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1. Expression of the DNA repair gene MLH1 correlates with survival in patients who have resected pancreatic cancer and have received adjuvant chemoradiation: NRG Oncology RTOG Study 9704

Author

Lawrence, Yaacov R, Moughan, Jennifer, Magliocco, Anthony M, Klimowicz, Alexander C, Regine, William F, Mowat, Rex B, DiPetrillo, Thomas A, Small, William, Simko, Jeffry P, Golan, Talia, Winter, Kathryn A, Guha, Chandan, Crane, Christopher H, and Dicker, Adam P

Subjects
Rare Diseases, Clinical Research, Pancreatic Cancer, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Digestive Diseases, Cancer, Genetics, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant, DNA Damage, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, MutL Protein Homolog 1, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, biomarkers, chemotherapy, adjuvant, clinical trial phase 3, mutL protein homolog 1, pancreatic neoplasms, radiotherapy, tumor, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Public Health and Health Services, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

BACKGROUND:The majority of patients with pancreatic cancer who undergo curative resection experience rapid disease recurrence. In previous small studies, high expression of the mismatch-repair protein mutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1) in pancreatic cancers was associated with better outcomes. The objective of this study was to validate the association between MLH1 expression and survival in patients who underwent resection of pancreatic cancer and received adjuvant chemoradiation. METHODS:Samples were obtained from the NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9704 prospective, randomized trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00003216), which compared 2 adjuvant protocols in patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection. Tissue microarrays were prepared from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, resected tumor tissues. MLH1 expression was quantified using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and automated quantitative analysis, and expression was dichotomized above and below the median value. RESULTS:Immunohistochemical staining was successfully performed on 117 patients for MLH1 (60 and 57 patients from the 2 arms). The characteristics of the participants who had tissue samples available were similar to those of the trial population as a whole. At the time of analysis, 84% of participants had died, with a median survival of 17 months. Elevated MLH1 expression levels in tumor nuclei were significantly correlated with longer disease-free and overall survival in each arm individually and in both arms combined. Two-year overall survival was 16% in patients who had low MLH1 expression levels and 53% in those who had high MLH1 expression levels (P

Published
2018

2. Dose-Response Association of CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Survival Time in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

Author

Goode, Ellen L, Block, Matthew S, Kalli, Kimberly R, Vierkant, Robert A, Chen, Wenqian, Fogarty, Zachary C, Gentry-Maharaj, Aleksandra, Tołoczko, Aleksandra, Hein, Alexander, Bouligny, Aliecia L, Jensen, Allan, Osorio, Ana, Hartkopf, Andreas D, Ryan, Andy, Chudecka-Głaz, Anita, Magliocco, Anthony M, Hartmann, Arndt, Jung, Audrey Y, Gao, Bo, Hernandez, Brenda Y, Fridley, Brooke L, McCauley, Bryan M, Kennedy, Catherine J, Wang, Chen, Karpinskyj, Chloe, de Sousa, Christiani B, Tiezzi, Daniel G, Wachter, David L, Herpel, Esther, Taran, Florin Andrei, Modugno, Francesmary, Nelson, Gregg, Lubiński, Jan, Menkiszak, Janusz, Alsop, Jennifer, Lester, Jenny, García-Donas, Jesús, Nation, Jill, Hung, Jillian, Palacios, José, Rothstein, Joseph H, Kelley, Joseph L, de Andrade, Jurandyr M, Robles-Díaz, Luis, Intermaggio, Maria P, Widschwendter, Martin, Beckmann, Matthias W, Ruebner, Matthias, Jimenez-Linan, Mercedes, Singh, Naveena, Oszurek, Oleg, Harnett, Paul R, Rambau, Peter F, Sinn, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Ghatage, Prafull, Sharma, Raghwa, Edwards, Robert P, Ness, Roberta B, Orsulic, Sandra, Brucker, Sara Y, Johnatty, Sharon E, Longacre, Teri A, Eilber, Ursula, McGuire, Valerie, Sieh, Weiva, Natanzon, Yanina, Li, Zheng, Whittemore, Alice S, deFazio, Anna, Staebler, Annette, Karlan, Beth Y, Gilks, Blake, Bowtell, David D, Høgdall, Estrid, dos Reis, Francisco J Candido, Steed, Helen, Campbell, Ian G, Gronwald, Jacek, Benítez, Javier, Koziak, Jennifer M, Chang-Claude, Jenny, Moysich, Kirsten B, Kelemen, Linda E, Cook, Linda S, Goodman, Marc T, García, María José, Fasching, Peter A, Kommoss, Stefan, Deen, Suha, Kjaer, Susanne K, Menon, Usha, Brenton, James D, Pharoah, Paul DP, Chenevix-Trench, Georgia, Huntsman, David G, Winham, Stacey J, Köbel, Martin, and Ramus, Susan J

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Immunology, Cancer, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Rare Diseases, Clinical Research, Ovarian Cancer, BRCA2 Protein, CD8 Antigens, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial, Cohort Studies, Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous, Female, Humans, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Middle Aged, Mutation, Neoplasm Grading, Ovarian Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Survival Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis (OTTA) Consortium, Public Health and Health Services, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

ImportanceCytotoxic CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) participate in immune control of epithelial ovarian cancer; however, little is known about prognostic patterns of CD8+ TILs by histotype and in relation to other clinical factors.ObjectiveTo define the prognostic role of CD8+ TILs in epithelial ovarian cancer.Design, setting, and participantsThis was a multicenter observational, prospective survival cohort study of the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis Consortium. More than 5500 patients, including 3196 with high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs), were followed prospectively for over 24 650 person-years.ExposuresFollowing immunohistochemical analysis, CD8+ TILs were identified within the epithelial components of tumor islets. Patients were grouped based on the estimated number of CD8+ TILs per high-powered field: negative (none), low (1-2), moderate (3-19), and high (≥20). CD8+ TILs in a subset of patients were also assessed in a quantitative, uncategorized manner, and the functional form of associations with survival was assessed using penalized B-splines.Main outcomes and measuresOverall survival time.ResultsThe final sample included 5577 women; mean age at diagnosis was 58.4 years (median, 58.2 years). Among the 5 major invasive histotypes, HGSOCs showed the most infiltration. CD8+ TILs in HGSOCs were significantly associated with longer overall survival; median survival was 2.8 years for patients with no CD8+ TILs and 3.0 years, 3.8 years, and 5.1 years for patients with low, moderate, or high levels of CD8+ TILs, respectively (P value for trend = 4.2 × 10−16). A survival benefit was also observed among women with endometrioid and mucinous carcinomas, but not for those with the other histotypes. Among HGSOCs, CD8+ TILs were favorable regardless of extent of residual disease following cytoreduction, known standard treatment, and germline BRCA1 pathogenic mutation, but were not prognostic for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Evaluation of uncategorized CD8+ TIL counts showed a near-log-linear functional form.Conclusions and relevanceThis study demonstrates the histotype-specific nature of immune infiltration and provides definitive evidence for a dose-response relationship between CD8+ TILs and HGSOC survival. That the extent of infiltration is prognostic, not merely its presence or absence, suggests that understanding factors that drive infiltration will be the key to unraveling outcome heterogeneity in this cancer.

Published
2017

3. Dose-Response Association of CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Survival Time in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer.

Author

Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis (OTTA) Consortium, Goode, Ellen L, Block, Matthew S, Kalli, Kimberly R, Vierkant, Robert A, Chen, Wenqian, Fogarty, Zachary C, Gentry-Maharaj, Aleksandra, Tołoczko, Aleksandra, Hein, Alexander, Bouligny, Aliecia L, Jensen, Allan, Osorio, Ana, Hartkopf, Andreas, Ryan, Andy, Chudecka-Głaz, Anita, Magliocco, Anthony M, Hartmann, Arndt, Jung, Audrey Y, Gao, Bo, Hernandez, Brenda Y, Fridley, Brooke L, McCauley, Bryan M, Kennedy, Catherine J, Wang, Chen, Karpinskyj, Chloe, de Sousa, Christiani B, Tiezzi, Daniel G, Wachter, David L, Herpel, Esther, Taran, Florin Andrei, Modugno, Francesmary, Nelson, Gregg, Lubiński, Jan, Menkiszak, Janusz, Alsop, Jennifer, Lester, Jenny, García-Donas, Jesús, Nation, Jill, Hung, Jillian, Palacios, José, Rothstein, Joseph H, Kelley, Joseph L, de Andrade, Jurandyr M, Robles-Díaz, Luis, Intermaggio, Maria P, Widschwendter, Martin, Beckmann, Matthias W, Ruebner, Matthias, Jimenez-Linan, Mercedes, Singh, Naveena, Oszurek, Oleg, Harnett, Paul R, Rambau, Peter F, Sinn, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Ghatage, Prafull, Sharma, Raghwa, Edwards, Robert P, Ness, Roberta B, Orsulic, Sandra, Brucker, Sara Y, Johnatty, Sharon E, Longacre, Teri A, Ursula, Eilber, McGuire, Valerie, Sieh, Weiva, Natanzon, Yanina, Li, Zheng, Whittemore, Alice S, Anna, deFazio, Staebler, Annette, Karlan, Beth Y, Gilks, Blake, Bowtell, David D, Høgdall, Estrid, Candido dos Reis, Francisco J, Steed, Helen, Campbell, Ian G, Gronwald, Jacek, Benítez, Javier, Koziak, Jennifer M, Chang-Claude, Jenny, Moysich, Kirsten B, Kelemen, Linda E, Cook, Linda S, Goodman, Marc T, García, María José, Fasching, Peter A, Kommoss, Stefan, Deen, Suha, Kjaer, Susanne K, Menon, Usha, Brenton, James D, Pharoah, Paul DP, Chenevix-Trench, Georgia, Huntsman, David G, Winham, Stacey J, Köbel, Martin, and Ramus, Susan J

Subjects
Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis (OTTA) Consortium, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Humans, Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous, Ovarian Neoplasms, BRCA2 Protein, Treatment Outcome, Survival Analysis, Cohort Studies, Prospective Studies, Mutation, Middle Aged, Female, Neoplasm Grading, CD8 Antigens, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial, Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial, Cancer, Prevention, Ovarian Cancer, Rare Diseases, Vaccine Related, Clinical Research, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Public Health and Health Services
Abstract

ImportanceCytotoxic CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) participate in immune control of epithelial ovarian cancer; however, little is known about prognostic patterns of CD8+ TILs by histotype and in relation to other clinical factors.ObjectiveTo define the prognostic role of CD8+ TILs in epithelial ovarian cancer.Design, setting, and participantsThis was a multicenter observational, prospective survival cohort study of the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis Consortium. More than 5500 patients, including 3196 with high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs), were followed prospectively for over 24 650 person-years.ExposuresFollowing immunohistochemical analysis, CD8+ TILs were identified within the epithelial components of tumor islets. Patients were grouped based on the estimated number of CD8+ TILs per high-powered field: negative (none), low (1-2), moderate (3-19), and high (≥20). CD8+ TILs in a subset of patients were also assessed in a quantitative, uncategorized manner, and the functional form of associations with survival was assessed using penalized B-splines.Main outcomes and measuresOverall survival time.ResultsThe final sample included 5577 women; mean age at diagnosis was 58.4 years (median, 58.2 years). Among the 5 major invasive histotypes, HGSOCs showed the most infiltration. CD8+ TILs in HGSOCs were significantly associated with longer overall survival; median survival was 2.8 years for patients with no CD8+ TILs and 3.0 years, 3.8 years, and 5.1 years for patients with low, moderate, or high levels of CD8+ TILs, respectively (P value for trend = 4.2 × 10−16). A survival benefit was also observed among women with endometrioid and mucinous carcinomas, but not for those with the other histotypes. Among HGSOCs, CD8+ TILs were favorable regardless of extent of residual disease following cytoreduction, known standard treatment, and germline BRCA1 pathogenic mutation, but were not prognostic for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Evaluation of uncategorized CD8+ TIL counts showed a near-log-linear functional form.Conclusions and relevanceThis study demonstrates the histotype-specific nature of immune infiltration and provides definitive evidence for a dose-response relationship between CD8+ TILs and HGSOC survival. That the extent of infiltration is prognostic, not merely its presence or absence, suggests that understanding factors that drive infiltration will be the key to unraveling outcome heterogeneity in this cancer.

Published
2017

4. Characterization of Large Structural Genetic Mosaicism in Human Autosomes

Author

Machiela, Mitchell J, Zhou, Weiyin, Sampson, Joshua N, Dean, Michael C, Jacobs, Kevin B, Black, Amanda, Brinton, Louise A, Chang, I-Shou, Chen, Chu, Chen, Constance, Chen, Kexin, Cook, Linda S, Bou, Marta Crous, De Vivo, Immaculata, Doherty, Jennifer, Friedenreich, Christine M, Gaudet, Mia M, Haiman, Christopher A, Hankinson, Susan E, Hartge, Patricia, Henderson, Brian E, Hong, Yun-Chul, Hosgood, H Dean, Hsiung, Chao A, Hu, Wei, Hunter, David J, Jessop, Lea, Kim, Hee Nam, Kim, Yeul Hong, Kim, Young Tae, Klein, Robert, Kraft, Peter, Lan, Qing, Lin, Dongxin, Liu, Jianjun, Le Marchand, Loic, Liang, Xiaolin, Lissowska, Jolanta, Lu, Lingeng, Magliocco, Anthony M, Matsuo, Keitaro, Olson, Sara H, Orlow, Irene, Park, Jae Yong, Pooler, Loreall, Prescott, Jennifer, Rastogi, Radhai, Risch, Harvey A, Schumacher, Fredrick, Seow, Adeline, Setiawan, Veronica Wendy, Shen, Hongbing, Sheng, Xin, Shin, Min-Ho, Shu, Xiao-Ou, Berg, David VanDen, Wang, Jiu-Cun, Wentzensen, Nicolas, Wong, Maria Pik, Wu, Chen, Wu, Tangchun, Wu, Yi-Long, Xia, Lucy, Yang, Hannah P, Yang, Pan-Chyr, Zheng, Wei, Zhou, Baosen, Abnet, Christian C, Albanes, Demetrius, Aldrich, Melinda C, Amos, Christopher, Amundadottir, Laufey T, Berndt, Sonja I, Blot, William J, Bock, Cathryn H, Bracci, Paige M, Burdett, Laurie, Buring, Julie E, Butler, Mary A, Carreón, Tania, Chatterjee, Nilanjan, Chung, Charles C, Cook, Michael B, Cullen, Michael, Davis, Faith G, Ding, Ti, Duell, Eric J, Epstein, Caroline G, Fan, Jin-Hu, Figueroa, Jonine D, Fraumeni, Joseph F, Freedman, Neal D, Fuchs, Charles S, Gao, Yu-Tang, Gapstur, Susan M, Patiño-Garcia, Ana, Garcia-Closas, Montserrat, Gaziano, J Michael, Giles, Graham G, and Gillanders, Elizabeth M

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Human Genome, Clinical Research, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Aged, Chromosome Aberrations, Female, Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mosaicism, Neoplasms, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Analyses of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data have revealed that detectable genetic mosaicism involving large (>2 Mb) structural autosomal alterations occurs in a fraction of individuals. We present results for a set of 24,849 genotyped individuals (total GWAS set II [TGSII]) in whom 341 large autosomal abnormalities were observed in 168 (0.68%) individuals. Merging data from the new TGSII set with data from two prior reports (the Gene-Environment Association Studies and the total GWAS set I) generated a large dataset of 127,179 individuals; we then conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the patterns of detectable autosomal mosaicism (n = 1,315 events in 925 [0.73%] individuals). Restricting to events >2 Mb in size, we observed an increase in event frequency as event size decreased. The combined results underscore that the rate of detectable mosaicism increases with age (p value = 5.5 × 10(-31)) and is higher in men (p value = 0.002) but lower in participants of African ancestry (p value = 0.003). In a subset of 47 individuals from whom serial samples were collected up to 6 years apart, complex changes were noted over time and showed an overall increase in the proportion of mosaic cells as age increased. Our large combined sample allowed for a unique ability to characterize detectable genetic mosaicism involving large structural events and strengthens the emerging evidence of non-random erosion of the genome in the aging population.

Published
2015

5. Genome-wide association study of subtype-specific epithelial ovarian cancer risk alleles using pooled DNA

Author

Earp, Madalene A, Kelemen, Linda E, Magliocco, Anthony M, Swenerton, Kenneth D, Chenevix-Trench, Georgia, Australian Cancer Study, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group, Lu, Yi, Hein, Alexander, Ekici, Arif B, Beckmann, Matthias W, Fasching, Peter A, Lambrechts, Diether, Despierre, Evelyn, Vergote, Ignace, Lambrechts, Sandrina, Doherty, Jennifer A, Rossing, Mary Anne, Chang-Claude, Jenny, Rudolph, Anja, Friel, Grace, Moysich, Kirsten B, Odunsi, Kunle, Sucheston-Campbell, Lara, Lurie, Galina, Goodman, Marc T, Carney, Michael E, Thompson, Pamela J, Runnebaum, Ingo B, Dürst, Matthias, Hillemanns, Peter, Dörk, Thilo, Antonenkova, Natalia, Bogdanova, Natalia, Leminen, Arto, Nevanlinna, Heli, Pelttari, Liisa M, Butzow, Ralf, Bunker, Clareann H, Modugno, Francesmary, Edwards, Robert P, Ness, Roberta B, du Bois, Andreas, Heitz, Florian, Schwaab, Ira, Harter, Philipp, Karlan, Beth Y, Walsh, Christine, Lester, Jenny, Jensen, Allan, Kjær, Susanne K, Høgdall, Claus K, Høgdall, Estrid, Lundvall, Lene, Sellers, Thomas A, Fridley, Brooke L, Goode, Ellen L, Cunningham, Julie M, Vierkant, Robert A, Giles, Graham G, Baglietto, Laura, Severi, Gianluca, Southey, Melissa C, Liang, Dong, Wu, Xifeng, Lu, Karen, Hildebrandt, Michelle AT, Levine, Douglas A, Bisogna, Maria, Schildkraut, Joellen M, Iversen, Edwin S, Weber, Rachel Palmieri, Berchuck, Andrew, Cramer, Daniel W, Terry, Kathryn L, Poole, Elizabeth M, Tworoger, Shelley S, Bandera, Elisa V, Chandran, Urmila, Orlow, Irene, Olson, Sara H, Wik, Elisabeth, Salvesen, Helga B, Bjorge, Line, Halle, Mari K, van Altena, Anne M, Aben, Katja KH, Kiemeney, Lambertus A, Massuger, Leon FAG, Pejovic, Tanja, Bean, Yukie T, Cybulski, Cezary, Gronwald, Jacek, Lubinski, Jan, Wentzensen, Nicolas, Brinton, Louise A, Lissowska, Jolanta, Garcia-Closas, Montserrat, Dicks, Ed, and Dennis, Joe

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Genetics, Rare Diseases, Prevention, Ovarian Cancer, Human Genome, Cancer, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Alleles, Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial, DNA, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial, Ovarian Neoplasms, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quality Control, Australian Cancer Study, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group, Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Genetics & Heredity, Reproductive medicine
Abstract

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous cancer with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Variants influencing the risk of developing the less-common EOC subtypes have not been fully investigated. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of EOC according to subtype by pooling genomic DNA from 545 cases and 398 controls of European descent, and testing for allelic associations. We evaluated for replication 188 variants from the GWAS [56 variants for mucinous, 55 for endometrioid and clear cell, 53 for low-malignant potential (LMP) serous, and 24 for invasive serous EOC], selected using pre-defined criteria. Genotypes from 13,188 cases and 23,164 controls of European descent were used to perform unconditional logistic regression under the log-additive genetic model; odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals are reported. Nine variants tagging six loci were associated with subtype-specific EOC risk at P

Published
2014

6. GWAS meta-analysis of 16 852 women identifies new susceptibility locus for endometrial cancer

Author

Chen, Maxine M, O'Mara, Tracy A, Thompson, Deborah J, Painter, Jodie N, Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study Group (ANECS), Attia, John, Black, Amanda, Brinton, Louise, Chanock, Stephen, Chen, Chu, Cheng, Timothy Ht, Cook, Linda S, Crous-Bou, Marta, Doherty, Jennifer, Friedenreich, Christine M, Garcia-Closas, Montserrat, Gaudet, Mia M, Gorman, Maggie, Haiman, Christopher, Hankinson, Susan E, Hartge, Patricia, Henderson, Brian E, Hodgson, Shirley, Holliday, Elizabeth G, Horn-Ross, Pamela L, Hunter, David J, Le Marchand, Loic, Liang, Xiaolin, Lissowska, Jolanta, Long, Jirong, Lu, Lingeng, Magliocco, Anthony M, Martin, Lynn, McEvoy, Mark, National Study Of Endometrial Cancer Genetics Group (NSECG), Olson, Sara H, Orlow, Irene, Pooler, Loreall, Prescott, Jennifer, Rastogi, Radhai, Rebbeck, Timothy R, Risch, Harvey, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Schumacher, Frederick, Wendy Setiawan, Veronica, Scott, Rodney J, Sheng, Xin, Shu, Xiao-Ou, Turman, Constance, Van Den Berg, David, Wang, Zhaoming, Weiss, Noel S, Wentzensen, Nicholas, Xia, Lucy, Xiang, Yong-Bing, Yang, Hannah P, Yu, Herbert, Zheng, Wei, Pharoah, Paul DP, Dunning, Alison M, Tomlinson, Ian, Easton, Douglas F, Kraft, Peter, Spurdle, Amanda B, De Vivo, Immaculata, Thompson, Deborah [0000-0003-1465-5799], Pharoah, Paul [0000-0001-8494-732X], Dunning, Alison [0000-0001-6651-7166], Easton, Douglas [0000-0003-2444-3247], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Genotype, Humans, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, Endometrial Neoplasms, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy in the developed world. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition to the disease, most of the genetic risk remains unexplained. We present the meta-analysis results of four genome-wide association studies (4907 cases and 11 945 controls total) in women of European ancestry. We describe one new locus reaching genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10 -8) at 6p22.3 (rs1740828; P = 2.29 × 10 -8, OR = 1.20), providing evidence of an additional region of interest for genetic susceptibility to endometrial cancer.

Published
2016

7. The Breast Cancer to Bone (B2B) Metastases Research Program: a multi-disciplinary investigation of bone metastases from breast cancer

Author

Brockton, Nigel T., Gill, Stephanie J., Laborge, Stephanie L., Paterson, Alexander H. G., Cook, Linda S., Vogel, Hans J., Shemanko, Carrie S., Hanley, David A., Magliocco, Anthony M., and Friedenreich, Christine M.

Subjects
Cancer Research, Survival, Bone Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms, Population-based, Metastasis, Study Protocol, Breast cancer, Recurrence, Genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor, Metabolomics, Humans, Prospective Studies, Vitamin D, Bone, Inflammation, Physical activity, Gene Expression Profiling, Cohort, Lifestyle, Survival Analysis, Diet, Oncology, Research Design, Cytokines, Female, Gene expression
Abstract

Background Bone is the most common site of breast cancer distant metastasis, affecting 50–70 % of patients who develop metastatic disease. Despite decades of informative research, the effective prevention, prediction and treatment of these lesions remains elusive. The Breast Cancer to Bone (B2B) Metastases Research Program consists of a prospective cohort of incident breast cancer patients and four sub-projects that are investigating priority areas in breast cancer bone metastases. These include the impact of lifestyle factors and inflammation on risk of bone metastases, the gene expression features of the primary tumour, the potential role for metabolomics in early detection of bone metastatic disease and the signalling pathways that drive the metastatic lesions in the bone. Methods/Design The B2B Research Program is enrolling a prospective cohort of 600 newly diagnosed, incident, stage I-IIIc breast cancer survivors in Alberta, Canada over a five year period. At baseline, pre-treatment/surgery blood samples are collected and detailed epidemiologic data is collected by in-person interview and self-administered questionnaires. Additional self-administered questionnaires and blood samples are completed at specified follow-up intervals (24, 48 and 72 months). Vital status is obtained prior to each follow-up through record linkages with the Alberta Cancer Registry. Recurrences are identified through medical chart abstractions. Each of the four projects applies specific methods and analyses to assess the impact of serum vitamin D and cytokine concentrations, tumour transcript and protein expression, serum metabolomic profiles and in vitro cell signalling on breast cancer bone metastases. Discussion The B2B Research Program will address key issues in breast cancer bone metastases including the association between lifestyle factors (particularly a comprehensive assessment of vitamin D status) inflammation and bone metastases, the significance or primary tumour gene expression in tissue tropism, the potential of metabolomic profiles for risk assessment and early detection and the signalling pathways controlling the metastatic tumour microenvironment. There is substantial synergy between the four projects and it is hoped that this integrated program of research will advance our understanding of key aspects of bone metastases from breast cancer to improve the prevention, prediction, detection, and treatment of these lesions.

Published
2015

8. Bax expression measured by AQUAnalysis is an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Author

Bose Pinaki, Klimowicz Alexander C, Kornaga Elizabeth, Petrillo Stephanie K, Matthews T, Chandarana Shamir, Magliocco Anthony M, Brockton Nigel T, and Dort Joseph C

Subjects
Adult, Male, Cancer Research, Bcl-XL, bcl-X Protein, Gene Expression, lcsh:RC254-282, Cohort Studies, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Tumor, Genetics, Humans, Bcl-2, Aged, Neoplasm Staging, bcl-2-Associated X Protein, Oral cancer, Middle Aged, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, Prognosis, stomatognathic diseases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Oncology, Bax, AQUA, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Female, Mouth Neoplasms, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Research Article
Abstract

Background Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer and proteins regulating apoptosis have been proposed as prognostic markers in several malignancies. However, the prognostic impact of apoptotic markers has not been consistently demonstrated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This inconsistency in reported associations between apoptotic proteins and prognosis can be partly attributed to the intrinsic low resolution and misclassification associated with manual, semi-quantitative methods of biomarker expression measurement. The aim of this study was to examine the association between apoptosis-regulating proteins and clinical outcomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using the quantitative fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) based AQUAnalysis technique. Methods Sixty-nine OSCC patients diagnosed between 1998–2005 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada were included in the study. Clinical data were obtained from the Alberta Cancer Registry and chart review. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were assembled from triplicate cores of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded pre-treatment tumour tissue. Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL protein expression was quantified using fluorescent IHC and AQUA technology in normal oral cavity squamous epithelium (OCSE) and OSCC tumour samples. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier plots and the Cox proportional hazard model. Results Bax expression was predominantly nuclear in OCSE and almost exclusively cytoplasmic in OSCC. No similar differences in localization were observed for Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL. Only Bax expression associated with disease-specific survival (DSS), with 5-year survival estimates of 85.7% for high Bax versus 50.3% for low Bax (p = 0.006), in univariate analysis. High Bax expression was also significantly associated with elevated Ki67 expression, indicating that increased proliferation might lead to an improved response to radiotherapy in patients with elevated Bax expression. In multivariate analyses, Bax protein expression remained an independent predictor of DSS in OSCC [HR 0.241 (0.078-0.745), p = 0.013]. Conclusions The AQUA technique used in our study eliminates observer bias and provides reliable and reproducible estimates for biomarker expression. AQUA also provides essential measures of quality control that cannot be achieved with manual biomarker scoring techniques. Our results support the use of Bax protein expression as a prognostic marker in conjunction with other clinico-pathological variables when designing personalized treatment strategies for OSCC patients.

Published
2012
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9. Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a role for cholesterol in the development of endometrial cancer

Author

Kho, Pik-Fang, Amant, Frederic, Annibali, Daniela, Ashton, Katie, Attia, John, Auer, Paul L, Beckmann, Matthias W, Black, Amanda, Brinton, Louise, Buchanan, Daniel D, Chanock, Stephen J, Chen, Chu, Chen, Maxine M, Cheng, Timothy HT, Cook, Linda S, Crous-Bous, Marta, Czene, Kamila, De Vivo, Immaculata, Dennis, Joe, Dörk, Thilo, Dowdy, Sean C, Dunning, Alison M, Dürst, Matthias, Easton, Douglas F, Ekici, Arif B, Fasching, Peter A, Fridley, Brooke L, Friedenreich, Christine M, García-Closas, Montserrat, Gaudet, Mia M, Giles, Graham G, Goode, Ellen L, Gorman, Maggie, Haiman, Christopher A, Hall, Per, Hankinson, Susan E, Hein, Alexander, Hillemanns, Peter, Hodgson, Shirley, Hoivik, Erling A, Holliday, Elizabeth G, Hunter, David J, Jones, Angela, Kraft, Peter, Krakstad, Camilla, Lambrechts, Diether, Le Marchand, Loic, Liang, Xiaolin, Lindblom, Annika, Lissowska, Jolanta, Long, Jirong, Lu, Lingeng, Magliocco, Anthony M, Martin, Lynn, McEvoy, Mark, Milne, Roger L, Mints, Miriam, Nassir, Rami, Otton, Geoffrey, Palles, Claire, Pooler, Loreall, Proietto, Tony, Rebbeck, Timothy R, Renner, Stefan P, Risch, Harvey A, Rübner, Matthias, Runnebaum, Ingo, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sarto, Gloria E, Schumacher, Fredrick, Scott, Rodney J, Setiawan, V Wendy, Shah, Mitul, Sheng, Xin, Shu, Xiao-Ou, Southey, Melissa C, Tham, Emma, Tomlinson, Ian, Trovik, Jone, Turman, Constance, Tyrer, Jonathan P, Van Den Berg, David, Wang, Zhaoming, Wentzensen, Nicolas, Xia, Lucy, Xiang, Yong-Bing, Yang, Hannah P, Yu, Herbert, Zheng, Wei, Webb, Penelope M, Thompson, Deborah J, Spurdle, Amanda B, Glubb, Dylan M, and O'Mara, Tracy A

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, Risk, Cholesterol, HDL, endometrial cancer risk, Cholesterol, LDL, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, 3. Good health, Endometrial Neoplasms, HDL cholesterol, Case-Control Studies, LDL cholesterol, Mendelian randomization, Humans, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Female, triglycerides, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract

Blood lipids have been associated with the development of a range of cancers, including breast, lung and colorectal cancer. For endometrial cancer, observational studies have reported inconsistent associations between blood lipids and cancer risk. To reduce biases from unmeasured confounding, we performed a bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the relationship between levels of three blood lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] and high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, and triglycerides) and endometrial cancer risk. Genetic variants associated with each of these blood lipid levels (P < 5 × 10-8 ) were identified as instrumental variables, and assessed using genome-wide association study data from the Endometrial Cancer Association Consortium (12 906 cases and 108 979 controls) and the Global Lipids Genetic Consortium (n = 188 578). Mendelian randomization analyses found genetically raised LDL cholesterol levels to be associated with lower risks of endometrial cancer of all histologies combined, and of endometrioid and non-endometrioid subtypes. Conversely, higher genetically predicted HDL cholesterol levels were associated with increased risk of non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. After accounting for the potential confounding role of obesity (as measured by genetic variants associated with body mass index), the association between genetically predicted increased LDL cholesterol levels and lower endometrial cancer risk remained significant, especially for non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. There was no evidence to support a role for triglycerides in endometrial cancer development. Our study supports a role for LDL and HDL cholesterol in the development of non-endometrioid endometrial cancer. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying these findings.

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