1. Anti-Inflammatory Phenolic Acid Esters from the Roots and Rhizomes of Notopterygium incisium and Their Permeability in the Human Caco-2 Monolayer Cell Model.
- Author
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Wu XW, Wei W, Yang XW, Zhang YB, Xu W, Yang YF, Zhong GY, Liu HN, and Yang SL
- Subjects
- Absorption, Physiological, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal chemistry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal isolation & purification, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal metabolism, Caco-2 Cells, Esters, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides chemistry, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages drug effects, Macrophages metabolism, Nitric Oxide metabolism, Plant Extracts isolation & purification, Plant Roots chemistry, Rhizome chemistry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal pharmacology, Apiaceae chemistry, Coumaric Acids chemistry, Coumaric Acids isolation & purification, Coumaric Acids metabolism, Coumaric Acids pharmacology, Hydroxybenzoates chemistry, Hydroxybenzoates isolation & purification, Hydroxybenzoates metabolism, Hydroxybenzoates pharmacology, Plant Extracts chemistry, Plant Extracts pharmacology
- Abstract
A new ferulic acid ester named 4-methyl-3- trans -hexenylferulate ( 1 ), together with eight known phenolic acid esters ( 2 - 9 ), was isolated from the methanolic extract of the roots and rhizomes of Notopterygium incisium . Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 4-Methoxyphenethyl ferulate ( 8 ) NMR data is reported here for the first time. The uptake and transepithelial transport of the isolated compounds 1 - 9 were investigated in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Compounds 2 and 6 were assigned for the well-absorbed compounds, compound 8 was assigned for the moderately absorbed compound, and compounds 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 9 were assigned for the poorly absorbed compounds. Moreover, all of the isolated compounds were assayed for the inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages model and L-N ⁶-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL) was used as a positive control. Compounds 1 , 5 , 8 , and 9 exhibited potent inhibitory activity on NO production with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50 ) values of 1.01, 4.63, 2.47, and 2.73 μM, respectively, which were more effective than L-NIL with IC50 values of 9.37 μM. These findings not only enriched the types of anti-inflammatory compounds in N. incisum but also provided some useful information for predicting their oral bioavailability and their suitability as drug leads or promising anti-inflammatory agents., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.- Published
- 2017
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