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To correct angulation and to avoid plaster immobilization in diaphyseal fractures in childhood, intramedullary nailing with flexible titanium pins is an easy and safe method. Under radiographic control, fractures of femur, tibia, and humerus are stabilized with two crossing pins. Forearm fractures are splinted with a single pin each in the radius and the ulna. Even displaced fractures of the radial neck can be corrected with a distally introduced titanium pin. This method is safe in elective trauma surgery and will especially be useful in polytraumatized children in whom multiple fractures should be stabilized with minimal x-ray exposure in a short time.

Background: Melphalan administered by isolated hyperthermic perfusion of the affected limb is an accepted treatment for malignant melanoma of the extremities. In contrast, pharmacologic and phase I studies suggest that, because of its high uptake, mitoxantrone may give even better local control, but data on survival, onset of metastases, and local and systemic toxicities have not yet been reported. Methods: A matched-pairs comparison was performed to examine differences in the tolerability and effectiveness of isolated hyperthermic extremity perfusion with mitoxantrone (n = 44) and melphalan (n = 44) in high risk and locoregionally metastatic malignant melanoma. Criteria evaluated were local and systemic complications, and recurrence-free and overall survival. Results: Local complications, such as delayed wound healing, were more frequent in the mitoxantrone (27.9%) than in the melphalan group (9.8%) (P < 0.05). Systemic toxicity, in particular bone marrow toxicity, was also more severe with mitoxantrone (78.6% versus 15.4%, P < 0.001). Hepatotoxic effects were more frequent among patients in the melphalan group who were older and had lower tissue perfusion temperatures (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in overall or recurrence-free survival (P < 0.41). Conclusions: Local and systemic toxicity seem to be higher with mitoxantrone. Survival rates were similar with both drugs. The data obtained suggest a randomized phase II study with an appropriate number of patients.

In a prospective randomized clinical study a routinely used bubble oxygenator (Bentley-5) was compared with a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator (D 701 Masterflo 34) during hyperthermic isolated extremity perfusion. This was done to find out whether there were differences between the two oxygenators in hemolysis, cellular damage, oxygenation and temperature achieved during extremity perfusion. In 30 perfusions blood samples were obtained at defined times: plasma hemoglobin (Hb), serum lactate dehydrogenase (s-LDH), number of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin and bilirubin were determined for hemolysis, leukocyte count (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) and platelets as a check for cellular damage, and PO2, PCO2, O2 saturation and pH to define blood oxygenation and CO2 elimination. Maximal increase in temperature after 30 min and perfusion time until maximum tissue temperature were also recorded. The membrane oxygenator yielded better results from the aspect of hemolysis: s-LDH and plasma Hb were significantly different (p0.001). Cellular damage was less with the membrane oxygenator: platelet differences were significant (p0.01). Oxygenation and hyperthermia were obtained more quickly and were better controllable in membrane oxygenator. Further advantages for the patient were the smaller volume of blood needed for priming in a membrane oxygenator (750 vs. 1,200 ml) and improved safety resulting from a 'closed' perfusion system. On the basis of the clinical prospective randomized trial conducted, we conclude that membrane oxygenators must be adopted as the new standard in isolated hyperthermic extremity perfusion.

Supersaturation and rapid nucleation of cholesterol in bile are of key importance in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. While the effects of bile acids and phospholipids on cholesterol saturation of bile have been extensively studied, their influence on the cholesterol nucleation time has not been compared. We, therefore, investigated whether increases of bile acid or phospholipid concentrations in bile by in vitro supplementation affect the cholesterol nucleation time. Bile samples were obtained at surgery from patients with cholesterol gallstones. Prior to the nucleation assay the bile samples were divided into 0.5-ml aliquots and supplemented with 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mumol/ml of different phosphatidylcholines (PC-dimyristoyl, PC-dipalmitoyl, PC-distearoyl, and extracted biliary PCs) or with 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mumol/ml of bile acids (glycine or taurine conjugates of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, or chenodeoxycholic acid). The increase of phosphatidylcholine or bile acid concentration decreased the mean cholesterol saturation index to a similar extent (PC: 0.1-0.3; BA: 0.1-0.2). Supplementations of bile with increasing amounts of synthetic or biliary PCs caused a marked prolongation of the nucleation time in bile from 1.5 +/- 0.2 up to > or = 21 days or 2.5 +/- 0.7 up to > or = 21 days. Concurrently, biliary cholesterol was shifted from vesicles to mixed micelles and the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of the remaining vesicles was progressively lowered. In contrast, the addition of bile acids to gallbladder bile did not affect the cholesterol nucleation time (2.2 +/- 0.3 days), the percentage of vesicular cholesterol, or the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of vesicles and micelles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Experience with acute peritoneal dialysis gathered over the last 10 years shows that, in 63 premature newborns and infants (up to 1 year of age), a standardized surgical procedure using a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff (individually glued to fit) has a lower complication rate and is more effective than placement of a trocar catheter.