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Ammonia allows for long-distance and large-scale storage transport of renewable energy sources. The reactivity of NH 3 -Air flame can be enhanced by doping with hydrogen and by increasing the initial temperature. The flame combustion characteristics of NH 3 –H 2 -Air are studied in a rectangular closed pipe with a mole fraction of 45% H 2 , an equivalence ratio (φ) of 0.8–1.2 and 0.1 MPa. The initial temperatures (T u) of the mixture are 300 K, 375 K and 450 K. Experimental studies of flame front speed, flame tip structure evolution, and overpressure dynamics are performed. Laminar burning velocity (S L), peak mole fraction of key radicals, and flame instability of NH 3 –H 2 -Air flames are simulated in Chemkin Pro-software using the Mathieu and Petersen mechanism. The results show that the relatively low equivalence ratio and initial temperature promote the structural changes of the flame tip, forming a "tulip" flame and a distorted "tulip". As the equivalence ratio increases, the flame front speed and overpressure increase and the flame oscillates slightly. The distortion in the lip of the "tulip" is more pronounced. The increase in temperature promotes flame propagation in the early stages and the pressure decreases. Reactive activity increases with increasing temperature, the peak mole fraction of NH 2 and H radicals increases, and S L increases. At normal temperature, the flame is affected by thermo-diffusive instability only when lean mixture. The Darrieus-Landau instability increases as the equivalence ratio increases. Conversely, the Darrieus-Landau instability decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, the current experimental and simulation results help to understand the laminar combustion characteristics of NH 3 –H 2 -Air at high temperatures. • The distortion of "tulip" is most obvious at T u = 300 K and φ = 1.1. • Increased temperature promotes flame propagation in the finger-shaped phase. • As The temperature increases (300–450 K), the H and NH 2 mole fractions increase. • DL instability decreases with increasing initial gas temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different initial temperatures (T = 300–500 K) and different hydrogen volume fractions (5%–20%) on the combustion characteristics of premixed syngas/air flames in rectangular tubes were investigated experimentally. A high-speed camera and pressure sensor were used to obtain flame propagation images and overpressure dynamics. The CHEMKIN-PRO model and GRI Mech 3.0 mechanism were used for simulation. The results show that the flame propagation speed increases with the initial temperature before the flame touches the wall, while the opposite is true after the flame touches the wall. The increase in initial temperature leads to the increase in overpressure rise rate in the early flame propagation process, but the peak overpressure is reduced. The laminar burning velocity (LBV) and adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) increase with increasing initial temperature. The increase in initial temperature makes the peaks of H, O, and OH radicals increase. • The flame propagation time increases with the initial temperature. • The increase of initial temperature leads to faster propagation of early flame. • The peak overpressure decreases with increasing initial temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further investigate the flame dynamics inside the special tubes, experiments were carried out in a T-type tube to investigate the effect of the equivalence ratio and the opening ratio on the deflagration of the methane-air premixed mixture. The changes of flame structure, propagation velocity and overpressure during flame propagation are analyzed. The experimental results shown when equivalence ratio was 1.0 and the outlets was fully open, the mixture burned completely, the flame propagation velocity was the highest, it taken only 51 ms for the flame to spread to the exits at both ends and the flame shape was more symmetrical. Under the same equivalence ratio, the increase of the opening ratio would cause the flame propagation velocity to increase, but the overpressure would decrease. When the opening ratio was 0.25, the resistance encountered during the flame propagation process was the largest, and the turbulence at the fork also increased, the interaction between the two caused the maximum overpressure of 0.58 bar at this time. The coupling effect of overpressure and flame front velocity could also clearly show that the two were positively correlated, and the velocity of the flame propagating to the left and right ends of the horizontal tube was symmetrical. When the equivalence ratio was 1.0, as the opening ratio increases, the time to reach the maximum overpressure peak shown a linear downward trend. These findings add to our knowledge of the deflagration dynamics of special tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the condition that the gas composition constant equivalence ratio is Φ = 1, and the initial temperature and initial pressure are T 0 and P 0 , respectively, the experimental study of the premixed gas flames with different hydrogen doping ratios (φ = 10%–40%) is different. The behavior and shape change of propagation in the flaring rate pipe (ƞ = 1.0–0.25). The study found that the pre-mixed gas flame in the flared pipe has undergone more complicated shape changes than other studies. One of the outstanding findings is that the tulip flame appeared twice in this open pipe experiment. And through the high-speed camera and high-frequency pressure sensor to obtain the tulip flame picture and the pressure change in the combustion chamber, comprehensive analysis of the experimental results, and the results show that every appearance of the tulip flame is accompanied by the deceleration of the flame front and the increase of overpressure in the combustion chamber. • An interesting phenomenon in which the tulip flame appears twice in a row was discovered. • Independently designed solenoid valve control switch to ensure that the explosion vent opens or closes on time. • In-depth analysis of the tulip flame from multiple angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]