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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the normal three-dimensional relationship between the humeral and the glenoid plane of the individual patient. We measured the three-dimensional angle between the glenoid plane and the humeral plane (glenohumeral angle, °GH) and the angle between the plane of the scapula and the plane of the glenoid (glenoscapular angle, °GS) with the patient in a standardized position to the CT scan gantry. We hypothesized that a normal distribution with a small variation would exist for both angles., Methods: A total of 150 conventional CT scans of normal shoulders from patients aged between 18 and 80 years were examined and three-dimensional reconstructions were derived from it. The descriptive statistics and the variability of °GH and °GS were determined., Results: The mean °GH was 57.9°, and the mean °GS was -3.77°. The overall reliability of the measurement was good. Descriptive statistics of this study confirm the normal distribution and a narrow variation of both parameters., Conclusions: This is the first study to determine the normal 3D relationship between the humerus and the glenoid (°GH). This new three-dimensional anatomical information of the normal glenohumeral relationship and glenoid can be used to distinguish normal from pathological anatomy, as well as alternative surgical guidance especially in bony deficient glenoids. Level of Evidence Level II Anatomical Study.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a common condition in the knee, the elbow and the talus. It is rarely diagnosed in the humeral head. We report the case of a young male patient with OCD of the right humeral head and discuss the clinical and radiographic findings.

We wanted to investigate the quantitative characteristics of humeral head migration (HHM) in shoulder osteoarthritis (OA) and their possible associations with scapular morphology. We quantified CT‐scan‐based‐HHM in 122 patients with a combination of automated 3D scapulohumeral migration (=HHM with respect to the scapula) and glenohumeral migration (=HHM with respect to the glenoid) measurements. We divided OA patients in Group 1 (without HHM), Group 2a (anterior HHM) and Group 2b (posterior HHM). We reconstructed and measured the prearthropathy scapular anatomy with a statistical shape model technique. HHM primarily occurs in the axial plane in shoulder OA. We found "not‐perfect" correlation between subluxation distance AP and scapulohumeral migration values (rs = 0.8, p < 0.001). Group 2b patients had a more expressed prearthropathy glenoid retroversion (13° vs. 7°, p < 0.001) and posterior glenoid translation (4 mm vs. 6 mm, p = 0.003) in comparison to Group 1. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated prearthropathy glenoid version as a significant predictor of HHM (χ² = 27, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the pathologic version could explain 56% of subluxation distance‐AP variance and 75% of the scapulohumeral migration variance (all p < 0.001). Herewith, every degree increase in pathologic glenoid retroversion was associated with an increase of 1% subluxation distance‐AP, and scapulohumeral migration. The occurrence of posterior HHM is associated with prearthropathy glenoid retroversion and more posterior glenoid translation. The reported regression values of HHM in the function of the pathologic glenoid version could form a basis toward a more patient‐specific correction of HHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotator cuff tear arthropathy (RCTA) is characterized by massive rotator cuff tearing combined with humeral head migration (HHM). The aim of this study is to investigate the quantitative characteristics of this migration and its association with glenoid erosions and prearthropathy scapular anatomy. We quantified HHM and prearthropathy scapular anatomy of 64 RCTA patients with statistical shape modeling‐based techniques. Glenoid erosion was classified according to Sirveaux et al. A cutoff value for confirming HHM was 5 mm based on a control group of 49 patients. Group 1 (RCTA without HHM) consisted of 21 patients, with a mean subluxation distance (SLD) of 3 mm. Group 2 (RCTA with HHM) consisted of 43 patients, with mean SLD of 9 mm, SLD in the anteroposterior plane of −1 mm (SD ± 4 mm), SLD in the superoinferior plane of 7 mm (SD ± 3 mm), and subluxation angle (SLA) of −5° (SD ± 40°). Analysis with Fisher's exact test showed a clear association between HHM and glenoid erosions (p = 0.002). Multivariate regression analysis of Group 2 showed that prearthropathy lateral acromial angle combined with critical shoulder angle (p = 0.004) explained 21% of the observed variability in SLD. The prearthropathy glenoid version explained 23% of the variability in SLA (p = 0.001). HHM in RCTA patients has a wide variation in both magnitude and direction leading to a distorted glenohumeral relationship in the coronal and axial plane. HHM is highly associated with the occurrence of glenoid erosions. There is a correlation between the prearthropathy scapular anatomy and the magnitude and direction of HHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the normal three-dimensional relationship between the humeral and the glenoid plane of the individual patient. We measured the three-dimensional angle between the glenoid plane and the humeral plane (glenohumeral angle, °GH) and the angle between the plane of the scapula and the plane of the glenoid (glenoscapular angle, °GS) with the patient in a standardized position to the CT scan gantry. We hypothesized that a normal distribution with a small variation would exist for both angles. Methods: A total of 150 conventional CT scans of normal shoulders from patients aged between 18 and 80 years were examined and three-dimensional reconstructions were derived from it. The descriptive statistics and the variability of °GH and °GS were determined. Results: The mean °GH was 57.9°, and the mean °GS was −3.77°. The overall reliability of the measurement was good. Descriptive statistics of this study confirm the normal distribution and a narrow variation of both parameters. Conclusions: This is the first study to determine the normal 3D relationship between the humerus and the glenoid (°GH). This new three-dimensional anatomical information of the normal glenohumeral relationship and glenoid can be used to distinguish normal from pathological anatomy, as well as alternative surgical guidance especially in bony deficient glenoids. Level of Evidence Level II Anatomical Study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]