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Introduction. The Shchuchiy Bay is located in the western part of the skerry area of Lake Ladoga near the town of Priozersk. For almost 20 years, the bay has experienced an anthropogenic impact from the ingress of untreated wastewater from the Priozersk Pulp and Paper Mill (PPM). Systematic microbiological studies of the Shchuchiy Bay ecosystem were started in the middle of the 1970s by the Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and continued after the PPM closure in 1986. Materials and methods. The ecosystem of the bay was studied in detail during the growing season of 2013–2014; periodic studies were carried out in 2015–2018. Retrospective data were also used for the analysis. Water samples were taken at four stations from the surface horizon. The following microbiological indicators were determined: the abundance of bacterioplankton and the percentages of various morphological types of bacterial cells. Results and discussion. A comparison of the quantitative level of development of the bacterial community in the bay in different periods showed a gradual decrease in the abundance of bacterioplankton as the anthropogenic impact weakened after the closure of the Priozersky PPM from 12.40 million cells ml–1 in 1987 to an average value of 2.62±1.03 million cells ml–1 in 2013–2018. A positive correlation was found between the concentration of bacteria and water temperature. The percentage of rod-shaped microorganisms in the water of the bay also decreased as the anthropogenic impact weakened from 73.4 % in 1987 to 53.1±7.6 % in 2013–2018, which indicated an improvement in water quality. Conclusion. A stable decrease in the abundance of bacteria from the level characteristic of highly polluted and eutrophic water bodies to the level characteristic of mesotrophic and mesotrophic-eutrophic water bodies is a reliable criterion for the restoration of the ecosystem of the Shchuchiy Bay to the state characteristic of similar bays of Lake Ladoga.

Splash erosion, the first step in water erosion process, occurs because of raindrops collusion with soil aggregates and pushing soil particulates into the air. The objective of this study was to test the usability of water sensitive paper (WSPs) in assessment of splash erosion. Soil losses from three texturally different soils by splash erosion were determined under artificial rainfall conditions as a function of splash distance and direction. The results indicated that the amount of soil removed by splash erosion was significantly affected by soil texture, splash direction and distance, and was the highest in clay soil and the lowest in sandy loamy soil. About half of the splashed soil material moved down slope, 34% in the lateral direction, and 17% moved upslope. A significant positive correlation between the WSPs-D10 diameter and the WSPs-surface coverage rate was obtained, which indicates that the higher the D10 diameter, the higher the surface coverage rate. The results obtained in this study reveal that the WSPs cards could successfully be used and its parameters (WSPs-D10 diameter and WSPs-surface coverage rate) might be considered as a new approach in assessing and evaluating splash erosion.

Using Landsat data, the authors have found the variation of width, shifting of bank lines, sinuosity and areas subjected to scouring and silt deposition in river Ganga for a stretch 175 km long fro...

High cost and long time required to determine a retention curve by the conventional methods of the Richards Chamber and Haines Funnel limit its use; therefore, alternative methods to facilitate this routine are needed. The filter paper method to determine the soil water retention curve was evaluated and compared to the conventional method. Undisturbed samples were collected from five different soils. Using a Haines Funnel and Richards Chamber, moisture content was obtained for tensions of 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 33; 100; 300; 700; and 1,500 kPa. In the filter paper test, the soil matric potential was obtained from the filter-paper calibration equation, and the moisture subsequently determined based on the gravimetric difference. The van Genuchten model was fitted to the observed data of soil matric potential versus moisture. Moisture values of the conventional and the filter paper methods, estimated by the van Genuchten model, were compared. The filter paper method, with R2 of 0.99, can be used to determine water retention curves of agricultural soils as an alternative to the conventional method. RESUMO O elevado custo de aquisição e o longo período de tempo para obter a curva de retenção pelo método convencional utilizando a câmara de Richards e o funil de Haines restringem o uso desses, sendo interessante a busca por métodos alternativos que agilizem a rotina. Diante disso, avaliou-se o método do papel-filtro para obter a curva de retenção de água do solo em comparação com o método convencional. Coletaram-se amostras indeformadas de cinco diferentes solos. Utilizando-se o funil de Haines e a câmara de Richards, obtiveram-se as umidades nas tensões 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 33, 100, 300, 700 e 1.500 kPa. No ensaio com o papel-filtro, obteve-se o potencial matricial da água por meio da equação de calibração do papel-filtro; posteriormente, a umidade foi estabelecida pela diferença gravimétrica. O modelo de van Genuchten foi ajustado aos dados de potencial matricial versus umidade. Comparando-se os métodos convencional e papel-filtro por meio dos valores de umidade estimados segundo o modelo de van Genuchten, concluiu-se que o método do papel-filtro, com R2 = 0,99, pode ser utilizado para obter as curvas de retenção de água dos solos agrícolas, sendo o seu uso como alternativa metodológica ao método convencional.

This dataset is the supplementary material of Tasseron et al., (2022/2023): 'Amsterdam urban water system as entry point of river plastic pollution' [Submitted to a scientific journal for review]. The dataset contains the master datasheet [.xlsx] used for the analyses in the matlab script [.m], to determine emissions of floating plastic from the amsterdam urban water system to the IJ river.

The pyrosequencing technique was used to evaluate bacterial community structures in sediment and surface water samples taken from Nanxi River receiving effluents from a paper mill and a farmhouse hotel, respectively. For each sample, 4,610 effective bacterial sequences were selected and used to do the analysis of diversity and abundance, respectively. Bacterial phylotype richness in the sediment sample without effluent input was higher than the other samples, and the surface water sample with addition of effluent from the paper mill contained the least richness. Effluents from both the paper mill and farmhouse hotel have a potential to reduce the bacterial diversity and abundance in the sediment and surface water, especially it is more significant in the sediment. The effect of the paper mill effluent on the sediment and surface water bacterial communities was more serious than that of the farmhouse hotel effluent. Characterization of microbial community structures in the sediment and surface water from two tributaries of the downstream river indicated that various effluents from the paper mill and farmhouse hotel have the similar potential to decrease the natural variability in riverine microbial ecosystems.

The filter paper technique consists of obtaining the equilibrium water content of a filter paper that is either in direct contact with a soil sample or inside an airtight container together with th...

The datasets used in Van Kempen et al., 2021 are included in this repository. These files consist of the original meteorological forcing, hydrological model input and hydrological model output. The README provides a description of the set-up of these datasets.

Authors have put in a lot of efforts in conducting the field and laboratory investigation to find the cause of frequent breaches in the embankments in Sunderban areas in West Bengal. Applied resear...

The article of Blatnik et al. (2019) “Groundwater dynamics between Planinsko Polje and springs of the Ljubljanica River, Slovenia” published in Acta Carsologica, 48/2 focused on describing the hydrogeological behaviour of the aquifer between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. The authors analysed the effect of different high water events that occurred between January 2015 and May 2018. Interpretations were based on hydrographs obtained by continuous measurements of water level, temperature and specific electric conductivity in selected ponors, springs and water active caves located in the area between Planinsko Polje and the springs of the Ljubljanica River. Through these interpretations, different conceptual hydrological models about the dynamics and directions of the flow in the aquifer have been proposed and tested. A flow connection was proposed between the Hrušica Plateau, estavelles located at the NW border of Planinsko Polje, and caves Gradišnica (W2) and Gašpinova Jama (W3) close to town Logatec. In this supplement, we provide new data recorded during an unusual hydrological event in August 2018. These further support and stress the importance of the connection between the Hrušica Plateau and Logatec region (W2 and W3).

The current study was carried out to delineate the seasonal hydrochemical characteristics and to quantify the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in an alluvial plain adjacent to a paper wastewater irrigation zone, northwest China. Groundwater samples were collected from 14 groundwater monitoring wells in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Statistical analysis and Chadha diagram were used to delineate the groundwater hydrochemical characteristics. The matter element extension analysis (MEEA) model was proposed to quantify the overall groundwater quality. Irrigation water quality indicators were applied to assess the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. The research results show that the hydrochemical facies for the majority of the groundwater samples is SO4·Cl–Na type with some minor hydrochemical facies of HCO3–Ca·Mg, HCO3–Na, and Cl·SO4–Ca·Mg types. The sequences of ions are Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations, and HCO3 − > Cl− > SO4 2− > CO3 2− for anions. The major ions and contaminants in the groundwater are controlled by multiple factors including hydrogeological conditions, rock weathering, water–rock interactions and human activities. The values of pH, TDS and TH show reduction in the monsoon season, indicating slight improvement of water quality during the monsoon season. Water quality assessment results based on MEEA show that the overall groundwater quality in the wastewater irrigation zone is generally fair to poor quality. Some groundwater samples are even classified as very poor quality, which is unsuitable for human consumption. They are also unsuitable for irrigation because of potential sodium hazard and salinity hazard. Groundwater from the Yellow River irrigation zone and the alluvial plain is generally suitable for domestic and irrigation uses. Some local water sampling locations may experience water quality improvement during the monsoon season, which, however, will generally not affect the final water quality classification for domestic and irrigation purposes. Interestingly, the study also finds that the variation trend of the correlation degree computed from MEEA can be useful in determining water quality improvement. This study may provide insights for people to make educated decisions in efficient groundwater quality protection and sustainable groundwater quality management.

In this study, eight compounds have been identified and quantified from the samples collected from paper-recycling process water discharge areas. In particular, five aryl hydrocarbons, including a novel chlorinated aryl ether, were identified for the first time as environmental pollutants. In the effluent stream, concentration levels of up to 1600 microg L(-1) and 190 microg g(-1) were detected in the surface water and surface sediment, respectively. The results of this study have raised concerns regarding the organic chemicals used in thermal paper and the environmental consequences of their release.

The seasonal physico-chemical and microbial quality of Gola river water has been analyzed after confluence of pulp paper mill waste. The study revealed that it has enhanced 20-30 times pollution load of BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, sulphate, chloride, sodium, nitrate, potassium, lignin and phenol after mixing of pulp paper mill waste with river water in all season. Further, it induced the bacterial growth by increasing most probable number value of E. coli was 1.57 x 10(4), 1.6 x 10(4), 1.37 x 10(4) and SPC count was 1.68 x 10(4), 1.64 x 10(4), 1.67 x 10(4)/100 ml during summer, monsoon, winter respectively. While the most probable number value in river water before mixing of pulp paper mill waste was 1.4 x 10(2), 1.82 x 10(2), 1.5 x 10(2) and SPC count was 2.8 x 10(3), 2.89 x 10(3), 2.78 x 10(3)/100 ml during summer, monsoon and winter respectively. This indicated from 88-114 fold increase in most probable number value of E. coli and 56.55-60.0 times increase in SPC count of river water after mixing of effluent in summer, monsoon and winter. Moreover, the most probable number value in effluent itself before mixing was 3.4 x 10(2), 3.3 x 10(2), 2.8 x 10(2) and SPC count was 6 x 10(4), 6.5 x 10(4), 6 x 10(4)/100 ml during summer, monsoon, winter, respectively. Furthermore, it was revealed that the seasonal variation also regulated the bacterial population dynamics as per the physico-chemical quality, in which E. coli was found highest at the rate of (5.9 x 10(4)), E. aerogenes (5.3 x 10(4)), P. aeruginosa (1.3 x 10(4)), S. aureus (3.2 x 10(3)), K. pneumoniae (2.6 x 10(4)), Enteritidis (1.1 x 10(4)) on monsoon season and V. cholerae (7.4 x 10(2)), V. vulnificus (9.2 x 10(2))/100 ml in river water when contaminated with pulp paper mill waste in monsoon season. Thus, the monsoon season showed presence of FC and TC indicated the thermo-tolerant and disease causing group of bacterial population in effluent and its sequence was observed as monsoon>summer>winter. This indicated the growth of many pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria for health hazards with contamination of pulp paper waste in aquatic ecosystem within the vicinity of pulp paper mill industry.

The Kondopoga bay has been a sewage recipient of the Kondopoga pulp and paper mill, since 1929. The aim of this study is to show the effect of pulp and paper mill sewage on the sediment quality, to demonstrate the dynamics of sediment organic pollution spreading in 1964 - 2010. Presently, the study area of Kondopoga bay is divided into three zones. The sediments of zone I, located near the pulp and paper mill, consist of very slowly decomposable waste matter. The sediments of zone II, located at 4 km away from pulp and paper mill, differ from the rest by intensive salts flux across the sediment-water interface. Accumulation and transformation of organic suspended substances is observed in the deepest area (zone III). The change of the chemical composition of the sediments showed the tendency of polluted sediments extension and spreading of organic pollution all over the Kondopoga bay. Transformed organic suspended substances come from the bay in the open part of Lake Onega.

The recognition of instream wood as a key element of river ecosystems and a driver of fluvial processes is now well established, but it did not start until the second half of the twentieth century. A landmark reference work which led to the development of concepts and methods which are still employed in instream wood studies today was the work by Frederick J. Swanson and his papers published between 1976 and 1979. In this article we revisit these papers, highlighting the pioneering observations about the effects of instream wood on fluvial morphology, the description of the instream wood sources and recruitment processes and the discussion about management of wood in rivers. The instream wood research has grown dramatically since the late 1970s, however many knowledge gaps remain; this short historical review illustrates the importance of continuing and developing those research lines into the future.

We determined the potentially algal-available P (P(aa)) in pulp and paper mill effluents by two bioassay techniques (a dual-culture assay and a batch approach) and compared it with chemically analysed P (total P, total dissolved P, reactive P, dissolved reactive P and dissolved hydrolysable P). The mean P(aa) given by the dual-culture assay was within a 40% range of that given by the batch approach. The P(aa) obtained by both bioassays differed from total P. Dissolved reactive P appeared to be the most readily available chemical P fraction, but other P fractions also contributed to P(aa). The analysis of reactive P, which involves direct staining of an unfiltered sample, best approximated the P(aa) given by the dual-culture assay (relative error 9%). The results suggest that assessment of eutrophying effluent P can be improved by analysing simple chemical P fractions in wastewater. The fractions to be analysed, however, may be site specific.

Although the effects of effluent from many paper production processes have been studied extensively, the effects of hot-soda process effluent have not been investigated. To determine the impacts of this process on a riverine ecosystem in Nepal, we sampled fishes, macroinvertebrates, and physicochemical/microhabitat parameters of the Narayani River in south-central Nepal upstream and downstream from the Bhrikuti Paper Mill before and after its opening. After the mill began operation, species richness of fish collections decreased downstream, relative to the upstream reference site. We also found a decrease in abundance of macroinvertebrates, as well as a downstream decrease in dissolved oxygen and an increase in alkalinity. Changes in benthic microhabitat were also apparent, including an increase in plant fiber detritus. Our results suggest that the environmental impact of this untreated soda-process effluent is similar to that of effluent from other paper production processes, and that operation ...

Reconstruction of river palaeodischarges based on the morphology of modern rivers meets the following requirements to the empirical regime equations in use: 1) they should cover the broad range of environment conditions to include the ancient conditions of river formation; 2) they should be controlled by a small number of variables selected according to the needs of the problem; 3) the option must exist to use a relationship that is suitable for the palaeoenvironmental conditions. These principles were applied to calculate discharges that formed the Lateglacial palaeochannels 5–15 times wider than the present-day rivers. The calculated mean annual palaeodischarges were only 2–4 times larger than those of the modern rivers. These palaeodischarges have been produced by an annual rainfall of about equal to or only slightly larger than the recent one. The main environmental conditions were: 1) a long winter, the accumulation of sufficient (300–700 mm) amount of water equivalent in snow; 2) short and sharp flood; 3) small water losses during this flood due to low soil permeability under permafrost conditions; 4) long low-water period, when these large channels were almost dry. Therefore, the mean annual discharge appeared to have risen substantially less than did the flood discharge.

Contents3. Note on Hydrology of the Great Lake.4. The Hydro-Electric Power of Tasmania (1925)6. Hydrology of Floods in the Brisbane River 7. Water Conservation and Flood Protection. This is a technical description of Somerset Dam. (1940)9. The World's Water Supply and Australia's Portion of It (1949)10. Storage of Water and Irrigation with Particular Reference to Tropical Seasonal Rainfall (1951)11. The Economics of Flood Mitigation 12. The Hydro-Electric Resources of Queensland in North Eastern Australia (1956)13. Derivation of Runoff from Rainfall and Temperature14. Symposium on Rainfall and Runoff15. The Flow of Water Through Dams and Their Foundations with Special 22. Torrens Lake Sluice Gates24. The Design of Canning Dam25. The Manner of Flow of a River in Flood and Flood Warnings27. The Hydraulic Control Flume as a Measuring Device Warnings28. River Flood Measurements from Height Records29. The Influence of Area Shape on Runoff30. Tidal River Regulation 31. Intensity, Frequency and Distribution of Heavy Rainfall in NSW32. Studies of Droughts in the Sydney Catchment Areas 34. Investigation of Potential Water Power Resources 36. Burrinjuck Dam - Strengthening and Enlargement39. The Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins40. Some Aspects of the Hydrology of North Pine River41. Recent Developments in Nile Control & Analytic Study of the Storage Losses in the Nile Basin with Special Reference to ASWAN Dam Reservoir and the High Dam Reservoir

This review aims to study the obstruction of the movement of the radionuclide in the Red Sea in case of establishing Nuclear power plant, the second goal is to follow the radionuclide dispersion in red sea according to Anthropogenic releases and to understand which type of obstruction effect radionuclide dispersion in the aquatic surface. sediments A varied radioactive materials are produced during normal operation of nuclear power plant, this material ultimately discharge to the environment, the Nuclear Plant monitored to limit the discharge to void significant effect to environment, the amount of radionuclides discharge and their pathways were calculated, on the other hand, this calculation is also set as references data in case of accidental emission of radionuclides to the surrounding environment . in the aquatic system the main sources of radionuclides materials are fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests and accidents ( Chernobyl and Fukushima).

This paper presents the application of paper disc velocimeter (PDV) for groundwater flow measurement in tropical peatland. The PDV is a simple and low-cost method used without electricity that is developed by Yamaguchi University to measure groundwater flow. This method was applied to understand the groundwater hydraulic in the tropical peatland as the impact of rewetting efforts using canal blocking. A study site at Lukun village, Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau in Pulau Tebing Tinggi peatland hydrological unit (PHU) was picked up for the application of this method. Five deep wells in each transect of three transects totally were prepared for the measurement using PDV. The Transect-1 and Transect-2 were located at the upstream side of canal block with a distance of about 400 m and 100 m respectively. The Transect-3 was located on the downstream side of the canal block with a distance of about 100 m. The results showed that the groundwater velocity in the upstream side of canal block tends to lower than that in the downstream side. This was because the groundwater level in the upstream was maintained in a stable condition due to the canal blocking. This finding showed the impact of canal blocking on the rewetting effort in the tropical peatland.

Bengkalis Island is an island with about 89% of its land area consisting of peatlands. Because of the land use conversion from peat swamp forest to plantation and shrubs, the island has experienced massive degradation, such as abrasion, subsidence and land fires. The abrasion at western area of Bengkalis Island has occurred since the last 30 years with an abrasion rate up to 30 m/year. The previous studies showed that this is because of unbalanced hydrological conditions. The more advanced research related to groundwater flow impact on degraded peatland in Bengkalis Island is important in order to understand the mitigation alternative. To study the groundwater flow on the peat coast of Bengkalis Island, this study used Paper Disk Velocimeter (PDV) for measuring at 2 monitoring wells. The measurements were carried out at a depth of 2 m and 5.5 m and a depth of 2 m, 3 m and 4 m for Well-1 and Well-2 respectively. All measurements were carried out for 3 times on different month. This research found that the groundwater slope dropped significantly near the coastal line. This made the groundwater discharge to the coastal area become higher that may cause failure on the coastal cliff. The failure was identified as the initial phenomenon of the abrasion mechanism in the Bengkalis coast.