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We intended to identify the incidence and risk factors (RFs) for Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) after applying a risk-stratified catheterization optimization method in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)-total joint arthroplasty (TJA).A total of 381 patients were prospectively monitored for POUR. POUR diagnosis was done by a perioperative specialist. Data on potential risk factors (RFs) for POUR were accumulated. Univariate analysis (UA) was conducted to identify possible indicators of POUR, followed by multivariate analysis (MA) of identified indicators.POUR occurred in 5.5% of cases, including 8 (3.4%) patients underwent total knee arthroplasty and 13 (10.4%) patients underwent total hip arthroplasty. In UA, age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and the type of operation were significantly different on UA (P = 0.046, P = 0.022, P = 0.000 and P = 0.049, respectively). Other additional predictors, including body mass index (BMI), international prostate symptom score (IPSS) score, preoperative haemoglobin (Hb), duration of operation, estimated intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluid volume, fluid infusion volume within 24 h postoperatively were not associated with POUR (P 0.05). MA results demonstrated that age, ASA score, type of operation and standard intraoperative placement of an indwelling bladder catheter (SIP-IBC) were strongly associated with POUR development risk (P 0.05).Overall, we had a low POUR incidence in our study cohort. However, with the shift from non-ERAS TJA to ERAS TJA protocol, it is crucial to closely monitor the male gender, advanced age, THA and SIP-IBC, as these variables can markedly enhance POUR risk.

Background Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play immunosuppressive roles in cancers and some infectious diseases; however, their role in dengue fever (DF) remains unknown. This study evaluated the clinical significance of MDSCs in DF patients. Methods This study comprised 178 non-severe DF patients, 20 non-dengue fever (NDF) controls, and 30 healthy donors. The DF patients were divided into the following five groups based on the fever duration from its onset to the day of sample collection: fever duration of 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and > 9 days. Among these DF patients, 14 were monitored for eight days, and their peripheral blood samples were collected every two days. The mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed using flow cytometry. The correlation between the MDSCs and clinical and immunological indicators of the DF patients was evaluated using Spearman analysis. Results The count of the peripheral blood MDSCs, especially monocytic MDSCs, of the 178 DF patients were dramatically higher than those of the NDF and healthy controls, and remarkably decreased with the fever duration. Moreover, the MDSC count correlated with some indicators, including the dengue viral load (rho = 0.367, p rho = 0.263, p = .005), prothrombin time (rho = 0.475, p + T cell number (rho = − 0.317, p + T cell number (rho = − 0.361, p rho = − 0.347, p rho = − 0.258, p = .001), interferon-α (IFN-α) (rho = 0.43, p rho = 0.278, p = .019). Furthermore, the level of arginase-1, but not nitric oxide, was higher in the DF patients than in the healthy controls and was closely related to the number of MDSCs (rho = 0.265, p = .024). Conclusions Our study reveals a significant correlation between MDSCs and DF clinical indicators, posing MDSCs as potential target cells for DF treatment.

Myofiber necrosis is a significant pathologic characteristic of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), and its molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Necroptosis is a recently identified form of regulated necrotic cell death, and its activation might have crucial biologic consequences. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of necroptosis in IIM muscle damage.Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to examine the expression of receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP-3) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) proteins in 26 IIM patients and 4 healthy controls, as well as necroptosis-related damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was used to stimulate cultured C2C12 myoblasts, and the involvement of necroptosis in cell death of C2C12 cells was studied in vitro.The expression of RIP-3 and MLKL proteins and their phosphorylated forms was significantly increased in the muscle tissue of IIM patients compared to that of healthy controls. The expression levels of RIP-3 and MLKL proteins were associated with the severity of muscle damage in patients with IIM. Significant colocalization of MLKL with high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in necrotizing myofibers was observed in muscle biopsy tissue from patients with IIM. Stimulation of C2C12 myoblasts with TNF and a pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD, resulted in the overactivation of necroptosis and significantly increased necrotic cell death. Strategies involving either inhibition of necroptosis with necrostatin-1 or knockdown of MLKL expression successfully prevented necroptosis-induced cell death of C2C12 cells.These findings demonstrate that overactivated necroptosis contributes to muscle damage in IIMs and suggest that necroptosis inhibitors could represent a new therapeutic target in the treatment of IIMs.

OBJECTIVE: To construct risk prediction models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants on postnatal days 3, 7, and 14. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 414 preterm infants, with a gestational age of

CD147, also known as EMMPRIN or basigin, is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor that activates matrix metalloproteinases and promotes inflammation. CD147 function is regulated by posttranslational modifications of which glycosylation has attracted the most attention. In this study, we demonstrated that glycosylated CD147 was the dominant form in heart tissue, and its levels were markedly elevated in response to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Adeno-associated virus 9-mediated, cardiac-specific overexpression of wild-type CD147 in mice significantly promoted pressure overload-induced pathological cardiac remodeling accompanied by augmented oxidative stress and ferroptosis. By contrast, mutations of CD147 glycosylation sites notably weakened these detrimental effects of CD147. Mechanistically, CD147 exacerbated TAC-induced pathological cardiac remodeling via direct binding with the adaptor molecule TRAF2 and subsequent activation of TAK1 signalling, which was dependent on glycosylation of CD147. Collectively, our findings provide the first evidence that CD147 promoted pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in a glycosylation-dependent manner through binding the adaptor protein TRAF2 and activating the downstream TRAF2-TAK1 signalling pathway. Thus, glycosylation of CD147 may be a potent interventional target for heart failure treatment.

MicroRNAs are important regulators during human growth and development. Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs play important roles in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to reveal the biological function and direct target gene of miR-483 in colorectal cancer. The biological function of miR-483 on the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells was then examined by Edu assay and transwell assay, respectively. Our findings revealed that miR-483 mimic could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and migration. The target gene of miR-483 was predicted by target scan software and identified by a dual fluorescence reporter system which showed that TRAF1 was a direct target gene of miR-483 in SW480 cell line. These data suggest that miR-483 is a colorectal cancer suppressor which could inhibit cell proliferation and migration, possibly via targeting TRAF1. The miR-483 could be a potential treatment target for colorectal cancer. Keywords: miR-483, Colon cancer cells, Proliferation, Migration, TRAF1

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathogen composition and clinical features of preterm infants with sepsis, and to provide a basis for early identification and treatment of sepsis in preterm infants. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 371 preterm infants with sepsis who had a positive blood culture between January 2014 and May 2018. According to the time of onset, the preterm infants were divided into an early-onset group (an age of onset of < 7 days) with 73 preterm infants and a late-onset group (an age of onset of ≥ 7 days) with 298 preterm infants. The two groups were compared in terms of pathogen composition and clinical features (initial symptoms, laboratory examination results at the time of onset, comorbidities, and prognosis). RESULTS: There was a higher proportion of infants with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in the late-onset group (P < 0.05), while there was a higher proportion of infants with Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae or Listeria infection in the early-onset group (P < 0.05). The early-onset group had a significantly higher proportion of infants with dyspnea than the late-onset group (P < 0.05). Compared with the late-onset group, the early-onset group had significantly shorter time to negative conversion of blood culture, duration of antibiotic use before infection, and indwelling time of deep venous catheterization (P < 0.05), and the late-onset group had a significantly higher incidence rate of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis than the early-onset group (P < 0.05). The early-onset group had a significantly higher rate of treatment withdrawal than the late-onset group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants with sepsis lack typical clinical manifestations and laboratory examination results at the time of onset. There are certain differences in pathogen composition and clinical features between preterm infants with early-and late-onset sepsis. Possible pathogens for sepsis should be considered based on age in days at the time of onset and related clinical features.

Varacin C is a promising anticancer agent and possesses acid-promoted and photo-induced DNA-damaging activities. In this study, we synthesized an analog varacin-1 (VCA-1) and examined its anticancer potentials. The results demonstrated that VCA-1 caused dose-dependent apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. Note that this action is independent of p53 status, because VCA-1 induced similar levels of apoptosis in two different panels of cell lines (HCT116 p53- wild-type vs. HCT116 p53-knockout colon cancer cells, and p53-expressing U2OS vs. p53-deficient saos2 osteosarcoma cancer cells). VCA-1-induced apoptosis was found to be mainly via the extrinsic apoptosis pathway involving caspase-8 activation and XIAP reduction. Forced over-expression of XIAP markedly prevented apoptosis, indicating its essential role in VCA-1 induced apoptosis. On the other hand, VCA-1 treatment enhanced intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation also in a p53-independent manner, and consequently promoted caspase activation. Pretreatment of N-acetyl cysteine (an antioxidant), rather than z-VAD (specific caspase inhibitor), markedly prevented XIAP reduction, suggesting that XIAP reduction may be resulted from oxidative stress. In conclusion, data from this study reveal the essential roles of ROS generation and XIAP reduction in VCA-1-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. VCA-1 may be a novel cancer therapeutic agent, especially in p53-mutant human cancers.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features and prognosis of preterm infants with varying degrees of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: The clinical data of 144 preterm infants with a gestational age of < 32 weeks who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from March 2014 to March 2016 and were diagnosed with BPD were collected. According to the severity of BPD, these preterm infants were divided into mild group with 81 infants and moderate/severe group with 63 infants. The two groups were compared in terms of perinatal risk factors, treatment, comorbidities, complications, and prognosis of the respiratory system. RESULTS: Compared with the mild BPD group, the moderate/severe BPD group had a significantly higher gestational age and rate of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (P < 0.05), as well as a significantly higher rate of severe preeclampsia and a significantly lower rate of threatened preterm labor (P < 0.05). Compared with the mild BPD group, the moderate/severe BPD group had a significantly higher percentage of infants who needed mechanical ventilation at 2 weeks after birth, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, total time of oxygen therapy, and length of hospital stay, and higher incidence rates of pneumonia and cholestasis (P < 0.05), as well as a significantly lower application rate of caffeine citrate (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SGA birth (OR=5.974, P < 0.05), pneumonia (OR=2.590, P < 0.05), and mechanical ventilation required at 2 weeks after birth (OR=4.632, P < 0.05) were risk factors for increased severity of BPD. The pulmonary function test performed at the corrected gestational age of 40 weeks showed that compared with the mild BPD group, the moderate/severe BPD group had significantly lower ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time, ratio of volume to peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory volume, and tidal expiratory flow at 25% remaining expiration (P < 0.05). The infants were followed up to the corrected gestational age of 1 year, and the moderate/severe BPD group had significantly higher incidence rates of recurrent hospital admission for pneumonia and recurrent wheezing (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SGA birth, pneumonia, and prolonged mechanical ventilation are associated with increased severity of BPD. Infants with moderate or severe BPD have poor pulmonary function and may experience recurrent infection and wheezing.

Adoptive therapy using T cells modified with tumour antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) genes has become a popular area of research in tumour biotherapy research. However, the efficiency of this treatment is low. To increase the efficiency of this therapy, the antigen specific TCR expression in the T cells needs to be improved. Adenoviral vector-mediated gene expression is an attractive approach to bypass the issue of TCR gene modification. The efficiency of adenovirus vector serotype 5 (Ad5) infection is low due to the absence of coxsackievirus B-adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression in T cells. In the present study, a chimeric adenoviral vector (Ad5F35L) was generated; this construct contained both the natural long-shaft of Ad5 and the Ad35 knob. A transduction study showed that the Ad5F35L vector exhibited a higher transduction efficiency in human primary T lymphocytes than the Ad5 vector and the Ad5F35S vector, which contained the Ad35 natural short-shaft and the Ad35 knob. Similar transduction efficiencies were observed for both CD4(+) T lymphocytes and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and the transfection was independent of the expression of cell surface receptors. The activation of T lymphocytes resulted in an improvement of the Ad5F35L transduction efficiency in CD4(+) T cells and a decrease in Ad5F35L transduction efficiency in CD8(+) T cells. The results demonstrate that Ad5F35L is a promising viral vector and will facilitate the clinical application of tumour antigen-specific TCR gene therapy.

To observe the therapeutic effect of body acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure for treatment of menstrual headache of hyperactivity of "liver fire".A total of 85 menstrual headache patients with hyperactivity of "liver-fire" were randomly divided into control group (n = 42) and treatment group (n = 43). Patients of the control group were treated by oral administration of Flunarizine Hydrochloride Capsules (Sibelium, 5 mg/time, twice daily) for 5 days beginning at the headache attack in the first menstrual cycle, and for two weeks (except weekends) in the second and third menstrual cycles. Patients of the treatment group were treated by manual acupuncture stimulation of body acupoints Baihui (GV 20), Fengchi (GB 20), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Taichong (LR 3), Xiaxi (GB 43), Taiyang (EX-HN 5), Hanyan (GB 4), Xuanlu (GB 5) and Shuaigu (GB 8) beginning from the headache attack, and otopoint-pellet pressure of otopoints unilateral Endocrine, Ovaries, Shenmen, Cortex, Liver, Spleen and Kidney (beginning 5 days before menstrual onset) and bilateral Shenmen, Nie, Liver, Gallbladder, Subcortex and Jiaogan during headache attack. Clinical symptom scores were assessed according to the "Guiding Principles for Clinical Research on New Chinese Herbal Drugs" issued by the Chinese Ministry of Health.After the treatment, of the 42 and 43 cases in the control and treatment groups, 9 (21.43%) and 20 (46.51%) were cured, 12 (28.57%) and 14 (32.56%) had a marked improvement, 13 (30.95%) and 7 (16.28%) were effective, 8 (19.05%) and 2 (4.65%) invalid, with the effective rates being 80.95% and 95.35% , respectively. The curative effect of the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group (P0.05). The symptom score and VAS score after the treatment and 3 months post-treatment in the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P0.01). The headache scores and VAS scores were significantly reduced following the treatment and 3 months after the treatment in both control and treatment groups (P0.01). After the treatment for 2-3 therapeutic courses, the headache attack duration during menstruation was markedly and gradually shortened in both groups (P0.01), and therapeutic effect of the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group (P0.01).Body acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure treatment can effectively relieve menstrual headache in menstrual women with hyperactivity of "liver fire".

To observe vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in gastric cancer cells in vitro, and explore the possible underlying mechanisms by transfecting SGC7901 cells with Mig-7-siRNA and observing the impact on VM formation.The capability of VM formation in differently differentiated gastric cancer cells were observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in a three-dimensional culture system. The expression of Mig-7 was detected. The impact of transfection with Mig-7-siRNA into SGC7901 cells on the abilities of VM formation, invasion and migration were also examined. The expressions of Mig-7, phosphor-extracellular regulated protein kinases 1, 2 (p-ERK1/2) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in SGC7901 cells were analyzed by Western blotting.VM formation was observed in poorly differentiated MKN45 and moderately differentiated SGC7901 cells, but not in well differentiated MKN28 and normal GES-1 cells in vitro; Mig-7 was expressed in MKN45 and SGC7901 cells, but not in MKN28 and GES-1 cells; the abilities of VM formation, invasion and migration were changed by transfection with Mig-7-siRNA into SGC7901 cells. The formation of VM was reduced by down-regulating the expressions of p-ERK1/2 and MMP-2 protein in SGC7901 cells.Mig-7 is expressed in gastric cancer cells which are able to form VM. The formation of VM is inhibited by reducing the expression of Mig-7 in gastric cancer cells, which might be mediated by down-regulating the expressions of p-ERK1/2 and MMP-2 proteins.

To observe the effect of otopoint-needle embedment on migraine and to explore its underlying mechanism.Ninety-two migraine outpatients were equally randomized into acupuncture group and medication group. For patients of the acupuncture group, one sterilized intradermal needle was inserted into E (MA-AT)-point and advanced toward Nie (temple-point, MA-AT), then another inserted into Nie (Temple-point, MA-AT) and advanced toward Zhen (occipus-point, MA-AT), followed by fixing the needles with a piece of adhesive-tape respectively, combined with Wei (stomach-point, MA-IC), Jiaogan (sympathesis-point, MA-AH 7) for migraine patients with nausea and vomiting, and with Yan (eye-point, MA-L 1) for those with phengophobia. Plasma serotonin (5-HT) contents before and after the treatment were detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry.In comparison with the pre-treatment, the synthetic scores of two groups one month and 6 months after the treatment were decreased significantly (P0.01). The integrative sores of the acupuncture group one month and 6 months after the treatment were significantly lower than those of the medication group (P0.01). The total effective rates of recent efficacy and long-term efficacy of the acupuncture group were 82.61% (38/46) and 83.72% (36/43) respectively, being significantly higher than those [67.39% (31/46) and 57.14% (24/42)] of the medication group. After the treatment, plasma 5-HT content of the acupuncture group was remarkablely higher than that of the medication group (P0.05).Otopoint-needle implant can effectively relieve headache in migraine patients and upregulate plasma 5-HT level.

To observe the effect of ginger-partitioned moxibustion in the treatment of patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) of cold-damp stagnation type.A total of 209 PD patients were randomized into moxibustion group (n=105) and control group (medication group, n=104). Patients of the former group were treated with ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Shenque (CV 8) and Guanyuan (CV 4), once daily for 3 days in the first menstrual cycle, and 3 days before menstruation and once daily for 6 days in the 2nd and 3rd menstrual cycles, and those of control group were asked to take Yueyueshu Granules (a Chinese herbal patent drug for relieving PD). Clinical symptom scores were assessed before and after the treatment.After the treatment, of the 105 and 104 cases in the moxibustion and control groups, the cured, markedly effective, effective and failed cases were 58 (55.24%) and 32 (30.77%), 37 (35.24%) and 33 (31.73%), 5 (4.76%) and 24 (23.08%), and 5 (4.76%) and 15 (14.42%), respectively. The total therapeutic effect of moxibustion group wassignificantly better than that of control group (P0.01). The effects of moxibustion for relieving mild, moderate and severe dysmenorrhea were evidently superior to those of medication (P0.01). The symptom scores after the treatment and 3 months of post-treatment in moxibustion group were significantly lower than those of control group (P0.01).Ginger-partitioned moxibustion therapy was effective for PD of cold-damp stagnation type.

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on hippocampal apoptosis and learning-memory ability in vascular dementia (VD) mice so as to investigate its underlying mechanism in the treatment of VD patients.Kunming mice were randomly divided into sham-operation (sham, n = 13), model (n = 15), EA (n = 16) and Nimodipine (intragastric gavage, 30 mg/kg for 15 days, n = 15) groups. VD model was duplicated by occlusion of bilateral carotid arteries and reperfusion. EA (2-80 Hz, 2 mA) was applied to "Dazhui" (GV 14), "Baihui" (GV 20), "Geshu" (BL 17) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) for 10 min, once daily for 15 days. Step-down and step-up tests were performed to assess the animal's memory and learning abilities separately; and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method was used to display the apoptotic cells of the hippocampus tissue.In comparison with sham group, the animals' reaction time upon electric shock stimulation, both step-up and step-down error times, and hippocampal apoptosis number in model, EA and Nimodipine groups increased significantly (P0.01), while the reaction latency upon electric shock of model, EA and Nimodipine groups decreased significantly (P0.01). Compared with model group, the reaction time, both step-up and step-down error times and hippocampal apoptosis number of both EA and Nimodipine groups decreased significantly (P0.05, P0.01); while the reaction latency of EA and Nimodipine groups increased considerably (P0.01). Comparison between EA and Nimodipine groups showed that the reaction latency of EA group was obviously longer than that of the later group (P0.01), and the step-down error times of EA group was markedly lower than that of Nimodipine group (P0.05). No significant differences were found between these two groups in other indexes (P0.05).EA can ameliorate VD mice's learning-memory ability, which may be closely related to its effect in reducing hippocampal apoptosis.

To study the liver histopathological features of chronic HBV carriers and inactive HBsAg carriers.Liver biopsies were performed on 189 chronic HBV carriers and 30 inactive HBsAg carriers (219 cases in total). All of them had a normal serum ALT value; they were then followed-up for more than 6 months. HBsAg and HBcAg were detected by immunohistochemistry. The circulating HBV DNA loads and serologic markers of HBV were examined at the same time. Grades of liver necrosis/inflammation and fibrosis were compared between the patients regarding their HBV DNA positivity or negativity. The relationships between the HBeAg positivity and degrees of liver histological changes were evaluated. The grades of liver necrosis/inflammation and fibrosis were compared between three age groups: younger than 18 years, 18-40, and older than 40 years.Two hundred eight carriers of the total 219 (95.0%) had histological liver changes. Fifty percent (104/208) of them had mild histological changes (G0-1/S0-1), while more severe changes (G3-4 and/or S3-4) were found in 18 out of the 208. There were no significant differences in the grades of liver necrosis/inflammation and fibrosis between the chronic HBV carriers and the inactive HBsAg carriers. Among the serologic HBV DNA positive carriers, hepatic fibrosis was more severe in the HBeAg negative group than in the positive group (chi2 = 9.551, P = 0.008), but no differences of the necrosis/inflammation grades were seen between the two groups. The rate of severe fibrosis (S3-4) was 21.1% in those carriers older than 40 years but was 7.7% in patients younger than 18 years. However, no statistically significant differences in degrees of liver inflammation and fibrosis were found among the three age groups. HBcAg positive rate was 100% in the liver tissues of all the chronic HBV carriers, but only in 33.3% in the inactive HBsAg carriers.The majority of our HBV carriers have liver inflammation and fibrosis. More severe histological changes were found in 8.65% of them. Liver fibrosis existed in the carriers with negative HBeAg and in those older than 40 years. HBcAg was found in hepatic tissues while their serological HBV DNA was negative.

To observe clinical therapeutic effect of substance-partitioned moxibustion on primary dysmenorrhea (PD). Methods One hundred and thirty-eight cases of PD were randomly divided into two groups, the treatment group (n=78) were treated with substance-partitioned moxibustion at Guanyuan (CV 4) and Shenque (CV 8), once a day; and the control group (n=60) treated with oral administration of Yueyueshu Powder, twice a day, 10 g each time. They were treated for 3 menstrual cycles.The total effective rate and the index of therapeutic effect were 96.1% and 90.8% in the treatment group, and 88.3% and 76.2% in the control group, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (P0.05).Clinical therapeutic effect of substance-partitioned moxibustion on primary dysmenorrhea is obvious.

To study the relationship of the long-term incidence rate of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) after vasectomy to age and time after operation.Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and ultrasonography were conducted among 850 healthy males, aged 55 - 76 who underwent vasectomy more than 20 years before and 390 healthy males, aged 53 - 75, who had not undergone vasectomy in Yichang, Hubei province, selected by randomized cluster sampling. The data such as international prostate symptom scoring (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) index, maximum urine flow rate (MFR), and average flow rate (AFR), digital rectal examination (DRE), volume of prostate gland (V), and residual urine (R) were analyzed.The general BPH incidence rate of the vasectomy group was 10.8%, significantly lower than that of the control group (40.8%, P0.01). The age-specific BPH incidence rates in the vasetomy group were all significantly lower than those of the control group, especially that of the subjects aged over 70 (10.8% vs. 56.5%, P0.001). The BPH incidence rate of those who had undergone vasectomy 25 years or over before was 7.8%, significantly lower than that of those who had undergone vasectomy 20 years before (13.2%, P0.05), but not significantly difference from that of those who had undergone vasectomy 30 years or over before (5.5%, P0.05). The volumes of prostate gland in all age subgroups were significantly smaller in the vasectomy group than in the control group.Vasectomy reduces the incidence rate of BPH significantly.