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High fibre intake is associated with reduced mortality risk in both general and chronic kidney disease populations. However, in dialysis patients, such data are limited. Therefore, the association between dietary fibre intake (DFI) and the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality was examined in this study. A total of 1044 maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients from eight outpatient dialysis centres in China were included in this study. Data on DFI were collected using 24-h dietary recalls for 3 d in a week and were normalised to actual dry weight. The study outcomes included all-cause and CVD mortality. Over a median of 46 months of follow-up, 354 deaths were recorded, of which 210 (59 %) were due to CVD. On assessing DFI as tertiles, the CVD mortality risk was significantly lower in patients in tertiles 2–3 (≥0·13 g/kg per d; hazard ratio (HR) 0·71; 95 % CI 0·51, 0·97) compared with those in tertile 1 (v. tertile 1; HR 0·83; 95 % CI 0·64, 1·07) and all-cause mortality. In summary, higher DFI was associated with lower CVD mortality risk among Chinese MHD patients. This study emphasises the significance of DFI in MHD patients and provides information that is critical for the improvement of dietary guidelines for dialysis patients.

We aimed to evaluate the relationship of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) with the risk of first stroke and examine possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients. A total of 11,632 hypertensive participants with urinary ACR measurements and without a history of stroke from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT) were included in this analysis. The primary outcome was first stroke. Over a median follow-up of 4.4 years, 728 first strokes were identified, of which 633 were ischemic, 89 were hemorrhagic, and 6 were uncertain types. Overall, there was a significant positive association between natural log-transformed ACR and the risk of first stroke (HR, 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20) and first ischemic stroke (HR, 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03-1.22). Consistently, participants with ACR ≥ 10 mg/g had a significantly higher risk of first stroke (HR, 1.26; 95% CI: 1.06-1.50) and first ischemic stroke (HR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.10-1.59) than those with ACR 10 mg/g. Moreover, the association of ACR with first stroke was significantly stronger in participants with higher total homocysteine (tHcy) levels (10 versus ≥ 10 μmol/L; P for interaction = 0.044). However, there was no significant association between ACR and first hemorrhagic stroke (per natural log [ACR] increment: HR, 1.02; 95% CI: 0.82-1.27). In summary, hypertensive patients with ACR ≥ 10 mg/g had a significantly increased risk of first stroke or first ischemic stroke. This positive association was more pronounced among participants with higher tHcy levels.

Although greater dietary intake of protein has been associated with beneficial health effects among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), the effects of plant protein intake are less certain. We studied the association of the proportion of protein intake derived from plant sources with the risk of mortality among patients receiving MHD and explored factors that may modify these associations.Prospective observational cohort study.1,119 Chinese hemodialysis patients aged over 18 years receiving MHD in 2014-2015.The proportion of plant protein intake to total protein intake.All-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.Segmented regression models were fit to examine the association of plant protein intake proportion with the risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional and cause-specific hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for these outcomes.The means of plant protein intake normalized to ideal body weight and plant protein intake proportion were 0.6±0.2 (SD) g/kg per day and 0.538±0.134, respectively. During a median follow-up period of 28.0 months, 249 deaths occurred, with 146 of these deaths resulting from CVD. Overall, there was a U-shaped association between plant protein intake proportion and the risk of all-cause mortality, with an inflection point at 45%. Among patients with a plant protein intake proportion45%, there was a 17% lower rate of mortality with each 5% greater plant protein intake proportion (HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.73-0.96]). Among patients with plant protein intake proportion≥45%, there was a 9% greater rate of mortality with each 5% greater plant protein intake proportion. A similar U-shaped association was observed for CVD mortality, with an inflection point at 44%.Observational study, potential unmeasured confounding.There was a U-shaped association between plant protein intake proportion and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in MHD patients. If confirmed, these findings suggest a potential avenue to improve outcomes in this patient population.

Background: Several studies have reported that low serum uric acid (SUA) levels are related to increased risk of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, the possible detrimental effects of high SUA on the mortality risk have not been well examined. Moreover, the possible effect modifiers for the SUA-mortality association have not been fully investigated. To address the aforementioned gap, we aimed to explore the nonlinear relationship between SUA levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk, and to examine any possible effect modifiers in MHD patients. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, prospective cohort study among 1,018 MHD patients from 8 hemodialysis centers. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were CVD mortality and non-CVD mortality. Results: The mean value for SUA in the total population was 8.5 ± 1.9 mg/dL. The lowest and highest quintiles of SUA were 10.1 mg/dL, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 45.6 months, 343 deaths were recorded, of which 202 (58.9%) were due to CVD. When SUA was assessed as quintiles, a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality was found in patients in quintile 1 (p for interaction = 0.018). Similar trends were found for CVD mortality and non-CVD mortality. Conclusion: There was a U-shaped relationship between SUA levels and the risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and non-CVD mortality in MHD patients.

The association between dietary protein intake (DPI) and mortality in people receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) remains uncertain. We aimed to explore the relationship of DPI with all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and to examine the possible modifiers for the associations, in Chinese MHD patients.This multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted in eight outpatient dialysis centers in South China. We enrolled 1044 MHD patients in 2014 and 2015. The DPI was assessed using a 3-d 24-h dietary recall. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all analyzed end points.During a median follow-up of 45 mo, there were 354 (33.9%) deaths, 210 of which were CV related. Compared with patients with a DPI of 1.0 to1.4 g/kg ideal body weight (IBW)/d, a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality was found in those with a DPI1.0 g/kg IBW/d (adjusted HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.42-2.38) or ≥ 1.4 g/kg IBW/d (adjusted HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.00-2.22). Similar trends were found for CV mortality. Moreover, we found a significantly stronger positive association between DPI (≥ 1.4 versus 1.0 to1.4 g/kg IBW/d) and all-cause mortality in women (adjusted HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.00-4.22) than in men (adjusted HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.49-1.63; P for interaction = 0.0487).In Chinese MHD patients, a DPI of 1.0 to1.4 g/kg IBW/d was associated with lower risks of all-cause and CV mortality.