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Renewable energy technologies and resources, particularly solar photovoltaic systems, provide cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for meeting the demand for electricity. The design of such systems is a critical task, as it has a significant impact on the overall cost of the system. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming-based model is proposed for designing an integrated photovoltaic-hydrogen renewable energy system to minimize total life costs for one of Saudi Arabia's most important fields, a greenhouse farm. The aim of the proposed system is to determine the number of photovoltaic (PV) modules, the amount of hydrogen accumulated over time, and the number of hydrogen tanks. In addition, binary decision variables are used to describe either-or decisions on hydrogen tank charging and discharging. To solve the developed model, an exact approach embedded in the general algebraic modeling System (GAMS) software was utilized. The model was validated using a farm consisting of 20 greenhouses, a worker-housing area, and a water desalination station with hourly energy demand. The findings revealed that 1094 PV panels and 1554 hydrogen storage tanks are required to meet the farm's load demand. In addition, the results indicated that the annual energy cost is $228,234, with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.12 $/kWh. On the other hand, the proposed model reduced the carbon dioxide emissions to 882 tons per year. These findings demonstrated the viability of integrating an electrolyzer, fuel cell, and hydrogen tank storage with a renewable energy system; nevertheless, the cost of energy produced remains high due to the high capital cost. Moreover, the findings indicated that hydrogen technology can be used as an energy storage solution when the production of renewable energy systems is variable, as well as in other applications, such as the industrial, residential, and transportation sectors. Furthermore, the results revealed the feasibility of employing renewable energy as a source of energy for agricultural operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to design a hybrid PV-hydrogen renewable energy system considering two objective functions; minimizing total life costs and loss probability of power supply. The decisions of the hybrid system include the number of PV panels, the number of hydrogen tanks, the number of electrolyzers, the number of fuel cells, and quantity of hydrogen stored over time. An exact method embedded in GAMS software is used to solve the developed model. The model is validated using an electrical testing lab in Saudi Arabia with hourly power demand. Different plans are chosen from the obtained optimal Pareto solutions. For example, one of the plans found that a hybrid system with 212 PV panels, 617 hydrogen tanks, 30 electrolyzers, and 21 fuel cells is sufficient to satisfy the electrical testing lab load with an annual cost of $61663, the loss of power supply probability is 10%, and the CO 2 saving of 214,882 kg of CO 2. The results indicated the feasibility of combining an electrolyzer, hydrogen tank storage, and fuel cell with a renewable energy system; however, the cost of energy generated is still high because of the high investment cost. Furthermore, the findings revealed that hydrogen technologies are appealing as an energy storage solution for intermittent renewable energy systems and in other applications such as transportation, residential, and industrial sectors. In addition, the findings demonstrated the possibility of using renewable energy as a source of energy, namely, in Saudi Arabia. However, weather conditions, geomorphological conditions, and climatic dependence on hydrogen fuel cell technology can harm the energy yields produced by renewable energy systems. • Design a multi-objective hybrid PV-Hydrogen storage renewable energy system. • Evaluate the performance of the proposed model based on a real case study. • Help the decision-maker in analyzing alternative trade-offs. • The LCOE ranges between 0.143 and 0.160 $/kWh for generated plans. • The annual CO 2 savings range between 197,351 and 227,905 kg of CO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international hydrogen supply chain has been commercialized and promoted hydrogen trade. With the global energy transition, the two are expected to play a more important role and make hydrogen become a major international energy trade category similar to natural gas and LNG. This paper considers importing two hydrogen sources to Huizhou of China through MCH-TOL hydrogen storage technology from Saudi Arabia, which are produced from Natural gas + CCS and from renewable energy sources. It is estimated that the costs of dehydrogenation and purification after landing are 27.6 CNY/kgH 2 and 32.7 CNY/kgH 2 respectively, which are difficult to be competitive. Therefore, the strategy and goal of cost reduction are proposed. It is expected to control the costs of dehydrogenation and purification to less than 25 CNY/kgH 2 , and explore the feasibility of developing large-scale and economically competitive hydrogen import business in China. • Composition, development status and prospect of international hydrogen supply chain and global hydrogen export. • Select suitable liquid organic hydrogen carrier for hydrogen trans -ocean transportation. • Introduce the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes of Methylcyclohexane - Toluene hydrogen storage technology. • Cost estimation and competitiveness analysis of importing hydrogen from Saudi Arabia to Huizhou, Guangdong, China. • Provide strategic suggestions for China to reduce the cost of importing hydrogen from overseas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) has become the best option for supplying electricity to sites remote from the central power system because of its sustainability, environmental friendliness, and its low cost of energy compared to many conventional sources such as diesel generators. Due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources, there is a need however for an energy storage system (ESS) to store the surplus energy and feed the energy deficit. Most renewable sources used battery storage systems (BSS), a green hydrogen storage system (GHSS), and a diesel generator as a backup for these sources. Batteries are very expensive and have a very short lifetime, and GHSS have a very expensive initial cost and many security issues. In this paper, a system consisting of wind turbines and a photovoltaic (PV) array with a pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) system as the main energy storage to replace the expensive and short lifetime batteries is proposed. The proposed system is built to feed a remote area called Dumah Aljandal in the north of Saudi Arabia. A smart grid is used via a novel demand response strategy (DRS) with a dynamic tariff to reduce the size of the components and it reduces the cost of energy compared to a flat tariff. The use of the PHES with smart DRS reduced the cost of energy by 34.2%, and 41.1% compared to the use of BSS and GHSS as an ESS, respectively. Moreover, the use of 100% green energy sources will avoid the emission of an estimated 2.5 million tons of greenhouse gases every year. The proposed system will use a novel optimization algorithm called the gradually reduced particles of particle swarm optimization (GRP-PSO) algorithm to enhance the exploration and exploitation during the searching iterations. The GRP-PSO reduces the convergence time to 58% compared to the average convergence time of 10 optimization algorithms used for comparison. A sensitivity analysis study is introduced in this paper in which the effect of ±20% change in wind speed and solar irradiance are selected and the system showed a low effect of these resources on the Levelized cost of energy of the HRES. These outstanding results proved the superiority of using a pumped-storage system with a dynamic tariff demand response strategy compared to the other energy storage systems with flat-rate tariffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Global focus: Clean hydrogen production and utilization. • KSA's commitment: Saudi Green Initiative for net-zero by 2060. • Review: Hydrogen energy, production, storage, and UHS in KSA. • Suitable geologic media: Sandstone reservoirs, sedimentary formations in KSA. Hydrogen (H 2) production and its large-scale utilization as a clean energy source have gained considerable global attention to address the perspective on climate change. Approximately half of the global hydrogen production is achieved through the steam methane reforming (SMR) method. Among various methods, additional energy from renewable sources, particularly wind, and solar, is of great importance for green hydrogen production via electrolysis. A giant depleted gas field can store H 2 to fulfil the domestic energy requirements. In 2021, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) announced the Saudi Green Initiative as one of the key pillars to reach net-zero carbon released by 2060. Aramco has produced and shipped blue ammonia to Japan for hydrogen production to support climate change perspective. The purpose of this paper is to review hydrogen energy in terms of production, transportation, storage, and suitable geologic media for underground hydrogen storage (UHS) technology in the KSA. Notably, the KSA possesses abundant resources and well-established infrastructure, enabling it to efficiently and competitively produce clean hydrogen. We highlight that the production, transportation, storage, and the challenge of leakage are important factors to implement UHS in geologic media. Furthermore, depleted reservoirs composed of sandstone rocks offer lesser challenges in terms of storage capacity and injectivity compared to other types of storage media. The country has large underground reservoirs (igneous and sedimentary rocks) that can be used for hydrogen storage, however, the geological structures need a thorough characterization to ensure economic injectivity and containment security. Specifically, the western region is predominantly composed of igneous rock, and carbon mineralization is highly suitable. In contrast, the eastern part is enriched in sedimentary formations with potential for UHS. This review, including an assessment guideline, helps to understand and advance the deployment of UHS in the KSA and provides a framework for a comprehensive assessment of qualified reservoirs for large-scale storage projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]