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Background Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by defects in genes coding for different lysosomal enzymes which degrade glycosaminoglycans. Impaired lysosomal degradation causes cell dysfunction leading to progressive multiorgan involvement, disabling consequences and poor life expectancy. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is now available for most MPS types, offering beneficial effects on disease progression and improving quality of life of patients. The landscape of MPS in Europe is not completely described and studies on availability of treatment show that ERT is not adequately implemented, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe. In this study we performed a survey analysis in main specialist centers in Southern and Eastern European countries, to outline the picture of disease management in the region and understand ERT implementation. Since the considerable number of MPS IVA patients in the region, particularly adults, the study mainly focused on MPS IVA management and treatment. Results 19 experts from 14 Southern and Eastern European countries in total responded to the survey. Results outlined a picture of MPS management in the region, with a high number of MPS patients managed in the centers and a high level of care. MPS II was the most prevalent followed by MPS IVA, with a particular high number of adult patients. The study particularly focused on management and treatment of MPS IVA patients. Adherence to current European Guidelines for follow-up of MPS IVA patients is generally adequate, although some important assessments are reported as difficult due to the lack of MPS skilled specialists. Availability of ERT in Southern and Eastern European countries is generally in line with other European regions, even though regulatory, organizational and reimbursement constrains are demanding. Conclusions The landscape of MPS in Southern and Eastern European countries is generally comparable to that of other European regions, regarding epidemiology, treatment accessibility and follow up difficulties. However, issues limiting ERT availability and reimbursement should be simplified, to start treatment as early as possible and make it available for more patients. Besides, educational programs dedicated to specialists should be implemented, particularly for pediatricians, clinical geneticists, surgeons, anesthesiologists and neurologists.

Background Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA), or Morquio A syndrome, is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase. A progressive systemic skeletal chondrodysplasia, leading to significant morbidity and reduced life expectancy is the main clinical feature of this multisystemic disease. Although enzyme replacement therapy with elosulfase alfa is established in Europe, the rarity of disease and other factors still set hurdles in having patients treated in some countries. Aim of this statement is to provide evidence-based guidance for the enzyme replacement treatment of Morquio A patients, harmonizing recommendations from published guidelines with the real-life clinical practice in the Central and South-Eastern European region. Participants The Consensus Group, convened by 8 Steering Committee (SC) members from 7 Central and South-Eastern European countries, consisted of a multidisciplinary group of 17 experts in the management of MPS in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Consensus process The SC met in a first virtual meeting with an external scientific coordinator, to discuss on clinical issues to be analyzed in guidance statements. Statements were developed by the scientific coordinator, evaluated by the SC members in a first modified-Delphi voting and adapted accordingly, to be submitted to the widest audience in the Consensus Conference. Following discussion and further modifications, all participants contributed to a second round of modified-Delphi voting. Results Nine of ten statements, concerning general guidelines for management of MPS IVA patients and specific recommendations for treatment, received final consensus. Conclusions European guidelines and evidence-based recommendations for Morquio A patients should be considered in the real life of Central and South-Eastern European countries and adapted to unique clinical practice approaches and criteria for patients’ access to treatment and reimbursement in the region.

Pompe disease (PD) is a rare lysosomal disease caused by the deficient activity of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme due to mutations in the GAA gene. The enzymatic deficiency leads to the accumulation of glycogen within the lysosomes. Clinically, the disease has been classically classified in infantile and childhood/adult forms. Presently cc. close to 600 mutations distributed throughout the whole gene have been reported. The c.-32-13TG splice mutation that is very common in patients of Caucasian origin affected by the childhood/adult form of the disease, with an allelic frequency close to 70%. Enzyme replacement treatment (ERT) is available for the patients with Pompe disease (Myozyme). In this paper, we are presenting the long term follow up of 13 adult onset cases treated more than 5 years. The longest follow up was 15 years. To evaluate the treatment efficacy, the 6 minutes walking test (6MWT) and the respiratory functions were monitored annually. The analysis revealed that at the beginning of ERT for 3-4 years the 6MWT had been generally increasing, then it declined, and after 10 years it was lower in 77% of the cases than it had been at the start of the treatment. In 23% of the cases the 6MWT increased during the follow up time. Only one of the patients become wheelchair dependent during the follow-up period. The respiratory function showed similar results especially in supine position. A high degree of variability was observed among patients in their responses to the treatment, which only partially associated with the antibody titer against the therapeutic protein. The efficacy of the ERT was associated with the type of the disease causing mutation, the baseline status of the disease, the lifestyle and the diet of the patient. The long-term follow up of the patients with innovative orphan drugs is necessary to really understand the value of the treatment and the need of the patients.A Pompe-kór (PD) egy ritka lizoszomális tárolási betegség, amit a GAA gén mutációja következtében kialakuló α-glü­kozidáz (GAA) enzim elégtelen mûködése okoz. Az enzim­deficientia a glikogén lizoszomális felszaporodásához vezet. A betegségnek két klinikai formája ismert, az újszülöttkori, valamint a késôi forma. Jelenleg a betegség hátterében a GAA génnek közel 600 mutációja ismert. A kaukázusi populációban a késôi forma hátterében a c.-32-13TG mutáció a leggyakoribb, az allélfrekvencia közel 70%. A Pompe-kórt enzimpótló terápiával (ERT) tudjuk kezelni, kéthetente Myozyme infúzió adásával. Közleményünkben 13, több mint öt éve kezelt, késôi kezdetû formában szen­vedô beteg hosszú távú követését mutatjuk be. A leg­hosszabb követési idô 15 év volt. A kezelés eredmé­nyességének megítélésére évente mértük a 6 perces járó­távolságot és a légzésfunkciót. Az adatok alapján a 6 per­ces járótávolság az enzimpótló kezelés indítása után körülbelül 3-4 évig javult, ezt követôen az esetek többségében a megtett távolság csökkent. A több mint 10 éves követés után a kezdeti 6 perces járótávolsághoz képest romlást tapasztaltunk az esetek 77%-ában, javulást az esetek 23%-ában. A követés ideje alatt mindössze egyetlen beteg került kerekesszékbe. A légzésfunkció, különösen fekvô helyzetben hasonlóan alakult. A betegek terápiára adott válaszában nagy variabilitást figyeltünk meg, ami csak részben mutatott összefüggést a terápiás fehérje ellen termelôdô antitestszinttel. Az ERT eredményessége jelentôsen függött a betegséget okozó mutáció típusától, a betegség státuszától a kezelés kezdetekor, a beteg fizikai aktivitásától és táplálkozási szokásaitól. Az innovatív orphan gyógyszerekkel kezelt betegek hosszú távú követése kiemelkedôen fontos ahhoz, hogy megismerjük a kezelés valós hasznát és a betegek igényeit.

Introduction: Generating optimal control algorithms for an artificial pancreas is an intensively researched problem. The available models are all nonlinear and rather complex. Model predictive control or run-to-run-based methodologies have proven to be efficient solutions for individualized treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the controller has to ensure safety and stability under all circumstances. Robust control methods seek to provide this safety and guarantee to handle even the worst-case situations and, hence, to generalize and complement results obtained by individualized control algorithms. Methods: Modern robust (e.g., Hinf) control is a linear model-based methodology that we have combined with the nonlinear model-based linear parameter varying technique. The control algorithm was designed on the high-complexity modified nonlinear glucose-insulin model of Sorensen, and it was compared step-by-step with linear model-based Hinf control results published in the literature. The applicability of the developed algorithm was tested first on a control cohort of 10 healthy persons' oral glucose tolerance test results and then on a large meal absorption profile adapted from the literature. In the latter case, two preliminary virtual patients were generated based on 1–1 week real continuous glucose monitor measurements. Results: We have found that the algorithm avoids hypoglycemia (not caused by physical activity or stress) independently from the considered absorption profiles. Conclusion: Use of hard constraints proved their efficiency in fitting blood glucose level within a defined interval. However, in the future, more data of different T1DM patients will be collected and tested, including dynamic absorption model and in silico tests on validated simulators.

Pompe's disease is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency of acid-alpha-glucosidase.Authors analyzed the phenotype of 11 Hungarian patients with Pompe's disease and evaluated clinical parameters and response to enzyme replacement therapy during a long-term follow-up in 8 patients.One patient with atypical infantile form presented with cardiomyopathy and a very slow progression of motor deficits; after 2 years of enzyme replacement therapy no disability was present at the age 6 years. Another patient was asymptomatic at the age of 2.5 years. The adult onset form was characterized by slight to prominent limb-girdle myopathy with an age of onset between 20 and 50 years. In 3 of such cases respiratory insufficiency was also present.Hungarian patients with Pompe's disease presented with a wide phenotypic variability ranging from atypical early childhood form with slowly progressive course to late-onset limb-girdle myopathy with variable courses. Enzyme replacement therapy resulted in significant improvement in motor and respiratory functions in most of the patients.

Obesity is a rapidly spreading endemic in almost every country of the developed world, of which Hungary is no exception. By a joint research project we aim to deepen our understanding of obesity-associated, and especially obesity-predicting changes of clinical markers (anthropometric indices, body composition, laboratory results etc.) in children, especially in teenage population. This paper presents the preliminary results of our investigations which pertain to obesity-related alterations in routine blood test parameters. For that end, we examined 340 healthy and obese children. Results show that there are differences between the routine laboratory parameters of obese and healthy subjects that are both statistically significant and medically interesting. We point out these differences in a statistically precise way, and show a method which can be efficiently used to classify children based on their laboratory parameters. This result can be used later to develop a more realistic model to predict the risk of obesity.

A porc-haj hypoplasia ritka, autoszomális recesszív öröklődésmenetű primer immunhiány-betegség, amelyre a döntően T-sejtes immundeficiencia mellett metaphysealis chondrodysplasia jellemző. A közleményben a szerzők egy esetismertetés kapcsán mutatják be a betegség klinikumát és a jellemző laboratóriumi leleteket, összefoglalják a kórkép molekuláris patomechanizmusával kapcsolatos ismereteket és a kezelés lehetőségeit.