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1. The globalizability of temporal discounting

Author

Ludvig Daae Bjørndal, Lucia Freira, Johanna Blomster Lyshol, Felicia T. A. Sundström, Julia Oberschulte, Sonya Xu, Sandra J. Geiger, Genaro Basulto Mejía, Kohei Ueda, Joaquin Navajas, Anna Louise Todsen, Martin Čadek, Charlotte Rutherford, Aleksandra Gracheva, Kailin Xu, A. Nieto, Irina Soboleva, Tatianna M. Dugue, Silvia Filippi, Marek A. Vranka, Alexander Bailey, Franziska Nippold, Rand Said, Martina Benvenuti, Forget Mingiri Kapingura, Nikola Erceg, Nathalia Melo de Carvalho, Gerhard M. Prinz, James Rujimora, Metasebiya Ayele Mamo, Katherine Bibilouri, Hannes Jarke, David Feng, Kanchan Amatya, Emmanuel Kemel, Yuki Yamada, Sabrina Black, Aleksandra Lazarević, Thomas Lind Andersen, Dora Popović, Žan Lep, Volodymyr Vakhitov, Ziwei Gao, Jason Trinh, Anișoara Melnic, Alice Turati, Laura Maratkyzy, David Izydorczyk, Eike Kofi Buabang, Christina Eun Rho, Jakub Krawiec, Aliya Bermaganbet, Simone D'Ambrogio, Nikolay R. Rachev, Daria Stefania Pascu, Adrian Dahl Askelund, Sanne Verra, Dragana Neshevska, Mary Shiels, Thiago Otto, Kalina Nikolova Kalinova, Anna-Lena Tebbe, Nicolas Say, Shiyi Chen, Lisa Wagner, Salomé Mamede, Sandra Ilić, Peggah R. Khorrami, Milica Vdovic, Tymofii Brik, Grace Duffy, Mari Louise Berge, Muhammad Fedryansyah, Irem Soysal, Binahayati Rusyidi, Suwen Ge, David Kasdan, Amina Mohammed, Nida Hasan, Jáchym Vintr, Sebastian Meyer, Zorana Zupan, Hyung Seo Lee, Kai Ruggeri, Ingvild S. Lofthus, Anastasia Gracheva, Sibele Aquino, Chiara Van Reyn, René Freichel, Tran Tran, Tina Solomonia, Ondřej Kácha, Leya George, Kaja Damnjanović, Alexander Ikonomeas, Aleksandra Yosifova, Ana-Maria Cazan, Ke Ying Xing, Inés Sanguino, Melis Çetinçelik, Siddhant Soni, Elisabeth D. C. Sievert, Federica Rocca, Eman Farahat, Jacqueline Taylor, Jakob Jakob, Pika Ranc, Xinyi Hong, Nato Lagidze, Aizhan Mukhyshbayeva, Szymon Mizak, Aseman Bagheri Sheshdeh, Robert Farrokhnia, Celia Esteban-Serna, Silvana Mareva, Ali Hajian, Xue Wu, Esther Awazzi Envuladu, Ralitsa Karakasheva, Matthias Burghart, Valentino Chai, Marija Petrović, Irena Pavlović, Maja Friedemann, Patricia Chen, Matías Fonollá, Mareyba Fawad, Nazeer Abdul-Salaam, Georgia Clay, Aleksandra Lazić, Carla Akil, Lucy McGill, R. Shayna Rosenbaum, Juliette Tobias-Webb, Katrine Krabbe Thommesen, Yarden Shir, Riinu Pae, Filippo Toscano, Nélida Ayacaxli, Shivika Marwaha, Jolly Amatya, Aslı Bursalıoğlu, Adrianna Valencia, Marlene Hecht, Sharon McParland, Eduardo Garcia-Garzon, Sarah Ashcroft-Jones, Sun Young Park, Amma Panin, Arjoon Arunasalam, Josip Razum, Naos Mesfin Buzayu, Barbora Hubená, Ahmet Kerem Sarikaya, Samuel Lincoln Bezerra Lins, Lucía Macchia, Jascha Achterberg, Lea Jakob, Felice L. Tavera, Federica Stablum, Margo Janssens, Martina Vacondio, Paula Barea Arroyo, Tsvetelina Panchelieva, Iulia Grabovski, Tina Venema, Xintong Tang, Shehrbano Jamali Niazi, Leonore Riitsalu, Bojana Većkalov, Twinkle Dwarkanath, Sociale Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG), Ontwikkelingspsychologie (Psychologie, FMG), Ruggeri, Kai [0000-0002-8470-101X], Panin, Amma [0000-0002-1608-3678], Vdovic, Milica [0000-0002-8094-2465], Većkalov, Bojana [0000-0002-8477-1261], Achterberg, Jascha [0000-0003-2002-3210], Amatya, Kanchan [0000-0002-8396-4280], Andersen, Thomas Lind [0000-0002-4220-1674], Aquino, Sibele D [0000-0003-1391-0911], Arunasalam, Arjoon [0000-0002-5651-9560], Ashcroft-Jones, Sarah [0000-0002-8614-9310], Askelund, Adrian Dahl [0000-0003-2669-5472], Bailey, Alexander [0000-0002-6478-3441], Barea Arroyo, Paula [0000-0002-4948-1912], Mejía, Genaro Basulto [0000-0002-0376-6568], Benvenuti, Martina [0000-0001-8575-5047], Bibilouri, Katherine [0000-0003-2267-2038], Bjørndal, Ludvig Daae [0000-0001-9773-8287], Lyshol, Johanna K Blomster [0000-0002-3157-5443], Brik, Tymofii [0000-0002-5542-1019], Buabang, Eike Kofi [0000-0002-3057-0819], Burghart, Matthias [0000-0001-7300-1846], Bursalıoğlu, Aslı [0000-0003-1423-4732], Buzayu, Naos Mesfin [0000-0003-3613-3537], de Carvalho, Nathalia Melo [0000-0001-8072-3310], Cazan, Ana-Maria [0000-0003-4521-702X], Çetinçelik, Melis [0000-0002-8931-5732], Chai, Valentino E [0000-0002-9885-6792], Chen, Patricia [0000-0002-0173-9320], Chen, Shiyi [0000-0001-6611-4359], Clay, Georgia [0000-0001-5641-6804], D'Ambrogio, Simone [0000-0001-9030-8145], Damnjanović, Kaja [0000-0002-9254-1263], Dugue, Tatianna [0000-0002-2887-141X], Dwarkanath, Twinkle [0000-0002-1115-2654], Erceg, Nikola [0000-0002-9056-4592], Esteban-Serna, Celia [0000-0003-4965-1173], Farahat, Eman [0000-0001-6467-8599], Fedryansyah, Muhammad [0000-0001-7082-2550], Feng, David [0000-0003-1223-8094], Filippi, Silvia [0000-0002-5890-7460], Fonollá, Matías A [0000-0002-9307-8039], Freichel, René [0000-0002-9478-0575], Freira, Lucia [0000-0002-2710-0760], Friedemann, Maja [0000-0003-1506-2135], Gao, Ziwei [0000-0002-8706-8758], Ge, Suwen [0000-0001-9318-976X], Geiger, Sandra J [0000-0002-3262-5609], George, Leya [0000-0002-0020-6178], Grabovski, Iulia [0000-0001-5839-9796], Hajian, Ali [0000-0002-6679-438X], Hecht, Marlene [0000-0003-0700-0073], Ikonomeas, Alexander Gustav Fredriksen [0000-0002-3817-030X], Ilić, Sandra [0000-0002-5145-0197], Izydorczyk, David [0000-0002-8792-0795], Jakob, Lea [0000-0002-9659-0353], Janssens, Margo [0000-0002-9455-7939], Jarke, Hannes [0000-0002-6022-6381], Kácha, Ondřej [0000-0003-2837-9238], Kalinova, Kalina Nikolova [0000-0001-8444-0959], Kapingura, Forget Mingiri [0000-0002-5808-5612], Kasdan, David Oliver [0000-0002-6709-1424], Krawiec, Jakub M [0000-0002-8422-8090], Lagidze, Nato [0000-0002-5837-8917], Lazić, Aleksandra [0000-0002-0433-0483], Lee, Hyung Seo [0000-0003-0705-5314], Lep, Žan [0000-0003-0130-4543], Lins, Samuel [0000-0001-6824-4691], Macchia, Lucía [0000-0001-9558-4747], Mamede, Salomé [0000-0002-4826-3390], Mareva, Silvana [0000-0002-1728-9811], McGill, Lucy [0000-0002-0702-2806], McParland, Sharon [0000-0001-6714-3012], Mizak, Szymon [0000-0003-0308-007X], Mukhyshbayeva, Aizhan [0000-0001-5538-955X], Navajas, Joaquin [0000-0001-8765-037X], Neshevska, Dragana [0000-0001-5419-0266], Nieves, Ana Elsa Nieto [0000-0001-9041-8977], Oberschulte, Julia [0000-0002-8174-8656], Pae, Riinu [0000-0003-2044-0102], Park, Sun Young [0000-0003-4246-7437], Pascu, Daria Stefania [0000-0002-7944-643X], Petrović, Marija B [0000-0001-6422-3957], Prinz, Gerhard M [0000-0001-7930-7176], Rachev, Nikolay R [0000-0002-5654-2883], Ranc, Pika [0000-0002-4725-8522], Razum, Josip [0000-0002-2633-3271], Riitsalu, Leonore [0000-0002-0941-7983], Rosenbaum, R Shayna [0000-0001-5328-8675], Rujimora, James [0000-0002-8295-1525], Rusyidi, Binahayati [0000-0003-4870-9177], Rutherford, Charlotte [0000-0003-2733-2323], Said, Rand [0000-0001-9703-4706], Sanguino, Inés [0000-0003-0965-6850], Say, Nicolas [0000-0002-1560-9260], Schuck, Jakob [0000-0002-6469-0018], Soboleva, Irina [0000-0003-4934-4085], Solomonia, Tina [0000-0002-7985-6666], Soysal, Irem [0000-0001-8016-8484], Stablum, Federica [0000-0001-9712-9123], Sundström, Felicia TA [0000-0002-7032-1614], Tang, Xintong [0000-0002-6025-688X], Taylor, Jacqueline [0000-0001-7455-0185], Tebbe, Anna-Lena [0000-0003-4933-2797], Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe [0000-0002-0696-7621], Toscano, Filippo [0000-0001-6077-2094], Ueda, Kohei [0000-0003-1818-8366], Vacondio, Martina [0000-0003-0024-8527], Valencia, Adrianna J [0000-0003-1222-5904], Van Reyn, Chiara [0000-0002-1100-2525], Venema, Tina AG [0000-0002-3939-2828], Verra, Sanne E [0000-0003-4963-0153], Vranka, Marek A [0000-0003-3413-9062], Wagner, Lisa [0000-0002-1925-2676], Wu, Xue [0000-0002-9461-3558], Xu, Sonya [0000-0003-1799-1309], Yamada, Yuki [0000-0003-1431-568X], Yosifova, Aleksandra [0000-0002-2280-3467], Zupan, Zorana [0000-0002-0763-8192], García-Garzon, Eduardo [0000-0001-5258-232X], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, and Department of Organization Studies

Subjects
BF Psychology, Social Psychology, Economics, HB, BF, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, temporal discounting, economic inequality, global study, DECISION-MAKING, TIME PREFERENCE, Behavioral Neuroscience, Text mining, ddc:150, INFLATION, Humans, Temporal discounting, Nationalekonomi, economic inequality, temporal discounting, lower-income groups, REAL, RISK, DECREASES, REWARDS, business.industry, HM Sociology, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, CHOICE, POVERTY, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Delay Discounting, business, INEQUALITY, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Economic inequality is associated with preferences for smaller, immediate gains over larger, delayed ones. Such temporal discounting may feed into rising global inequality, yet it is unclear whether it is a function of choice preferences or norms, or rather the absence of sufficient resources for immediate needs. It is also not clear whether these reflect true differences in choice patterns between income groups. We tested temporal discounting and five intertemporal choice anomalies using local currencies and value standards in 61 countries (N = 13,629). Across a diverse sample, we found consistent, robust rates of choice anomalies. Lower-income groups were not significantly different, but economic inequality and broader financial circumstances were clearly correlated with population choice patterns. Ruggeri et al. find in a study of 61 countries that temporal discounting patterns are globally generalizable. Worse financial environments, greater inequality and high inflation are associated with extreme or inconsistent long-term decisions.

Published
2022

2. The general fault in our fault lines

Author

Žan Lep, Josip Razum, Patricia Gale, Tasja S. Mueller, Tomas Folke, Marlene Hecht, Marek A. Vranka, Nélida Ayacaxli, Eduardo Garcia-Garzon, Bettina Moltrecht, Kai Ruggeri, Irena Pavlović, Lucy McGill, Marija Petrović, Bojana Većkalov, Lauren Wilkins, Georgia Clay, Maya Esberg, Gerhard M. Prinz, Samuel Lincoln Bezerra Lins, Maja Friedemann, Dora Popović, Jeffrey Lees, Vanessa Bühler, Anna Cortijos-Bernabeu, Jáchym Vintr, Lana Bojanić, Anastasia Gracheva, Twinkle Dwarkanath, Lea Jakob, Kalina Nikolova Kalinova, Sarah Ashcroft-Jones, Ralitsa Karakasheva, Thomas Lind Andersen, Katharina Herte, Salomé Mamede, Milica Vdovic, Ingvild S. Lofthus, Allegra Girardello, Mari Louise Berge, Sara Morales-Izquierdo, Silvana Mareva, Leya George, Manou Willems, Thiago Otto, Melis Çetinçelik, Kaja Damnjanović, Aleksandra Yosifova, Inés Sanguino, Ezra N. Felder, Aleksandra Gracheva, Darianna I. Frontera-Villanueva, Sandra J. Geiger, Mina Cikara, Paula Barea-Arroyo, Joakim Nelsson, Margo Janssens, Alessandro F. Paul, Mafalda F. Mascarenhas, Tatianna M. Dugue, Nicolas Say, Aslı Bursalıoğlu, Irem Soysal, Hannes Jarke, Marquis Guillory, Maja Vovko, Barbora Hubená, Martin Čadek, Celia Esteban-Serna, Markus R. Tünte, Marzia Musetti, Mahmoud A. Ahmed, Anna Louise Todsen, William Ingalls, Lisa Wagner, Ondřej Kácha, Jakob Schuck, Ivaylo Sakelariev, Vivian Samuels, Sandy Zeng, Ludvig Daae Bjørndal, Peggah R. Khorrami, Elizabeth Wisdom, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Sociale Psychologie (Psychologie, FMG), FdR overig onderzoek, Department of Organization Studies, and Social Psychology

Subjects
Cross-Cultural Comparison, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Culture, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Generalization, Psychological, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, Politics, 0302 clinical medicine, Intervention (counseling), Perception, Phenomenon, Humans, Generalizability theory, Narrative, Social Change, Social Behavior, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, Rationalization, Stereotyping, political polarization meta-perceptions generalizability, 0303 health sciences, Communication Barriers, Transparency (behavior), Sociological Factors, Group Processes, Social Perception, Psychology, Attribution, Social psychology, Prejudice, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

A pervading global narrative suggests that political polarisation is increasing in the US and around the world. Beliefs in increased polarisation impact individual and group behaviours regardless of whether they are accurate or not. One driver of polarisation are beliefs about how members of the out-group perceive us, known as group meta-perceptions. A 2020 study by Lees and Cikara in US samples suggests that not only are out-group meta-perceptions highly inaccurate, but informing people of this inaccuracy reduces negative beliefs about the out-group. Given the importance of these findings for understanding and mitigating polarisation, it is essential to test to what extent they generalise to other countries. We assess that generalisability by replicating two of the original experiments in 10,207 participants from 26 countries in the first experiment and 10 in the second. We do this by studying local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. In line with our hypotheses, results show that the pattern found in the US broadly generalises, with greater heterogeneity explained by specific policies rather than between-country differences. The replication of a simple disclosure intervention in the second experiment yielded a modest reduction in negative motive attributions to the out-group, similar to the original study. These findings indicate first that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in a large number of countries, not only the US, and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. The generalisability of these findings highlights a robust phenomenon with major implications for political discourse worldwide.

Published
2021

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