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1. Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content.

Author

Thorsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Gunnarsdottir, I., Gisladottir, E., Kiely, M., Parra, M. D., Bandarra, N. M., Schaafsma, G., Martinéz, J. A., and Martinéz, J A

Subjects
*NUTRITION, *YOUNG adults, *FISHES, *FISH oils, *FISH protein concentrate, *FATTY acids, *OBESITY, *HUMAN beings, *CLINICAL trials, *REDUCING diets, *ANIMAL experimentation, *COMPARATIVE studies, *LOW-fat diet, *RESEARCH methodology, *MEDICAL cooperation, *RESEARCH, *SEAFOOD, *VEGETABLE oils, *WEIGHT loss, *EVALUATION research, *RANDOMIZED controlled trials, *TREATMENT effectiveness
Abstract

Objective:To investigate the effect of including seafood and fish oils, as part of an energy-restricted diet, on weight loss in young overweight adults.Design:Randomized controlled trial of energy-restricted diet varying in fish and fish oil content was followed for 8 weeks. Subjects were randomized to one of four groups: (1) control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood); (2) lean fish (3 × 150 g portions of cod/week); (3) fatty fish (3 × 150 g portions of salmon/week); (4) fish oil (DHA/EPA capsules, no seafood). The macronutrient composition of the diets was similar between the groups and the capsule groups, were single-blinded.Subjects:A total of 324 men and women aged 20–40 years, BMI 27.5–32.5 kg/m2 from Iceland, Spain and Ireland.Measurements:Anthropometric data were collected at baseline, midpoint and endpoint. Confounding factors were accounted for, with linear models, for repeated measures with two-way interactions. The most important interactions for weight loss were (diet × energy intake), (gender × diet) and (gender × initial-weight).Results:An average man in the study (95 kg at baseline receiving 1600 kcal/day) was estimated to lose 3.55 kg (95% CI, 3.14–3.97) (1); 4.35 kg (95% CI, 3.94–4.75) (2); 4.50 kg (95% CI, 4.13–4.87) (3) and 4.96 kg (95% CI, 4.53–5.40) on diet (4) in 4 weeks, from baseline to midpoint. The weight-loss from midpoint to endpoint was 0.45 (0.41–0.49) times the observed weight loss from baseline to midpoint. The diets did not differ in their effect on weight loss in women. Changes in measures of body composition were in line with changes in body weight.Conclusion:In young, overweight men, the inclusion of either lean or fatty fish, or fish oil as part of an energy-restricted diet resulted in ∼1 kg more weight loss after 4 weeks, than did a similar diet without seafood or supplement of marine origin. The addition of seafood to a nutritionally balanced energy-restricted diet may boost weight loss.International Journal of Obesity (2007) 31, 1560–1566; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803643; published online 15 May 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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2. Tuberculosis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Author

Tomasson, H. O., Brennan, M., and Bass, M. J.

Subjects
Risk, Immunity, Cellular, Recurrence, Arthritis, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Humans, Tuberculosis, Female, Research Article, Aged
Abstract

In 1980 and 1982 two case reports documented reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who had used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A case-control study was designed to test the hypothesis that such an association does exist. Data for 38 patients were obtained from the patients' family physicians, and each patient was matched with a control from the same practice for age, sex, race and length of time in that practice. A statistically significant relation was found between the reactivation of tuberculosis and the use of NSAIDs. However, further research is imperative to determine whether the association is direct, indirect or secondary to an unknown factor. Physicians should keep in mind that NSAIDs are potent anti-inflammatory agents and may thus activate, spread and mask infections.

Published
1984

3. Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison

Author

Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R. F., Liefooghe, A. P. D., Ana Almeida, Araki, H., Del Barrio, C., Costabile, A., Dekleva, B., Houndoumadi, A., Kim, K., Olafsson, R. P., Ortega, R., Pain, J., Pateraki, L., Schafer, M., Singer, M., Smorti, A., Toda, Y., Tomasson, H., and Wenxin, Z.

Subjects
Cross-Cultural Comparison, Dominance-Subordination, Male, Adolescent, Poison control, Peer Group, Education, Developmental psychology, Sex Factors, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Humans, Child, Social perception, Aggression, Indo-European languages, Age Factors, Social environment, Peer group, Cross-cultural studies, Social Perception, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Industrial and organizational psychology, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8- and 14-year-old pupils (N = 1,245; n = 604 at 8 years, n = 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo-European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies.

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