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Inorganic geochemical approaches (i.e., trace elements) for hydrocarbon–source rock correlations in sedimentary basins are a frontier area of research in petroleum geochemistry. This study used inorganic geochemistry to the over mature petroleum systems in the Sinian (Neoproterozoic) Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin of China. Our results show that the Ba N –Ni N –Cu N ternary diagram, V N –Ni N –Mo N ternary diagram and V/Ni–U/Th diagram (related to paleo-productivity and redox conditions), rare earth element (REE)–Y patterns, Ce/Ce*–La/La* diagram, and Ce/Ce*–La/La*–(LREE/HREE) N ternary diagram (related to fluid interactions) can robustly distinguish different source rocks. In particular, V, Ni, and Mo have a strong relationship to organic matter in source rocks, while their occurrence is most likely related to porphyrins in petroleum. Therefore, the V N –Ni N –Mo N ternary diagram can be used for hydrocarbon–source rock correlations. In contrast, Ba, Cu, U, Th, and REE–Y have different and complex geochemical behaviors, limiting the application in hydrocarbon–source rock correlations. The application in the Sichuan Basin shows that the hydrocarbons in the Dengying reservoir were mainly derived from the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation with minor contribution from the lower Cambrian Maidiping and Sinian Doushantuo formations. Compiled data from Lower Paleozoic crude oils in the Tarim Basin show that the V N –Ni N –Mo N ternary diagram can also be applied to low-maturity crude oil systems. Therefore, V, Ni, and Mo have strong relationship to organic matter in petroleum systems and the potential for hydrocarbon–source correlation, while other elements should be used under given conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhenium–osmium (Re–Os) geochronology is a robust technique for constraining the accurate timing of hydrocarbon evolution, but its effectiveness in over-mature petroleum systems has not been well constrained. Here we conduct a case study in the Neoproterozoic Sichuan Basin, China, i.e., the Sinian Dengying sequence (635–542 Ma). Re–Os isotopic data from this highly mature hydrocarbon reservoir yield a Re–Os isochron ages of 414 ± 44 Ma with an initial 187Os/188Os (Os i) of 1.36 ± 0.19 for bitumen and a 78 ± 37 Ma age with an Os i of 3.21 ± 0.17 for pyrobitumen. Coupled with thermal evolution of possible source rocks and fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures, the 414 Ma age marks the timing of oil generation, and the 78 Ma age indicates the timing of gas generation associated with the thermal cracking of oil, and the formation of pyrobitumen in the reservoir. A comparison of the Os i of the 414 Ma bitumen and that of possible source rocks at the time of bitumen formation reveal that it was primarily sourced from shale of the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation. The results of this study provide new insights to better understand the over-mature oil–gas system in the Sinian Sichuan Basin, and show that Dengying Formation reservoirs in the depocenter areas of the basin are potentially favorable for oil and gas exploration. The results further highlight the utility of the Re–Os geochronometer to constrain the accurate age and source of hydrocarbon evolution. • Hydrocarbon evolution in Sinian Sichuan Basin was accurately dated by Re–Os geochronology. • Two Re–Os isochron ages were obtained at 414 Ma and 78 Ma. • The two ages mark the timing of oil generation and thermal cracking of oil, respectively. • The reservoir bitumens were sourced mainly from the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales. • The Dengying Formation in the depocenter areas are potential reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]