gestational age ≥34 weeks. Exclusion criteria were newborns with congenital malformations, and cases with undetermined gestational age or type of delivery (vaginal, pre labor cesarean section and cesarean section during labor). The primary outcomes were need of PPV via a mask or endotracheal tube and the use of supplemental oxygen without PPV. Confounding variables, including maternal age, source of birth payment, years of maternal schooling, previous birth, newborn presentation, multiple pregnancy, and maternal obstetric risk, were analyzed. Results We included 22,720 newborns. Of these, 2974 (13.1 %) required supplementary oxygen. PPV with a bag and mask was used for 727 (3.2 %) newborns and tracheal intubation for 192 (0.8 %) newborns. Chest compression was necessary for 136 (0.6 %) newborns and drugs administered in 114 (0.5 %). 51.3 % of newborns were delivered by cesarean section, with the majority of cesarean sections (88.7 %) being performed prior to labor. Gestational age (late preterm infants: (Relative Risk-(RR) 2.46; 95 % (Confidence interval-CI 1.79–3.39), maternal obstetric risk (RR 1.59; 95 % CI1.30–1.94), and maternal age of 12–19 years old (RR 1.36; 95 % CI1.06–1.74) contributed to rates of PPV in the logistic regression analysis. Newborns aged between 37–38 weeks of gestaional age weren´t less likely to require PPV compared with those aged 39–41 weeks of gestational age. Conclusions Late preterm infants, previous maternal obstetric risks and maternal age contributed to the higher needs of PPV and use of O2 in the delivery room. These variables need to be considered in planning care in the delivery room.

Few studies on the influence of race/color on pregnancy and birthcare experiences have been carried out in Brazil. Additionally, none of the existing studies are of national scope. This study sought to evaluate inequities in prenatal and childbirth care according to race/color using propensity score matching. The data comes from the study Birth in Brazil: National Survey into Labor and Birth, a national population study comprised of interviews and revisions of medical records that included 23,894 women in 2011/2012. We used logistic regressions to estimate odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of race/color associated with the outcomes were analyzed. When compared with white-skinned women, black-skinned women were more likely to have inadequate prenatal care (OR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.4-1.9), to not be linked to a maternity hospital for childbirth (OR = 1.2 95%CI: 1.1-1.4), to be without a companion (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.4-2.0), to seek more than one hospital for childbirth (OR =1.3; 95%CI: 1.2-1.5), and less likely to receive local anesthesia for an episiotomy (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-2.1). Brown-skinned women were also more likely to have inadequate prenatal care (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.1-1.4) and to lack a companion (OR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.3-1.6) when compared with white-skinned women. We identified racial disparities in care during pregnancy and childbirth, which displayed a gradient going from worst to best care provided to black, brown and white-skinned women.

Background A large proportion of the rise in prematurity worldwide is owing to late preterm births, which may be due to the expansion of obstetric interventions, especially pre-labour caesarean section. Late preterm births pose similar risks to overall prematurity, making this trend a concern. In this study, we describe factors associated with provider-initiated late preterm birth and verify differences in provider-initiated late preterm birth rates between public and private health services according to obstetric risk. Methods This is a sub-analysis of a national population-based survey of postpartum women entitled “Birth in Brazil”, performed between 2011 and 2012. We included 23,472 singleton live births. We performed non-conditional multiple logistic regressions assessing associated factors and analysing differences between public and private health services. Results Provider-initiated births accounted for 38% of late preterm births; 32% in public health services and 61% in private health services. They were associated with previous preterm birth(s) and maternal pathologies for women receiving both public and private services and with maternal age ≥35 years for women receiving public services. Women receiving private health services had higher rates of provider-initiated late preterm birth (rate of 4.8%) when compared to the ones receiving public services (rate of 2.4%), regardless of obstetric risk–adjusted OR of 2.3 (CI 1.5–3.6) for women of low obstetric risk and adjusted OR of 1.6 (CI 1.1–2.3) for women of high obstetric risk. Conclusion The high rates of provider-initiated late preterm birth suggests a considerable potential for reduction, as such prematurity can be avoided, especially in women of low obstetric risk. To promote healthy births, we advise introducing policies with incentives for the adoption of new models of birth care.

This study investigated the relationship between social capital and social support and the adequate use of prenatal care. A follow-up study involving 1,485 pregnant women was conducted in two cities in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, social support and social capital data were collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. The post-partum period included information on levels of prenatal care utilization, social networks, parity, obstetric and gestational risk and prenatal care attendance. Hierarchized multinomial logistic regression was used in the statistical analysis. Prenatal care use above adequate levels was associated with high social capital at the city level (aggregated social capital), socioeconomic status and working during pregnancy. Lower non-aggregated contextual and compositional social capital, gestational risk and pattern of prenatal care were associated with inadequate prenatal care utilization. Contextual social capital and social support were found to be social determinants for the appropriate use of prenatal care. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre capital social e apoio social com a adequação da atenção pré-natal. Um estudo de seguimento que envolveu 1.485 gestantes foi realizado em duas cidades do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Características demográficas e socioeconômicas e dados de capital social e apoio social foram coletados no 1º trimestre da gestação. No pós-parto, registraram-se informações sobre adequação do pré-natal, redes sociais, risco obstétrico e gestacional e padrão de atendimento pré-natal. Regressão logística hierarquizada multinomial foi utilizada na análise. A utilização mais que adequada do pré-natal foi associada com maior capital social em nível de cidade (capital social agregado), status socioeconômico e trabalho durante a gravidez. Baixo capital social contextual não agregado e composicional, gestação de risco e padrão do uso do pré-natal foram associados com a utilização inadequada do pré-natal. O capital social contextual e o apoio social foram determinantes sociais para a adequação da utilização do pré-natal.

Background Cesarean delivery rates continue to increase worldwide and reached 57% in Brazil in 2014. Although the safety of this surgery has improved in the last decades, this trend is a concern because it carries potential risks to women’s health and may be a modifiable risk factor of maternal mortality. This paper aims to investigate the risk of postpartum maternal death directly associated with cesarean delivery in comparison to vaginal delivery in Brazil. Methods This was a population-based case—control study performed in eight Brazilian states. To control for indication bias, deaths due to antenatal morbidity were excluded. We included 73 cases of postpartum maternal deaths from 2009–2012. Controls were selected from the Birth in Brazil Study, a 2011 nationwide survey including 9,221 postpartum women. We examined the association of cesarean section and postpartum maternal death by multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. Results After controlling for indication bias and confounders, the risk of postpartum maternal death was almost three-fold higher with cesarean than vaginal delivery (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.63–5.06), mainly due to deaths from postpartum hemorrhage and complications of anesthesia. Conclusion Cesarean delivery is an independent risk factor of postpartum maternal death. Clinicians and patients should consider this fact in balancing the benefits and risks of the procedure.

The high vulnerability of incarcerated women is worsened when they are pregnant and give birth during imprisonment. This article traces the profile of incarcerated women living with their children in female prison units of the capitals and metropolitan regions of Brazil and describes pregnancy and childbirth conditions and healthcare practices while in incarceration. This study is an analysis of a series of cases resultant from a national census conducted between August 2012 and January 2014. This analysis included 241 mothers. Of these, 45% were younger than 25 years old, 57% were dark skinned, 53% had studied less than eight years and 83% were multiparous. At the time of incarceration, 89% were already pregnant and two thirds did not want the current pregnancy. Access to prenatal care was inadequate for 36% of the women. During their hospital stay, 15% referred to having suffered some type of violence (verbal, psychological, or physical). Only 15% of the mothers rated the care received during their hospital stay as excellent. They had low social/familial support and more than one third reported the use of handcuffs during their hospital stay. Incarcerated mothers received poorer healthcare during pregnancy and birth when compared with non-incarcerated users of the public sector. This study also found violations of human rights, especially during birth.

ObjectivesTo estimate the national rate of early-term live births in Brazil and to evaluate the effect of birth at 37 and 38 weeks’ gestation, as compared with 39 and 40 weeks’ gestation on infant outcomes according to precursors of birth and the existence of maternal/fetal medical conditions.DesignNational perinatal population-based cohort study.Setting266 maternity services located in the five Brazilian macroregions.Participants18 652 singleton live newborns from 37 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks of gestation.Main outcome measuresResuscitation in delivery room, oxygen therapy, transient tachypnoea, admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), hypoglycaemia, use of antibiotics, phototherapy, phototherapy after hospital discharge, neonatal death and breastfeeding.ResultsEarly terms accounted for 35% (95% CI 33.4% to 36.7%) of all live births. Among provider-initiated births in women without medical conditions, infants of 37 and 38 weeks’ gestation had higher odds of oxygen therapy (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.93, 95% CI 1.72 to 4.98 and AOR 1.92 95% CI 1.18 to 3.13), along with admission to NICU (AOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.41 and AOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.60), neonatal death (AOR 14.40, 95% CI 1.94 to 106.69 and AOR 13.76,95% CI 2.84 to 66.75), hypoglycaemia in the first 48 hours of life (AOR 7.86, 95% CI 1.95 to 31.71 and AOR 5.76, 95% CI 1.63 to 20.32), transient tachypnoea (AOR 2.98, 95% CI 1.57 to 5.65 and AOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.00 to 4.48) and the need for phototherapy within the first 72 hours of life (AOR 3.59, 95% CI 1.95 to 6.60 and AOR 2.29, 95% CI 1.49 to 3.53), yet lower odds of breastfeeding up to 1 hour after birth (AOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.86 and AOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.99) and exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay (AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.89 and AOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.99).ConclusionBirth at 37 and 38 weeks’ gestation increased the risk of most adverse infant outcomes analysed, especially among provider-initiated births and should be avoided before 39 weeks’ gestation in healthy pregnancies.

This paper describes the sample design for the National Survey into Labor and Birth in Brazil. The hospitals with 500 or more live births in 2007 were stratified into: the five Brazilian regions; state capital or not; and type of governance. They were then selected with probability proportional to the number of live births in 2007. An inverse sampling method was used to select as many days (minimum of 7) as necessary to reach 90 interviews in the hospital. Postnatal women were sampled with equal probability from the set of eligible women, who had entered the hospital in the sampled days. Initial sample weights were computed as the reciprocals of the sample inclusion probabilities and were calibrated to ensure that total estimates of the number of live births from the survey matched the known figures obtained from the Brazilian System of Information on Live Births. For the two telephone follow-up waves (6 and 12 months later), the postnatal woman's response probability was modelled using baseline covariate information in order to adjust the sample weights for nonresponse in each follow-up wave.

This study aimed at assessing the validity of different measures for estimating gestational age and to propose the creation of an algorithm for gestational age at birth estimates for the Birth in Brazil survey--a study conducted in 2011-2012 with 23,940 postpartum women. We used early ultrasound imaging, performed between 7-20 weeks of gestation, as the reference method. All analyses were performed stratifying by payment of maternity care (public or private). When compared to early ultrasound imaging, we found a substantial intraclass correlation coefficient of ultrasound-based gestational age at admission measure (0.95 and 0.94) and of gestational age reported by postpartum women at interview measure (0.90 and 0.88) for the public and private payment of maternity care, respectively. Last menstrual period-based measures had lower intraclass correlation coefficients than the first two measures evaluated. This study suggests caution when using the last menstrual period as the first measure for estimating gestational age in Brazil, strengthening the use of information obtained from early ultrasound imaging results.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the care of healthy full-term newborns and to identify variations in childbirth care and practices in the first hour of life. We used data from the Birth in Brazil survey. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hospital-delivered care for the mother and during childbirth were estimated for the following outcomes: upper airways and gastric aspiration, use of inhaled oxygen, use of incubator, skin-to-skin contact after birth, rooming-in and breastfeeding in the delivery room and within the first hour of life. We observed wide variations in the care of healthy full-term newborn in the delivery room. Practices considered inadequate, such as use of inhaled oxygen, (9.5%) aspiration of airways (71.1%) and gastric suctioning (39.7%), and the use of incubator (8.8%) were excessively used. Breastfeeding in the delivery room was low (16%), even when the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative had been implemented (24%). The results suggest poor knowledge and compliance by health practitioners to good clinical practice. Such noncompliance was probably not due to the differences in resources, since most births take place in hospitals where the necessary resources are available.

The purpose of this article is to describe the factors cited for the preference for type of birth in early pregnancy and reconstruct the decision process by type of birth in Brazil. Data from a national hospital-based cohort with 23,940 postpartum women, held in 2011-2012, were analyzed according to source of funding for birth and parity, using the χ2 test. The initial preference for cesarean delivery was 27.6%, ranging from 15.4% (primiparous public sector) to 73.2% (multiparous women with previous cesarean private sector). The main reason for the choice of vaginal delivery was the best recovery of this type of birth (68.5%) and for the choice of cesarean, the fear of pain (46.6%). Positive experience with vaginal delivery (28.7%), cesarean delivery (24.5%) and perform female sterilization (32.3%) were cited by multiparous. Women from private sector presented 87.5% caesarean, with increased decision for cesarean birth in end of gestation, independent of diagnosis of complications. In both sectors, the proportion of caesarean section was much higher than desired by women.

To evaluate sociodemographic, behavioral and reproductive factors and morbidities associated with inadequate weight gain during pregnancy.Cohort study conducted from December 2007 to August 2008 with women in the first trimester of pregnancy looking for prenatal care in the Public Health System who lived in the cities of Petrópolis or Queimados, Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil). Women with multiple pregnancy, who had a miscarriage in the index pregnancy or who lacked information for the assessment of pregravid nutritional status or weight gain were excluded. Pregravid nutritional status and weight gain during pregnancy were determined according to the criterion established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Statistical analysis was performed using a multinomial logistic regression model.A total of 1,287 women were included in the study; 26.6% of them were overweight or obese while 11% were underweight. Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy was observed in 71.4% of pregnant women; 35.6% of them did not gain enough weight while 35.8% gained more weight than recommended by the IOM. In the multivariate analysis, women with hypertension (OR=2.1; 95%CI 1.4-3.1), pregravid overweight (OR=2.5; 95%CI 1.4-4.5) or obesity (OR=2.7; 95%CI 1.8-3.9) and who had a higher educational level were more likely to gain more weight than recommended, while pregravid underweight (OR=0.6; 95%CI 0.4-0.9) represented a protection against excessive gain.Pregravid nutritional diagnosis and weight gain monitoring should be actions effectively instituted in the routine of health professionals.

Cesarean section rates are very high in Brazil mainly in private hospitals, probably due to socioeconomic and cultural factors. The objective of this study was to describe socioeconomic, demographic, cultural and reproductive characteristics of women in the postpartum period and the factors that had determined their decision for caesarean section in two units of the supplementary health care system of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The study population was composed of 437 women that had vaginal or caesarean childbirths in the two selected units. Data were collected by means of interviews with mothers and consultation of hospital records. The factors associated with the decision for cesarean section as mode of delivery were evaluated using non-conditional logistic regression analysis and following the hierarchic models established at three definite moments. Although 70% of the women had no initial preference for cesarean section, 90% of them had this mode of birth. It was verified that, despite their initial desire, the interaction with the health services resulted in cesarean section as mode of birth. Educative actions directed to pregnant women and to the public at large as well as changes in the childbirth care model can be promising strategies for reverting this picture.

Background Caesarean section rates in Brazil have been steadily increasing. In 2009, for the first time, the number of children born by this type of procedure was greater than the number of vaginal births. Caesarean section is associated with a series of adverse effects on the women and newborn, and recent evidence suggests that the increasing rates of prematurity and low birth weight in Brazil are associated to the increasing rates of Caesarean section and labour induction. Methods Nationwide hospital-based cohort study of postnatal women and their offspring with follow-up at 45 to 60 days after birth. The sample was stratified by geographic macro-region, type of the municipality and by type of hospital governance. The number of postnatal women sampled was 23,940, distributed in 191 municipalities throughout Brazil. Two electronic questionnaires were applied to the postnatal women, one baseline face-to-face and one follow-up telephone interview. Two other questionnaires were filled with information on patients’ medical records and to assess hospital facilities. The primary outcome was the percentage of Caesarean sections (total, elective and according to Robson’s groups). Secondary outcomes were: post-partum pain; breastfeeding initiation; severe/near miss maternal morbidity; reasons for maternal mortality; prematurity; low birth weight; use of oxygen use after birth and mechanical ventilation; admission to neonatal ICU; stillbirths; neonatal mortality; readmission in hospital; use of surfactant; asphyxia; severe/near miss neonatal morbidity. The association between variables were investigated using bivariate, stratified and multivariate model analyses. Statistical tests were applied according to data distribution and homogeneity of variances of groups to be compared. All analyses were taken into consideration for the complex sample design. Discussion This study, for the first time, depicts a national panorama of labour and birth outcomes in Brazil. Regardless of the socioeconomic level, demand for Caesarean section appears to be based on the belief that the quality of obstetric care is closely associated to the technology used in labour and birth. Within this context, it was justified to conduct a nationwide study to understand the reasons that lead pregnant women to submit to Caesarean sections and to verify any association between this type of birth and it’s consequences on postnatal health.

The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the hospital birth satisfaction scale with data from the first follow-up interview of the Birth in Brazil survey. The 11 questions of the scale were asked by telephone up to six months after discharge in a stratified random sample of 16,109 women residing in all five regions of the country. The sample was randomly divided into two halves. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to the first half in order to identify the scale’s factorial structure. The scree plot suggested the scale to be one-dimensional. The EFA demonstrated a good fit of the one-dimensional model. Factor loadings were greater than 0.5 for all items, except for the mean time transpired between leaving the home and arriving at the maternity hospital, which was excluded from the next analysis. The confirmatory factor analysis applied to the sample’s second half with the remaining ten items had a good fit and the factor loadings were > 0.50 with p-values < 0.001. The associations between birth satisfaction and the external variables, the mother’s education level (standardized coefficient = 0.073; p = 0.035), private insurance (SC = 0.183; p < 0.001) and having a companion at some point during the hospitalization for labor (SC = 0.193; p = 0.001) were all as expected. There was evidence of configural and metric invariance according to type of hospital (private or public) and type of delivery (cesarean or vaginal). These results showed that the hospital birth satisfaction scale in Brazil is a one-dimensional instrument composed of ten items. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades psicométricas da escala de satisfação com a assistência hospitalar no parto, a partir dos dados da primeira entrevista de seguimento do estudo Nascer no Brasil. As 11 perguntas da escala foram endereçadas via telefone dentro de seis meses depois da alta hospitalar em uma amostra aleatória estratificada de 16.109 mulheres residentes nas cinco macrorregiões brasileiras. A amostra foi dividida aleatoriamente em duas metades. Na primeira metade, foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) para identificar a estrutura fatorial da escala. O gráfico de declividade sugeriu que a escala era unidimensional. A AFE demonstrou bom ajuste do modelo unidimensional. As cargas fatoriais foram maiores de 0,50 para todos os itens, exceto para o tempo médio de viagem da residência da parturiente até a maternidade, que foi excluído da análise subsequente. A análise fatorial confirmatória realizada com os dez itens remanescentes na segunda metade da amostra mostrou bom ajuste, com cargas fatoriais > 0,50 e valores de p < 0,001. As associações entre a satisfação com a assistência hospitalar no parto e as variáveis externas de escolaridade materna (coeficiente padronizado = 0,073; p = 0,035), plano de saúde privado (CP = 0,183; p < 0,001) e ter acompanhante em algum momento durante a internação para o parto (CP = 0,193; p = 0,001) foram na direção esperada. Houve evidências de invariância configural e métrica de acordo com o tipo de hospital (privado vs. público) e tipo de parto (cesáreo vs. vaginal). Os resultados mostram que a escala de satisfação com a assistência hospitalar no parto no Brasil é um instrumento unidimensional constituído de dez itens. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción sobre cuidados hospitalarios durante el parto, con datos procedentes de la primera entrevista de seguimiento, pertenecientes a la encuesta Nacer en Brasil. Se hicieron 11 preguntas de esta escala por teléfono hasta seis meses después del parto, mediante un muestreo aleatorio estratificado a 16.109 mujeres, residentes en las cinco regiones del país. Se dividió el mismo aleatoriamente en dos mitades. En la primera, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) para identificar la estructura factorial de la escala. El gráfico de sedimentación indicó que la escala era unidimensional. El AFE demostró un buen ajuste al modelo unidimensional. Las cargas factoriales fueron superiores al 0,5 en todos los ítems, excepto en el tiempo empleado en ir de casa al hospital materno-infantil, que se excluyó del siguiente análisis. En la segunda mitad de la muestra se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio con los diez ítems restantes que tuvo un buen ajuste y cuyas cargas factoriales fueron > 0,50 con p-valor < 0,001. Las asociaciones entre la satisfacción con los cuidados hospitalarios recibidos para el parto, las variables externas, escolaridad maternal (coeficiente estandarizado = 0,073; p = 0,035), seguro privado (CE = 0,183; p < 0,001) y contar con pareja en algún momento durante la hospitalización para el parto (CE = 0,193; p = 0,001), estuvieron en línea con lo esperado. Hubo evidencia de invarianza métrica y de configuración, según el tipo de hospital (privado o público), y tipo de parto (cesárea o vaginal). Estos resultados mostraron que la escala de satisfacción sobre cuidados hospitalarios durante el parto en Brasil es un instrumento unidimensional compuesto de diez ítems.

Background The rate of preterm birth has been increasing worldwide, including in Brazil. This constitutes a significant public health challenge because of the higher levels of morbidity and mortality and long-term health effects associated with preterm birth. This study describes and quantifies factors affecting spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm birth in Brazil. Methods Data are from the 2011–2012 “Birth in Brazil” study, which used a national population-based sample of 23,940 women. We analyzed the variables following a three-level hierarchical methodology. For each level, we performed non-conditional multiple logistic regression for both spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm birth. Results The rate of preterm birth was 11.5 % , (95 % confidence 10.3 % to 12.9 %) 60.7 % spontaneous - with spontaneous onset of labor or premature preterm rupture of membranes - and 39.3 % provider-initiated, with more than 90 % of the last group being pre-labor cesarean deliveries. Socio-demographic factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth were adolescent pregnancy, low total years of schooling, and inadequate prenatal care. Other risk factors were previous preterm birth (OR 3.74; 95 % CI 2.92–4.79), multiple pregnancy (OR 16.42; 95 % CI 10.56–25.53), abruptio placentae (OR 2.38; 95 % CI 1.27–4.47) and infections (OR 4.89; 95 % CI 1.72–13.88). In contrast, provider-initiated preterm birth was associated with private childbirth healthcare (OR 1.47; 95 % CI 1.09–1.97), advanced-age pregnancy (OR 1.27; 95 % CI 1.01–1.59), two or more prior cesarean deliveries (OR 1.64; 95 % CI 1.19–2.26), multiple pregnancy (OR 20.29; 95 % CI 12.58–32.72) and any maternal or fetal pathology (OR 6.84; 95 % CI 5.56–8.42). Conclusion The high proportion of provider-initiated preterm birth and its association with prior cesarean deliveries and all of the studied maternal/fetal pathologies suggest that a reduction of this type of prematurity may be possible. The association of spontaneous preterm birth with socially-disadvantaged groups reaffirms that the reduction of social and health inequalities should continue to be a national priority.