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• Wood anatomical traits exhibit clear variations in the three target tree species. • Wood anatomical traits can be categorized into two functional groups related to growth and hydraulics. • High temperatures detriment tree growth, but benefit xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks). • Ks has different effects on tree growth, drought resistance and drought recovery among tree species. • Pinus tabuliformis in semi-arid mixed forests should be protected as a priority. With the intensification of climate warming, drought has become increasingly severe. Drought seriously impacts tree growth and may even result in tree mortality. However, our understanding of how the hydraulic structure of xylem in different tree species regulates growth and drought resistance remains incomplete. Here, we collected tree-ring samples from three semi-arid natural Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis)-broadleaf mixed forests in northern China. We selected Chinese pine (non-porous wood), white birch (Betula platyphylla , diffuse-porous wood), and Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis , ring-porous wood) as target tree species. Using dendrochronology and wood anatomy methods, we evaluated interspecies differences in tree growth, climate sensitivity, and drought resistance, and analyzed the relationships between tree growth, drought resistance, and theoretical xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Our findings revealed distinct differences in the hydraulic structure of xylem among these three tree species as well as their resilience to drought. Liaodong oak exhibited less sensitive to drought compared to Chinese pine and white birch. Meanwhile both Chinese pine and Liaodong oak demonstrated greater resistance to drought than white birch. The positive correlation between specific xylem hydraulic conductivity and both tree growth and drought resistance were observed for Chinese pine, but Liaodong oak was the opposite. This suggested that specific hydraulic conductivity of xylem cannot serve as a consistent or robust predictor of tree growth or drought resistance across different species. As climate warming intensifies, it is anticipated that white birch may experience severe and significant irreversible decline in growth, while Liaodong oak may exhibit the highest potential growth performance. Given the projected intensification of future warming trends along with more frequent extreme climate events, safeguarding biodiversity and productivity within semi-arid Chinese pine-broadleaf mixed forests may hinge on the prioritizing protection efforts for Chinese pine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]