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In 1871, the Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher published the results of a detailed chemical analysis of pus cells, in which he showed that the nuclei of these cells contained a hitherto unknown phosphorus-rich chemical which he named ‘nuclein’ for its specific localisation. Published in German, ‘Ueber Die Chemische Zusammensetzung Der Eiterzellen’, [On the Chemical Composition of Pus Cells] Medicinisch-Chemische Untersuchungen (1871) 4: 441–60, was the first publication to describe DNA, and yet remains relatively obscure. We therefore undertook a translation of the paper into English, which, together with the original article, can be accessed via the following link https://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742000062X. In this paper, we offer some intellectual context for its publication and immediate reception.

OBJECTIVES. The largest known dioxin contamination occurred between 1962 and 1970, when 12 million gallons of Agent Orange, a defoliant mixture contaminated with a form of the most toxic dioxin, were sprayed over southern and central Vietnam. Studies were performed to determine if elevated dioxin levels persist in Vietnamese living in the south of Vietnam. METHODS. With gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, human milk, adipose tissue, and blood from Vietnamese living in sprayed and unsprayed areas were analyzed, some individually and some pooled, for dioxins and the closely related dibenzofurans. RESULTS. One hundred sixty dioxin analyses of tissue from 3243 persons were performed. Elevated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) levels as high as 1832 ppt were found in milk lipid collected from southern Vietnam in 1970, and levels up to 103 ppt were found in adipose tissue in the 1980s. Pooled blood collected from southern Vietnam in 1991/92 also showed elevated TCDD up to 33 ppt, whereas tissue from northern Vietnam (where Agent Orange was not used) revealed TCDD levels at or below 2.9 ppt. CONCLUSIONS. Although most Agent Orange studies have focused on American veterans, many Vietnamese had greater exposure. Because health consequences of dioxin contamination are more likely to be found in Vietnamese living in Vietnam than in any other populations, Vietnam provides a unique setting for dioxin studies.

This article is a translation of a French article by Delay, Brion, and Escourolle. In a seminal article published in French in 1957 these authors summarized the work of previous researchers and reviewed a wide sample of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases formerly referred to as Pick's disease. The authors were among the first to define the critical clinical and anatomical differences between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and FTD and they even delineated distinctive FTD subtypes making possible the advances that now constitute the base of our studies. Reviewing their work allows us to appreciate the progress research has made.

Hermann von Meyer may rightfully be considered the original proposer of the concept of trabecular architecture following patterns suggesting the directions of principle compressive and tensile stresses in a similarly shaped trabecular structure. Until the mid 19th Century, few had observed trabecular architecture, and when depicted was generally considered to have little regularity. In the 1830s Bourgery, Ward, and Wyman independently described the regularity of trabecular architecture, but according to Koch (1917) the proposed explanations were in error or overly simplified. Karl Culmann, an engineer and the developer of “graphic statics,” attended a lecture of von Meyer and made the connection, which was then developed by the latter in this seminal paper. We present the paper in translation here. The original German article entitled “Die Architectur der Spongiosa” was often written in long, cumbersome sentences, with sometimes obscure meanings. We have taken considerable license in translating, rearranging punctuation, and condensing the material into modern terminology and style, while attempting to maintain the flavor of von Meyer’s writing. We thank Dr. Per K. Amundson for the original translation; Drs. John Skedros and Richard Brand made additional suggestions. An accompanying biographical sketch of Hermann von Meyer is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-011-2040-6.

This Classic Article is a reprint of the original work by G. L. Walton and W. E. Paul, Contribution to the Study of Spinal Surgery: One Successful and One Unsuccessful Operation for Removal of Tumor. An accompanying biographical sketch of G. L. Walton and W. E. Paul is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1663-3. The Classic Article is ©1905 and is reprinted with courtesy from Walton GL, Paul WE. Contribution to the study of spinal surgery: one successful and one unsuccessful operation for removal of tumor. Boston Med Surg J. 1905;53:114–117.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the most cited articles in general surgery published by Brazilian authors. INTRODUCTION: There are several ways for the international community to recognize the quality of a scientific article. Although controversial, the most widely used and reliable methodology to identify the importance of an article is citation analysis. METHODS: A search using the Institute for Scientific Information citation database (Science Citation Index Expanded) was performed to identify highly cited Brazilian papers published in twenty-six highly cited general surgery journals, selected based on their elevated impact factors, from 1970 to 2009. Further analysis was done on the 65 most-cited papers. RESULTS: We identified 1,713 Brazilian articles, from which nine papers emerged as classics (more than 100 citations received). For the Brazilian contributions, a total increase of about 21-fold was evident between 1970 and 2009. Although several topics were covered, articles covering trauma, oncology and organ transplantation were the most cited. The majority of classic studies were done with international cooperation. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the most influential Brazilian articles published in internationally renowned general surgery journals.

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Joseph C. Risser, The Iliac Apophysis: An Invaluable Sign in the Management of Scoliosis. An accompanying biographical sketch of Joseph C. Risser, MD is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-1095-0. The Classic Article is ©1958 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and is reprinted with permission from Risser JC. The iliac apophysis: an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1958;11:111–119.

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by Ignacio V. Ponseti and Eugene N. Smoley, Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment. An accompanying biographical sketch on Ignacio V. Ponseti, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0719-8 and a second Classic article is available at 10.1007/s11999-009-0721-1. This article is ©1963 by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc., and is reprinted with permission from Ponseti IV, Smoley EN. Congenital Club Foot: The Results of Treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:261–344.

Willis Cohoon Campbell was born in Jackson, Mississippi in 1880. He received his undergraduate training in his home state and medical training at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, where he graduated in 1924 [5]. After serving a two-year internship, he went into private practice in Memphis, Tennessee. As with other prominent orthopaedic surgeons (Ryerson among them), he visited medical centers in Europe, particularly London and Vienna. He evidently then spent some time in postgraduate work in New York City prior to returning to private practice in Memphis. (Most formal residencies were not established until the 1930s coincident with the formation of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1934, although many doctors took “postgraduate” work following one or two years of internship in general medicine or surgery.) In 1910, he was asked to organize a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Tennessee Medical School as the first Professor of Orthopaedics, a post he held until his death. In addition to forming a department for the university, Campbell helped establish one of the first hospitals for crippled children in the south, then the Willis Cohoon Campbell Clinic in 1920 [1], and finally in 1923 the Hospital for Crippled Adults. The Campbell clinic provided postgraduate training, meeting the requirements of the American Board for the Certification of Specialists. Dr. Campbell, while not one of the original nine board members of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, was influential in establishing the Board in 1934. According to Wickstrom [4], a “...persistent rumor, repeatedly denied, held that Henderson (Melvin) and Campbell were the primary movers behind the establishment of both the American Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons and the American Board in Orthopaedic Surgery; their actions were said to be a retaliatory response to their rejection by the orthopaedic establishment ‘in the East.’” Be that as it may, Dr. Campbell served as President of a number of professional organizations [1]. He published many papers and three monographs, including the classic “Operative Orthopaedics” [3], which has gone through 10 editions, was the standard textbook for orthopaedic surgeons for decades and remains one of the most widely read references. Dr. Campbell was widely known as a kind, courteous man [5]. The article reproduced here describes arthroplasty of the elbow to restore motion to ankylosed joints [2]. In this article Campbell recognized some of the described resection arthroplasties (usually with interposition of various materials) left the elbow unstable and weak. He advocated creating a “double flap” of the triceps aponeurosis and underlying periosteum and suturing that to the anterior capsule of the elbow after resecting bone. This, he suggested, allowed functional motion within 6 months in the two cases he described. Interestingly, in his “Operative Orthopaedics” published in 1939, he recommends covering the exposed bony surfaces with fascia lata, and does not describe attaching the flap of the triceps to the anterior capsule, but rather suggests attaching “at a lower point than its former attachment to permit free play of the joint in flexion” [3]. Willis Cohoon Campbell, MD is shown. Photograph is reproduced with permission and ©American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fifty Years of Progress, 1983. References Calandruccio RA. The history of the Campbell Clinic. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000:157–170. Campbell WC. Arthroplasty of the elbow. Ann Surg. 1922;76:615–623. Campbell WC. Operative Orthopedics. Saint Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1939. Wickstrom JK. Fifty years of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery: 1934. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;257:3–10. Willis Cohoon Campbell 1880–1941. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1941;23:716–717.

(1957). The Meanings and Uses of Countertransference. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 303-357.

Changes in the vertical dimension of mandibular rest position for 50 subjects wearing complete dentures were measured on cephalometric radiographs between lead markers attached to the face and between skeletal landmarks. Measurements between the landmarks were compared on radiographs made without (edentulous) and with (edentoprosthetic) the dentures in the mouth. The findings support the following statements. The facial structures tended to mask the positional changes of the mandible. The rest position of the edentulous mandible tended to vary within the time frame of the cephalometric examination. The range of measurements of the skeletal rest position appeared greater with greater denture age and experience of the subjects. The rest position of the edentoprosthetic mandible (with dentures in the mouth) was more frequently constant when measured skeletally than when measured facially and more frequently constant than the edentulous mandibular rest position. The edentulous mandibular rest position of most subjects was increased upon insertion of dentures. The rest position was decreased for the remainder of the subjects. As a group, those subjects whose mandibular rest position decreased (up-shifted) with insertion of dentures had older dentures and more years of denture-wearing experience than subjects whose mandibular rest position increased (down-shifted) with insertion of dentures. The edentulous mandibular rest position does not seem particularly suitable for determination of the vertical dimension of occlusion and appears somewhat less suitable when facial measurements are used.

Much of what we know about the ideas of Harry Stack Sullivan can be credited to a series of books that have been published posthumously. This series contains collections of previously published material and extractions from Sullivan’s extensive lectures, from both his notebooks and from transcriptions of the lectures themselves. After Sullivan’s death the William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation formed the Committee on Publication of Sullivan’s Writings consisting of Mabel Blake Cohen, MD, David Mck. Rioch, MD. Janet Mck. Rioch, MD, Clara Thompson, MD, and Helen Swick Perry (Sullivan’s biographer). Sullivan gave five complete lectures at the Washington School of Psychiatry and the William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology in New York in the 1940s (Perry & Gawel, 1953). His sixth set of lectures was unfinished at the time of his death on January 14, 1949. The Committee’s task was formidable because of the volume of material left behind. The editors retained the lecture format in these works, having Sullivan address his readers in the first person singular. This device creates a certain informality and immediacy of which Sullivan would probably approve. The books are invaluable compilations of Sullivan’s thoughts. On the other hand, one remains curious about what actually listening to a lecture would have been like; fortunately, such an opportunity arose in the form of an old recording. Hilda Bruch, MD, a famous psychiatrist in her own right, attended at least some of Sullivan’s lectures and carried with her some wire recordings of his lecturing when she moved from New York to the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX. One author (A.B.C.) of this article arranged for these old recordings to be transcribed to a compact disk. The transcriptions of the longest fragments in the collection, those from lectures of January 4 and February 1, 1948, part of Sullivan’s incomplete last series,1 are offered in this article. Sullivan, like virtually all psychiatrists of his era, was originally exposed to classic psychoanalytic theory and underwent some 200 hours of psychoanalysis himself. Yet it is the evolution of his ideas away from a pure drive theory toward one emphasizing the importance of human relationships that has been his considerable contribution to our field. To Sullivan, the human organism is driven by the ongoing searches for satisfacPsychiatry 69(2) Summer 2006 101

The analysis of the state of the art of complete denture prosthodontics cannot be adequately discussed by any one person, and even if attempted, the subject could not be explored in detail in the space usually allocated for one article. Nevertheless, I will do the best I can to make an honest appraisal of prosthodontics as I see it. Thus, in this article I will discuss, first, the technical accomplishments in complete denture prosthodontics, and, second, some of the philosophic, educational, and political situations and attitudes that are affecting prosthodontics.

Since the classic descriptions of the course of bipolar and recurrent depressive forms of manic-depressive illness by Emil Kraepelin a century ago, it has been considered a truism that the rate of cycling increases, and wellness intervals shorten, with rising counts of recurrences, particularly early in the natural history of the illness. Less well known is that the analysis of this phenomenon is vulnerable to a computational artifact first described by Eliot Slater, based on his reanalysis of data from manic-depressive patients first evaluated by Kraepelin at the Munich Psychiatric Institute. Slater realized that there is an increasingly disproportionate representation of faster-cycling patients in sub-samples involving higher cycle-counts in pooled samples of subjects. More accurate results require analyzing illness-course either within individuals, or in groups matched for episode-counts. This artifact is pervasive in the older and modern research literature, but still not widely recognized. Since Slater's 1938 report in German is not well known, we provide an abbreviated English translation with commentary and additional reanalysis to highlight the phenomenon that might be termed 'Slater's Fallacy'.

The ‘religiosity’ of the epileptic has been recognized since the time of Esquirol (1838) and Morel (1860). These, and later French workers (including Marchand and Ajuriaguerra, 1948), have sought to explain the epileptic's religiosity as being the result of his disability, social isolation and his enhanced need for the consolation of religion. A specific conversion experience after a fit was reported by Howden (1872–73). The patient believed that he was in Heaven. He would appear to have been depersonalized, as it took three days for his body to be reunited with his soul. ‘He maintained that God had sent it to him as a means of conversion, that he was now a new man, and had never before known what true peace was…. He assured me that he was a converted man and that he was convinced he would have no more fits.’ Howden also reported on John Engellerecht who, after many years of depression, attempted suicide and appeared to die. After visiting Hell and Heaven, he cast off his depression, and acquired a state of religious ecstasy accompanied by visual and auditory hallucinations. Boven (1919) mentions a 14-year-old boy who after a seizure ‘saw the good God and the angels, and heard a celestial fanfare of music’. He regards the religiosity of the epileptic character as being due to experiences acquired in the course of an epileptic aura and in the subsequent confusional state. Eventually the patient becomes preoccupied with a cure which he believes depends entirely on God, and this belief is the basis of his euphoria. Boven stresses the intensified piety of the epileptic after a severe seizure.

This paper reviews the literature on the psychological effects of change and discusses the impact of an overarching organizational change on the staff nurses of a large oncology unit in the Midwest. Their reactions are compared with a grief-change framework synthesized from the literature. This framework was useful in explaining staff nurse behaviors and attitudes, and offered interventions specific to each stage of the change process useful to the CNS. Dissemination of this information is discussed, as well as implications for advanced nursing practice.

This unabridged version of the dissertation presented in 1800 by Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais for his medical doctorate describes a disease different in many ways from the condition known since Hippocrates as gout. The patients were nine long-term residents of the Salpêtrière hospice in Paris. After reviewing the main features of ordinary or regular gout, Landré-Beauvais points out that the disease he calls "asthenic gout" exhibits several distinctive features, including predominance in women, a chronic course, involvement of many joints from the onset, and a decline in general health. Despite the tentative tone of his title ("Should one recognize...), he clearly is convinced that he is describing an as yet unreported entity, as indicated by the last sentence of his dissertation: "...we must recognize the existence of a new form of gout under the designation primary asthenic gout" And although he stops short of emancipation from the term "gout", which had been used for centuries to designate specific joint manifestations, he makes several keenly discerning observations -- particularly regarding the influence of psychological factors, the need for gentle treatments, and the inappropriateness of bloodletting - thus breaking free from contemporary doctrine. This text is acknowledged as the first description of rheumatoid arthritis. A brief biography of Landré-Beauvais is provided.

A frequent problem in endodontics is the development of pain and swelling during or after endodontic therapy. Although the reasons for such exacerbations are not always clear, there are a number of hypotheses which will be discussed in this article.

In 1964 an original case report from A.R. Luria's Laboratory of Neuropsychology was published in Cortex, being one of the first to draw a link between cerebellum and cognition, by highlighting the manifestation of 'pseudo-frontal' symptoms resulting from a cerebellar tumour. The findings of Luria and his team seem more consistent with modern views about cerebellar interactions with the frontal lobe and its contributions to behaviour than the views prevalent at the time of publication. The paper was originally submitted in Russian, and translated into Italian for its publication by Cortex. However, Cortex did not preserve the original manuscript in Russian. With the passage of time, and available only to the Italian readership, this case report inevitably fell into obscurity. Hence, we present a translation in English based on the published Italian version of the manuscript and discuss it in the context of Luria's general thinking about information processing in the brain and our current understanding of cortico-cerebellar system. The publication of this article gives readers an opportunity to consider the substantial influence of Soviet neuropsychology on the field internationally under Luria's leadership in the 1960s. It also shows that time is the best judge of ones scientific endeavours, and what may seem implausible today might prove to be valid and worthy of exploration tomorrow.

This Classic article is a reprint of the original work by John Albert Key, Sulfonamides in the Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis. An accompanying biographical sketch on John Albert Key, MD, is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-009-0798-6. The Classic Article is ©1944 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. and is reprinted with permission from Key JA. Sulfonamides in the Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1944;26:63–70.