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Genus Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905: 117. TYPE SPECIES. — Trissepyris ruficeps Kieffer, 1905. DIAGNOSIS OF FEMALE. — Colour. Head rufous castaneous; mesosoma and metasoma black; clypeus castaneous with margin black; mandible castaneous with margins of teeth nearly black; antenna and palpi castaneous; eye and ocelli black; legs rufous castaneous, coxae slightly darker; tegula dark castaneous. Head. Head subtriangular in lateral view. Mandible robust apically. Clypeus with rounded median lobe, longer than lateral ones, anterior margin angled in anterior view. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, first flagellomere never ring-shaped. Eye glabrous. Occipital carina incomplete ventrally. Ocellar triangle very compact, far from vertex. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area ecarinate. Prosternum small. Mesoscuto-scutellar suture with foveae not connected by sulcus, elliptical, distant from each other by at least 5.0× total size of fovea. Metapectal-propodeal disc with transverse anterior, transverse posterior carinae. Propodeal spiracle long, dorsal, elliptical. Mesopleuron with mesopleural pit small, displaced posterior-dorsally. Wings. Forewing with distinct 2r-rs&Rs vein, about 2× as long as pterostigma. Hind wing with more than five hamuli., Published as part of Colombo, Wesley D. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2023, Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species, pp. 129-135 in Zoosystema 45 (4) on page 130, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7681311, {"references":["KIEFFER J. J. 1905. - Description de nouveaux Proctotrypides exotiques avec une planche et une figure dans le texte. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 29: 95 - 142."]}

Trissepyris akan n. sp. (Fig. 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 86CF4F45-E68D-418F-83D8-F01F6407D6EC MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Ivory Coast • ♀; Divi; E. d’Aboisso; VIII.1961; J. Decelle leg.; MRAC; BE_RMCA_INS. Hym.047924. ETYMOLOGY. — The epithet akan refers to the Akan, the major cultural group of the Ivory Coast. DISTRIBUTION. — Ivory Coast. DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE Body length 13.2 mm. Head Head subtrapezoidal in lateral view, subquadrate in dorsal view. Malar space shorter than proximal mandibular width.Mandible robust, with five distal teeth.Clypeus trilobate, with subtrapezoidal median lobe, as long as lateral ones, lobe delimitation distinct, anterior margin angled in anterior view; median carina high, straight in profile; apical margin thick. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, subfiliform-filiform; pedicel chalice-shaped, as long as flagellomere I. Eye glabrous, oval, not touching mandibular base. Frons coriaceous, with very sparse punctures. Frontal line shorter than scape, conspicuous. Ocellar triangle compact, as wide as individual ocellus diameter; anterior ocellus posterior to supraocular line; posterior ocelli very distant from vertex. Palpal formula apparently 6:3. Hypostomal carina emarginate, rounded medially. Occipital carina present. Mesosoma Pronotal flange conspicuous; dorsal pronotal area ecarinate, slightly depressed forward, weakly coriaceous, weakly punctate. Prosternum small. Notaulus complete, well impressed, slightly wider posterad. Parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscuto-scutellar foveae not connected by conspicuous sulcus, oval, inclined anteriorly, deep. Metapectal-propodeal disc with transverse anterior, metapostnotal median, transverse posterior, paraspiracular and lateral carinae; lateral margins straight, subparallel. Metapectal-propodeal declivity with median carina complete. Propodeal spiracle dorsal, elliptical, wide. Mesopleuron with mesopleural pit small, displaced posterior-dorsally.Wings hyaline, veins dark castaneous. Forewing with anterior margin straight, R cell longer than 1Cu cell. Pterostigma wide, oval; 2r-rs&Rs vein tubular, angled, straight posteriorly. Hind wing with six hamuli equally spaced. Metasoma Metasomal tergum I polished; other terga weakly coriaceous. Metasomal apical segments oriented downward. REMARKS This species is morphologically similar to Trissepyris ruficeps by having the colour of head rufous castaneous, the ocellar triangle very compact, the occipital carina ventrally incomplete, the mesoscuto-scutellar suture with elliptical foveae, the propodeal spiracle long, elliptical, and dorsally placed, and the hind wings with more than five distal hamuli. However, T. akan n. sp. has the mandible with five teeth, the distance between the ocelli is as wide as individual ocellus diameter, the notauli are weakly widened posteriorly, the mesopleuron has the mesopleural pit small, but distinct from the punctures and, the hind wings have six distal hamuli; whereas T. ruficeps has the mandible with three teeth, the distance between the ocelli less than the individual ocellus diameter, the notauli strongly widened posteriorly, the mesopleuron with the mesopleural pit very small, undistinguished from the punctures, and the hind wings with nine distal hamuli., Published as part of Colombo, Wesley D. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2023, Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species, pp. 129-135 in Zoosystema 45 (4) on page 132, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7681311

Colombo, Wesley D., Azevedo, Celso O. (2023): Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species. Zoosystema 45 (4): 129-135, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4

Trissepyris ruficeps Kieffer, 1905 (Fig. 1) Trissepyris ruficeps Kieffer, 1905: 117 (description), plate I, figs 5, 14; 1908: 20 (list), plate I (figs 13 and 16), plate II (fig. 10); 1914: 420 (description) fig. 157. — Medler 1980: 470 (list). — Gordh & Móczár 1990: 170 (catalog). — Azevedo & Alencar 2010: 1 (redescription and synonymisation with Epyris). — Colombo et al. 2022: 21 (genus revalidation and redescription), fig. 6F, 8I. DIAGNOSIS OF FEMALE. — Body length c. 15.0 mm. Head subtrapezoidal in lateral view, subquadrate in dorsal view. Malar space shorter than proximal mandibular width. Mandible robust, with three distal teeth. Clypeus trilobate, with subtrapezoidal median lobe, as long as lateral ones, lobe delimitation distinct, anterior margin angled in anterior view; median carina high, straight in profile; apical margin thick. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, subfiliform-filiform; pedicel chalice-shaped, longer than flagellomere I. Eye glabrous, oval, not touching mandibular base. Frons coriaceous, with very sparse punctures. Frontal line shorter than scape, conspicuous. Ocellar triangle very compact, less than individual ocellus diameter; anterior ocellus almost crossing to supraocular line; posterior ocelli very distant from vertex. Palpal formula apparently 6:3. Hypostomal carina emarginate, rounded medially. Occipital carina present. Mesosoma. Pronotal flange conspicuous; dorsal pronotal area ecarinate, slightly depressed forward, weakly coriaceous, strongly punctate. Prosternum small. Notaulus complete, well impressed, progressively wider posterad. Parapsidal signum complete. Mesoscuto-scutellar foveae not connected by conspicuous sulcus, oval, parallel, deep. Metapectal-propodeal disc with transverse anterior, metapostnotal median, transverse posterior, paraspiracular and lateral carinae; lateral margins straight, subparallel. Metapectal-propodeal declivity with median carina complete. Propodeal spiracle dorsal, elliptical, wide. Mesopleuron with mesopleural pit very small, displaced posteriordorsally. Wings amber, veins dark castaneous. Forewing with anterior margin straight, R cell longer than 1Cu cell. Pterostigma wide, oval; 2r-rs&Rs vein tubular, curved, straight posteriorly. Hind wing with nine hamuli equally spaced. Metasomal tergum I polished; other terga weakly coriaceous. Metasomal apical segments oriented downward. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Democratic Republic of Congo • ♀; 21, 113, Dapitan Mindanao Baker; Collection Ernest André, 1914; MNHN-EY-EY1689. DISTRIBUTION. — DR Congo. REMARKS Described from a single female.This single specimen is currently pinned with several labels (Fig. 1G), two of them are related to the locality, “ Congo ” and “Dapitan Mindanao”. Considering that Dapitan is a famous locality of Mindanao in the Philippines, we have to assume that one of them was misattached to the specimen. In the original description, Kieffer (1905: 118) stated only Congo as its locality, and posteriorly Azevedo & Alencar (2010) also stated only Congo. Furthermore, the label of Congo is the first pinned label that comes below the specimen. Thus, it is more reasonable to assume that this is an Afrotropical species rather than an Oriental one. Furthermore, the new species here described was collected in Ivory Coast, a locality very close to Congo, which supports our conclusion., Published as part of Colombo, Wesley D. & Azevedo, Celso O., 2023, Synopsis of Trissepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, with description of a new species, pp. 129-135 in Zoosystema 45 (4) on pages 130-132, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7681311, {"references":["KIEFFER J. J. 1905. - Description de nouveaux Proctotrypides exotiques avec une planche et une figure dans le texte. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 29: 95 - 142.","MEDLER J. T. 1980. - Insects of Nigeria - check list and bibliography. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 30: 1 - 919.","GORDH G. & MOCZAR L. 1990. - A catalog of the world Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 46: 1 - 364.","AZEVEDO C. O. & ALENCAR I. D. C. C. 2010. - Rediscovery of the Afrotropical genus Trissepyris Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a new synonym of Epyris Westwood. Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 6: 3 - 7.","COLOMBO W. D., TRIBULL C. M., WAICHERT C. & AZEVEDO C. O. 2022. - Integrative taxonomy solves taxonomic impasses: a case study from Epyrinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Systematic Entomology 47 (3): 504 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12544"]}

Sclerodermus galapagensis Brues, 1919 Fig. 1B Diagnosis, female. Body 2.88 mm long. Castaneous, metasoma darker. Mandible with two apical teeth. Clypeus very short and truncate, apical margin strongly curved upward medially in frontal view. Antenna thick, pedicel long, first four antennomeres in ratio of about 18:7:2:2, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye with sparse setae. Ocelli absent. Frons weakly coriaceous, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.21 WH, WF 0.55 WH, WF 1.82 HE. Vertex slightly outcurved. Sides of head slightly outcurved. VOL 2.09 HE. Mesoscutum 1.32 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without median and posterior carinae. Micropterous, wings much shorter than tegula. Profemur 2.0 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.6 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI conspicuously bi-emarginated. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, ECUADOR, Galapagos, James Island, 2000 feet, 22.XII.1905, F. X. Williams col. (CASC, #462)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940

Sclerodermus wilsoni Evans, 1964 Fig. 1G Diagnosis, female. Body 2.44 mm long. Castaneous, metasoma darker. Mandible with two apical teeth, narrow apically. Clypeus very short and slightly concave, apical margin curved upward medially in frontal view. Antenna thick, pedicel long, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye with sparse short setae. Frons weakly coriaceous, nearly polished, punctures sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.15 WH, WF 0.52 WH, WF 1.47 HE. Vertex barely outcurved. Sides of head subparallel. VOL 1.28 HE. Mesoscutum 1.1 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without median and posterior carinae. Micropterous, wings much shorter than tegula. Profemur 1.6 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.56 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI conspicuously bi-emarginated. Material examined. Holotype ♀, CUBA, Pinar de Rio, Las Acostas, 16.VI.[19]53, E. O. Wilson col. (MCZH, #30813)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 509, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132, 1 - 222."]}

Sclerodermus chicomendesi Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 1H, 3–4 Differential Diagnosis. This species is similar to S. spilonotum in having the head elongate with outcurved sides, and the metapectal-propodeal disc slightly constricted anteriorly. However, this species has the mandibles with three apical teeth and the clypeus with median lobe trapezoidal, whereas S. spilonotum has the mandibles with two apical teeth and the clypeus with the median lobe short and with its apical margin subangulate. Besides the characters highlighted in the key, the pattern of colour is significantly different, this species has the head and mesosoma varying from light castaneous to castaneous, with the metasoma contrastingly darker, whereas S. spilonotum is mostly dark castaneous. Description, female. Measurements. Body 2.32 mm long. Head 0.34 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. Frons 0.17 mm wide. Eye 0.11 mm long. Wings 0.08 mm. Colour. Head castaneous, mesosoma light castaneous to castaneous, metasoma dark castaneous, clypeus castaneous, antenna and palpi light castaneous, mandible castaneous with dark apex, legs light castaneous to castaneous. Wings hyaline. Head. Mandible progressively narrowing apicad, with three sharpened apical teeth in oblique series. Median clypeal lobe short and trapezoidal, median area elevated and carinate, carina straight in profile, anterior margin upcurved medially. Malar space broad, without sulcus. Pedicel longer than flagellomeres I–II together. Flagellomeres I–X wider than long. Antennal pubescence appressed, very short and dense, velvet-like, with some suberect or erect setae outstanding progressively shorter distad. Ocelli absent. Frons very weakly coriaceous, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.1 WH, WF 0.55 WH, WF 1.61 HE. Vertex slightly outcurved. Sides of head slightly outcurved, head wider posteriorly eye. VOL 2.29 HE. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area subquadrate in dorsal view, slightly longer than wide, with anterior humeral angle rounded. Mesoscutellum equilaterally triangled. Metapectal-propodeal disc as long as wide, without metapostnotal median and posterior carinae, surface of disc progressively depressing posterad. Propodeal declivity subvertical, ecarinate. Mesopleuron without pits and foveae. Tegula very small as scale. Micropterous, wing slightly longer than tegula, veins absent. Profemur 2.1 as long as wide. Mesotibia spinose. Metasoma. Stout, longer than head and mesosoma together, 0.57 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI bi-emarginated, surface of last sterna somewhat flat. Description, male. Measurements. Body 1.85 mm long. Head 0.26 mm long and 0.22 mm wide. Frons 0.13 mm wide. Eye 0.11 mm long. Forewing 1.46 mm long. Hind wing 1.23 mm long. Colour. Head, clypeus, antenna, mandible, mesosoma, metasoma, coxae, trochanters, pro- and mesofemora dark castaneous, metafemur, tibiae and tarsi castaneous, palpi light castaneous; forewing subhyaline, veins transparent, progressively lighter posterad. Head. Mandible evenly wide along its length, with three apical teeth, two lower sharpened, upper one rounded. Clypeus with short trapezoidal median lobe, apical margin almost straight, median carina complete, but weak, straight in lateral profile, lateral lobe defined, short. Antenna, pedicel much longer than wide, flagellomere I about as long as wide, remaining flagellomeres distincly longer than wide, flagellomeral pubescence suberect, setae slighlty longer than half flagellomeral diameter. Distance between toruli about 0.5 their own diameters. Eye with few setae. Frons weakly coriaceous, with very few indistinguisable punctures, with weak and short anterior median line. LH 1.18 WH, WF 0.6 WH, WF 1.18 HE. OOL 1.19 WOT; ocellar triangle distant from vertex crest 0.33 DAO, its frontal angle slightly acute. Vertex weakly outcurved, corners broadly rounded, temple almost parallel in frontal view. VOL 1.08 HE. Malar space evident, about one third of mandibular basal width, malar line sulcate and complete, giving rise closed to dorsal mandibular condyle. Occipital carina weak posteriorly and laterally, absent ventrally. Hypostoma evenly curved. Medioccipito-genal carina complete. Mesosoma. Pronotal dorsal area ecarinate, bell-shaped with anterior margin evenly outcurved, surface evenly depressed forward, pronotal flange short and subvertical, almost indistinguisable from pronotal dorsal area. Notaulus very ill-defined, weak and inconspicuous, almost indistinguisable. Parapsidal signum very ill-defined, weak and inconspicuous, almost indistinguisable, present only on posterior half of anteromesoscutum. Mesoscutummesoscutellar sulcus well-defined and deep, anterior margin straight and posterior margin evenly incurved, so that sulcus widens laterally, but not forming lateral pits. Metapectal-propodeal disc weakly coriaceous almost polished, 1.11 as wide as long, side parallel, metapostnotal median, metapostnotal lateral and posterior transverse carinae absent, posterior area smoothly depressed postarad. Propodeal declivity ecarinate, very weakly coriaceous laterally and progressively polished mesad. Propodeal spiracle round placed fully at lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex. Mesopleuron with subalar impression narrow as sulcus, mesepimeral sulcus inconspicuous, mesopleural pit very shallow and very small, posterior obliquus sulcus, anterior and upper mesopleural pit absent, transepisternal line inconspicuous. Prepectus concave and coriaceous. Forewing with costal cell opened by absence of costal vein; radial cell fully closed; Rs&M vein wider than other; M+Cu, cu-a and 2r-rs&Rs veins absent, fringes of anterior and apical margins distinctly longer. Hind wing with three distal hamuli, median hamulus slightly closer to apical one, without any proximal hamuli, fringes of apical and posterior margins distinctly longer. Legs not spinose. Profemur 3.4 as long as wide. Metasoma.Weakly coriaceous, segments II–III about 0.5 metasomal length.Hypopygium somewhat sublogenzeshaped, spiculum conical, not stalk-shaped at all, posterior margin outcurved. Genitalia: harpe divided in two arms, ventral arm longer and much wider than dorsal arm, about evenly wide, apical margin broadly slighlty outcurved with ventral corner rounded and dorsal corner angulate, ventral margin slightly outcurved, dorsal somewhat straight, dorsal arm somewhat logenze-shaped when seen in its in full lateral view, apical margin narrowly rounded, ventral margin outcurved, dorsal margin straight; cuspis rectangular when seen in its full lateral view, wide, apical margin somewhat straight, with small emargination close to ventral corner; aedeagus with of pair of rounded apical lobes. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 5.ix.2016, manually collected in a home office in the urban area (MNRJ). Allotype ♂, paratypes 1♂ and 7♀, same data as holotype (MNRJ). Remarks. This new species is similar to S. spilonotum as aforementioned in the Differential Diagnosis section. The main differences are related to the coloration, number of mandibular teeth and shape of the median clypeal lobe. This can seem limited like morphological information to distinguish any putative new species of Sclerodermus. However, several of the sclerodermine genera and species have reduction of structures and extreme polymorphism (Vargas et al. 2020), which results in additional difficulties in delimiting genera and species, mostly because of the aptery. Such is the scenario for Sclerodermus, where there are few characters to provide confident taxonomic delimitation of species. For instance, the key to the females of the Nearctic species of Sclerodermus by Evans (1978) is based on coloration and shape of median clypeal lobe; and the key for the females of the French species by Berland (1928) is based only on coloration. Bernard & Jacquemin (1948) delimited the Northern African species of Sclerodermus based on mandibular teeth and shape of the median clypeal lobe. In summary, the reduction of structures in apterous forms constrains the delimitation of Sclerodermus species to just a few morphological characters. Host. This new species was found attacking a woman in her office in the municipality of Porto Alegre, South Brazil. Her office has wood furniture, which was observed to have many holes bored by Tricorynus Waterhouse, 1849, Ptinidae, Mesocoelopodinae (Fig. 6), from where both Sclerodermus chicomendesi n. sp. and its host Tricorynus beetles were observed leaving the furniture several times. This species of Sclerodermus frequently attacked the woman causing Erythematous papular injury in her skin (Fig. 7). Etymology. This species is named after Chico Mendes, who was one of the greatest Brazilian environmentalists, fighting for the rubber tappers against illegal farmers and land invaders mainly in the Amazonian Rain Forest in Acre, Brazil., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on pages 509-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Vargas R., J. M., Colombo, W. D. & Azevedo, C. O. (2020) Revisited phylogeny of Scleroderminae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) reveals a plastic evolutionary history. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 78, 217 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.26049 / ASP 78 - 2 - 2020 - 02","Evans, H. E. (1978) The Bethylidae of America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 27, 1 - 332.","Berland, L. (1928) Faune de France 19. Hymenopteres vespiformes II. Office Central de Faunistique, Paris, 215 pp.","Bernard, F. & Jacquemin, P. (1948) Effets des piqures de Scleroderma (Hymenopteres Bethylidae), et revision des especes nordafricaines. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 39, 160 - 167."]}

Sclerodermus formicarius Kieffer, 1921 The type series of this species is lost. It was deposited in the private Bruch collection, which was supposed to be incorporated in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” and Museo de la Plata (Lanteri & Martínez 2012). However, the first author was not able to find any material in his visit to the former, and the curator of the latter neither. The original description of this species by Kieffer (1921) was mostly based on colouration and did not provide enough reliable taxonomic information to get a precise identification. The main characters that are possible to extract from the original description are: head quadrate, slightly longer than wide, and wider than thorax; eye subcircular, very close to mandible, and length less than 0.5 × distance to vertex crest; dorsal pronotal area long, metapectal-propodeal disc longer than mesoscutellum; wings absent; metasoma slightly longer than the rest of body, and as wide as head. Evans (1968) tentatively identified five Brazilian specimens. Nevertheless, this act lacks confidence. Given the scenario aforementioned, we have not keyed this species in order to avoid any future unprecise identification, since it is unidentifiable in the present time., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on pages 505-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1921) Proctotrypides hotes des fourmis en Argentine. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 91, 36 - 41.","Lanteri, A. A. & Martinez, A. (2012) Carlos Bruch: pionero de los estudios entomologicos en la Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad de Entomologia de Argentina, 71 (3 - 4), 179 - 185.","Evans, H. E. (1968) The genus Scleroderma in South America (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 22, 103 - 106."]}

Key to Neotropical species 1. Macropterous forms, usually males (Fig. 4A)............................................................... 2 - Apterous or micropterous forms, usually females (Fig. 1)...................................................... 4 2. Forewing with Cu vein mostly tubular (Fig. 2B)............................................ S. domesticus Latreille - Forewing with Cu vein fully weakly spectral (Fig. 4E)........................................................ 3 3. Forewing with basal half of A vein tubular (as much as Fig. 118, Evans 1964, pg. 175)........... S. macrogaster Ashmead - Forewing with A vein wholly spectral (Fig. 4E)............................................ S. chicomendesi n. sp. 4. Apterous (Fig. 1E)..................................................................... S. soror Westwood - Micropterous (Fig. 1F)................................................................................ 5 5. Latero-posterior corner of metapectal-propodeal disc angled (Fig. 1A).......................... S. domesticus Latreille - Latero-posterior corner of metapectal-propodeal disc rounded (Fig. 1D).......................................... 6 6. Lateral board of metapectal-propodeal disc straight (Fig. 1C)................................................... 7 - Lateral board of metapectal-propodeal disc constricted anteriorly (Fig. 1D)....................................... 8 7. Side of head wholly outcurved, metapectal-propodeal disc about evenly wide (Fig. 1B)............. S. galapagensis Brues - Side of head straight anteriorly, metapectal-propodeal disc progressively wider posteriorly (Fig. 1C).................................................................................................. S. iridomyrmicicola Bruch 8. Side of head wholly straight and parallel (Fig. 1G).............................................. S. wilsoni Evans - Side of head wholly outcurved (Fig. 1D).................................................................. 9 9. Head about as wide as long (Fig. 1D).................................................. S. macrogaster Ashmead - Head longer than wide (Fig. 1F)......................................................................... 10 10. Mandible tridentate; median clypeal lobe trapezoidal (Figs 4C)............................... S. chicomendesi n. sp. - Mandible bidentate; median clypeal lobe subangulate (Fig. 1F)................................. S. spilonotum Evans, Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132, 1 - 222."]}

Sclerodermus macrogaster (Ashmead, 1887) Fig. 1D Diagnosis, female. Micropterous forms. Body 3.07 mm long. Castaneous, propodeum lighter. Mandible with two apical teeth. Clypeus very short and truncate, apical margin curved upward medially in frontal view. Antenna thick, pedicel long, first four Antennomeres in ratio of about 17:6:2:2, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye with sparse setae. Ocelli absent. Frons weakly coriaceous, nearly polished, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.13 WH, WF 0.5 WH, WF 1.47 HE. Vertex nearly straight. Sides of head slightly outcurved. VOL 1.32 HE. Mesoscutum 1.1 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without metapostnotal median carina and posterior transverse carina. Micropterous forms: wing slightly longer than tegula, veins absent. Profemur 2.13 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.58 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI conspicuously bi-emarginated. Macropterous forms: clypeus very short, median lobe subtrapezoidal, apical margin weakly incurved. Ocellar triangle close to vertex crest, frontal angle slightly obtuse. Vertex and sides of head slightly outcurved. Notauli poorly impressed, straight, incomplete posteriorly, parallel. Parapsidal signum short. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, without metapostnotal median carina and posterior transverse carina. Claws bifid, teeth very small. Forewing slender, with one Radial cell closed, C and 2r-rs&Rs veins absent, pterostigma small, Anal vein nebulous distally, Cu vein fully nebulous. Diagnosis, male. Hypopygium with spiculum slighlty short than plate, lateral stalk absent, posterior margin outcurved. Genitalia: harpe divided in two arms, dorsal arm longer and much narrower than ventral arm; cuspis wide, apical margin incurved; aedeagus somewhat diamond-shaped, with of pair of rounded apical lobes. Material examined. Holotype ♀: [U.S.A.], Fl [orid]a, Jacks [o]nville (USNM, #14049). Remarks. The original description was based on one single supposedly apterous female from Florida, United States (Ashmead 1887). After that, Wheeler (1928) reared this species in a laboratory and was able to get both apterous and, more rarely, macropterous females, and both macropterous and even more rarely apterous males. The diagnoses of the male and the macropterous female are based on figures of Evans (1964, pg. 175)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on pages 506-507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Ashmead, W. H. (1887) Studies on the North American Proctotrupidae with descriptions of new species from Florida. Entomologica Americana, 3, 73 - 76.","Wheeler, W. M. 1928. The social insects: their origin and evolution. Harcourt Brace and Co., New York, 378 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 140774","Evans, H. E. (1964) A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 132, 1 - 222."]}

Sclerodermus spilonotum Evans, 1968 Fig. 1E Diagnosis, female. Body 3.0 mm long. Head, mesosoma, metasoma, legs dark castaneous, antenna, mandible, clypeus, and anterior area of pronotum and mesoscutum light castaneous. Mandible with two apical teeth, base wide, apex very narrow. Medial clypeal lobe short and subangulate. Flagellomeres I–X wider than long. Ocelli absent. Frons nearly polished, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.22 WH, WF 0.55 WH, WF 1.8 HE. Vertex slightly outcurved. Sides of head slightly outcurved, head wider posteriorly eye. VOL 2.43 HE. Metapectalpropodeal disc as long as wide, without metapostnotal median and posterior carinae. Tegula apparently present, but small as scale. Micropterous, forewing 0.14 mm long, hind wing 0.14 mm long. Profemur 2.0 as long as wide. Metasoma stout, 0.61 as long as body, apical margin of sternites IV–VI bi-emarginated, last not deeply. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, BRAZIL, São Paulo, São Paulo, 1–15.XI.1967, K. Lenko col. (MZSP)., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940, {"references":["Evans, H. E. (1968) The genus Scleroderma in South America (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 22, 103 - 106."]}

Sclerodermus iridomyrmicicola Bruch, 1917 Fig. 1C Diagnosis, female. Body 2.73 mm long. Head and mesosoma castaneous, metasoma dark castaneous. Mandible with two small apical teeth, and one on upper margin. Clypeus with short, rectangular median lobe, apical margin curved upward medially in frontal view, median carina complete. Pedicel longer than flagellomeres, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Distance between toruli less than their own diameters. Eye with few setae. Frons weakly coriaceous, with very sparse small punctures, with weak and short anterior median line. LH 1.1 WH, WF 0.52 WH, WF 1.63 HE. Vertex outcurved. Sides of head mostly straight, subparallel, weakly converging anterad. VOL 2.0 HE. Mesoscutum 1.36 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc trapezoidal, side diverging posteriorly, median, lateral and posterior transverse carinae absent. Propodeal spiracle round placed at lateral of metapectal-propodeal complex. Tegula very small as scale. Micropterous, wing slightly longer than tegula, veins absent. Profemur 2.1 as long as wide. Metasomal sternites IV–VI with bi-emarginated apical margins. Material examined. Holotype ♀, [ARGENTINA, Martín García, Rio de la Plata, ex. nest of Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr, 9.XII.1915, C. Bruch col.] (MLPA, # 2065). Remark. This specimen has no data label., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940

Sclerodermus soror Westwood, 1881 Fig. 1F Diagnosis, female. Body 2.0 mm long. Light castaneous. Antenna thick, pedicel long, flagellomeres wider than long, except last. Eye glabrous. Ocelli absent. Frons weakly coriaceous, punctures very sparse and inconspicuous. LH 1.35 WH, WF 0.52 WH, WF 1.56 HE. Vertex apparently straight. Sides of head parallel, slightly outcurved. VOL 2.4 HE. Mesoscutum 1.32 as wide as long. Metapectal-propodeal disc nearly quadrate, side subparallel, base only slightly constricted, without metapostnotal median carina and posterior transverse carina. Apterous. Profemur 2.2 as long as wide. Material examined. Holotype ♀, MEXICO, D. Coffin col. (OXUM). Remarks. This specimen is in fragile condition and mounted on a card, so we did not analyze posterior margin of the sterna., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Synopsis of the Neotropical Sclerodermus Latreille (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) with description of a new species attacking human beings, pp. 501-519 in Zootaxa 5124 (5) on page 508, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6416940

Pristonesia Alencar & Azevedo, 2018 Diagnosis. Pristonesia is identifiable as a member of the Pristocerinae because the metanotum is developed medially and overlaps the mesoscutellum posteriorly. Among Pristocerinae, it is uniquely identified by having 1) median clypeal lobe large, and usually angulate; 2) hypopygium usually thick medially, 3) posterior hypopygeal margin from weakly emarginated to deeply excavated; 4) harpe with apical projections; 6) cuspis flattened and basally very wide; 7) apex of aedeagal dorsal valve with membranous bubble; 8) cat-whisker-shaped set of setae present on apex of aedeagus; 9) cupula reduced to dorsal-lateral area of the genital ring. Description. MALE. Body elongate. Head. Antenna regularly long, never reaching metasoma; antennal rim regularly sized, about as long as wide and diverging anterad; pedicel always shorter than flagellomere I. Mandible just slightly wider apically than basally, teeth directed mesad. Clypeus with long median lobe, never less than 20% of total cephalic length, median carina complete and conspicuous, lateral lobe not delimited by any emargination, much shorter than median lobe. Palpal formula 6:3, palpi without long bristles, apical setae of each palpomere at most slightly longer than palpomeral length, three distal maxillary palpomeres shorter than precedent one. Eye prominent and large, occupying at least half length of head, with very few short setae, visible only under high magnification. Ocellar triangle not so prominent, ocelli protruding over vertex surface, at most 0.5 × as high as diameter of anterior ocellus. Occipital carina complete and conspicuous. Medioccipito-genal carina complete. Hypostomal carina strongly raised and complete. Mesosoma. Pronotum usually carinate, surface mostly flat. Anteromesoscutum with notauli and parapsidal signums. Mesoscutum-scutellar suture contiguous medially. Mesoscutum-scutellar sulcus deep and wide. Metascutellum wider than long, setose, surface convex. Metapectal-propodeal complex with transverse anterior carina present, lateral carina usually absent, transverse posterior carina and posterior carina absent, propodeal spiracle crossing area of lateral carina of metapectal-propodeal complex. Propodeal declivity without median carina. Propodeal spiracle elliptical, crossing lateral carina of metapectal-propodeal complex anteriorly. Propleuron completely covered by pronotal flange when seen in dorsal view. Prepectus, anterior prepectal flange, posterior prepectal flange and epicnemial medial projection fully separated medially. Mesopleuron with oblique sulcus never conspicuous, sternaulus always indistinguishable. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of R1 never longer than pterostigma; Rs&M inclined, its junction with Sc+R far from pterostigma about one third to half-length of pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein much longer than pterostigma; flexion lines: medial flexion line bifurcating into anterior medial and posterior medial 1 flexions lines, r-m, m-cu always present. Hind wing with Sc+R vein at most as long as clavus; with two sets of basal and distal hamuli well separated, basal hamuli straight, distal hamuli hook-shaped. Claws with one or two teeth. Legs not spinose at all. Metasoma. Metasomal segment I at least slightly longer than tergum II. Metasomal segments II and III lacking tergal process. Hypopygium with single plate, fully sclerotized and flat; anteromedial apodeme when present never long, anterolateral apodeme always present, median area of inner surface usually thick. Genitalia with simple harpe, although sometimes deeply excavated, inserted laterodorsally into gonostipes with distinct suture; gonostipes with basal area particularly developed mesad, covering part of base of aedeagus on ventral side; basivolsella fully fused to gonostipes, without vannus; digitus straight in its apical two thirds, not curved laterad apically, base varying from straight to strongly angled; cuspis uniramous, very wide basally, cross-section somewhat flattened; aedeagus with two valves, ventral valve always shorter and dorsal one, apical lobe of dorsal valve with apical membranous extension and conspicuous cat whisker-shaped set of setae on its lateral margin; apodeme with ergot and valvura; genital ring elliptical in anterior view, interrupted medially both on dorsal and ventral side, opening ventrad; cupula absent on ventral area of basal genitalia. FEMALE: Unknown., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 322-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia uvenil Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 3A–C, 5G–I Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the base of digitus with sharp angulation, almost spine-shaped and the aedeagal apodeme without ergot. Description. Male. Body 3.2–3.3 mm long. Forewing 2.1–2.2 mm long.Antenna 1.4–1.5 mm long. Color. Head and mesosoma black, posterior area of prothorax dark castaneous; clypeus dark castaneous; antenna castaneous; palpi castaneous; mandible castaneous, darker basally; legs somewhat dark castaneous, trochanters, tibiae and tarsi lighter; metasoma dark castaneous; wings hyaline, veins castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Subheptagonal, much longer than wide. Mandible with four teeth, two ventral most sharpened and larger, otherwise rounded and short, progressively increasing in length ventrad. Clypeus with median lobe angulate, but margins slightly outcurved; median carina complete, somewhat high and somewhat outcurved in lateral. Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, longer than half flagellomeral diameter, with some outstanding erect setae on flagellomeres III–IX; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 12:4:7:7. Vertex crest mostly straight. Temple evenly little outcurved, progressively divergent anterad. Antennal rim slightly longer than wide, inter-torular space about 1.5 × torular diameter. Frons polished, with very few conspicuous and small punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle about right, anterior margin of anterior ocellus touching supra-ocular line. Occipital carina partially visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area polished with some irregularly sized punctures, about as long as anteromesoscutum, posterior area wider than anterior one, surface slightly depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina crossing all anterior border, ill-defined and slightly arched; cervical pronotal area short, mostly vertical, polished. Notauli well impressed, almost reaching both anterior and posterior margins of anteromesoscutum, straight, almost evenly wide, very converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, almost straight, almost parallel. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus with anterior margin incurved posterad, posterior margin angularly arched anterad medially, very narrower medially. Metascutellum polished, lateral margin poorly incurved, surface excavated posteriorly, metascutellar foveae fused, anterior margin straight and posterior one irregular, metanotal fovea trapezoidal, carinae of metanotal trough somewhat evident. Metapectal-propodeal disc striate-rugulose, 1.1–1.2 × as long as wide, metapostnotal median defined by borders of striation, lateral marginal carina weak, delimited only anterior, transverse posterior carina absent. Propodeal declivity mostly rugulose. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex mostly foveolate-rugulose, except weakly strigulate on extreme anterior. Mesopleuron foveolate on polished background, callus contrastingly smooth, posterior oblique sulcus subvertical, arched, wide, short. Mesodiscrimen with surface poorly concave anteriorly. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection, with median longitudinal carina. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 about one third length of pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs evenly arched, and not notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial and posterior medial 1 flexions lines long, m-cu flexion line straight, claval flexion line weak, r-m flexion line arched. Hind wing with two basal hamuli, and four equidistant distal hamuli. Claws simple, but with tiny median callus, tooth sharp and curved. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I elliptical and subdorsal. Tergum I conspicuously longer than tergum II. Sternum II longitudinally bicarinate, carinae diverging posterad. Epipygium wide apically so that its lateral margins almost touch each other ventrally, posterior margin almost straight, without median emargination, not excavated where epipygium folds ventrad. Hypopygium with spiculum long and tip sharp, anteromedial apodeme absent, anterolateral apodeme progressively narrowing apicad into sharp arched mesad tip, anterior margin almost straight medially, posterior margin roundly excavated forming two round lobes without any spine, excavation about one fourth as long as hypopygeal plate, thick median area of inner surface large and slightly progressively narrowing anterad only on anterior third. Genitalia. Harpe with apical margin with two conical expansions, dorsal one longer than ventral one, dorsal margin evenly incurved, wide basally, ventral poorly straight; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with rounded median callus, and with few medioapical setae; apical basivolsellar expansion absent; cuspis angled apically, very wide basally, cross-section flat, outer surface convex and smooth, apex sharp, without any membranous extension; digitus cross-section cylindrical, strongly angled and projected basally, otherwise straight, apex squamate and not membranous, base with spine anterad; aedeagus bulging medially in dorsal profile, ventral valve membranous, short, apex aligned with base of cuspis, progressively narrowing apicad, apex sub-blunt, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension as long as wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae long and sparse; aedeagal apodeme arched mesad, ergot tiny; genital ring strongly incurved ventrally. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, Gabon, Prov. Ogooué-Maritime, Réserve des Monts Doudou, 24.3km 307º NW Doussala, 2º13.35’S 10º24.35’E, 370m, 9.iii.2000, S. van Noort, Sweep, GA 00-S74, Lowland Rainforest, undergrowth, low canopy in forest, SAM-HYM-P0024208 (SAMC). Paratype, 1♂, Gabon, same data as holotype, except 16.iii.2000, GA00-S116, SAM-HYM-P0024216 (SAMC). Distribution. Gabon., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 333-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia tainatril Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 2G–I, 5D–F Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the posterior hypopygeal margin forming two rounded lobes and the harpe with wide conical apical projection. Description. Male. Body 4.5–6.0 mm long. Forewing 3.2–3.5 mm long.Antenna 1.7–2.0 mm long. Color. Head and mesosoma black; clypeus dark castaneous; antenna castaneous; palpi castaneous; mandible dark castaneous with all margins darker; legs dark castaneous with trochanters, tibiae and tarsi lighter; metasoma dark castaneous; wings hyaline, veins castaneous to dark castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Rectangular, much longer than wide. Mandible with three sharpened teeth, ventral most and dorsal most ones equally large, median one well-spaced of dorsal most. Clypeus with median lobe angulate; median carina complete, somewhat high and almost straight in lateral. Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, about as long as half flagellomeral diameter, with some outstanding erect setae on all flagellomeres; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 15:6:7:8. Vertex crest mostly almost straight, but poorly incurved medially. Temple evenly outcurved, progressively divergent anterad.Antennal rim about as long as wide, inter-torular space almost 2.0 × torular diameter. Frons polished, with few conspicuous and small punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle about right, anterior ocellus crossing supra-ocular line. Occipital carina hardly visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area with large dense punctures, polished medially longer than anteromesoscutum, posterior area much wider than anterior one, surface not depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina crossing all anterior border, well-defined and slightly arched; cervical pronotal area somewhat high, vertical and polished ventrally, subvertical and coriaceous dorsally. Notauli well impressed, reaching anterior margin of anteromesoscutum and not reaching posterior one, straight, clearly widening posterad, slightly converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, almost straight, parallel. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus with anterior margin straight, posterior margin angularly arched anterad medially, narrower medially. Metascutellum polished, lateral margin poorly incurved, surface excavated posteriorly, metascutellar foveae fused, anterior margin straight and posterior one irregular, metanotal fovea rectangular-triangular, carinae of metanotal trough conspicuous. Metapectal-propodeal disc rugulose, 1.1–1.2 × as long as wide, metapostnotal median complete, lateral marginal carina undefined, transverse posterior carina absent. Propodeal declivity rugulose with large punctures foveolateshaped. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex rugulose. Mesopleuron foveolate on polished background, callus contrastingly smooth, posterior oblique sulcus subvertical, short, undefined. Mesodiscrimen with surface concave. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection, without median carina. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 about one third length of pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein slightly arched, and slightly notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial flexion line long and posterior medial 1 flexion line very short, m-cu flexion line straight, claval flexion line weak, r-m flexion line almost straight. Hind wing with three equidistant basal hamuli, and five equidistant distal hamuli. Claws bifid, basal tooth small, apical sharp and curved. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I elliptical and subdorsal. Tergum I conspicuously longer than tergum II. Sternum II longitudinally bicarinate, carinae diverging posterad. Epipygium wide apically, but its lateral margins do touch each other ventrally, posterior margin poorly outcurved and more projected than ventral margins, without median emargination, not excavated where epipygium folds ventrad. Hypopygium with spiculum long and poorly dilated, anteromedial apodeme absent, anterolateral apodeme thick, but progressively narrowing apicad into sharp not arched tip, anterior margin almost straight medially, posterior margin strongly roundly excavated forming two lobes without any spine, excavation about two thirds as long as hypopygeal plate, thick median area of inner surface large and conspicuously progressively narrowing anterad. Genitalia. Harpe triangular apically, dorsal margin evenly strongly incurved, slightly wide basally, ventral slightly incurved; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with inconspicuous rounded median callus, and with few medioapical setae; apical basivolsellar expansion short and subconical; cuspis evenly smoothly arched, very wide basally progressively narrowing apicad, cross-section flat, apex narrowly rounded; digitus cross-section subcylindrical, evenly arched, apex squamate and somewhat membranous; aedeagus cylindrical in dorsal profile, ventral valve membranous, not so short, apex posterior to base of cuspis, apex rounded, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension longer than wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae not so long and somewhat dense; aedeagal apodeme arched mesad, ergot short and rounded; genital ring subrectangular. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabéa Bai, 21.4km 53º NE Bayanga, 3º02.01’N 16º24.57’E, 510m, 5-6.v.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M45, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, (SAMC). Paratype, 1♂, Central African Republic, same data as holotype, except 1-2.v.2001, CAR01-M10 (SAMC). Distribution. Central African Republic., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 331-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia querfil Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 2A–C, 4J–L Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the harpe Y-shaped and the posterior hypopygeal margin strongly excavated forming two sharp lobes. Description. Male. Body 4.2–5.5 mm long. Forewing 3.3–4.1 mm long. Antenna 2.1–2.5 mm long. Color. Head and mesosoma black, prothorax can be dark castaneous; clypeus dark castaneous almost black; antenna dark castaneous, except scape and pedicel castaneous; palpi castaneous; mandible light castaneous with all margins darker; legs evenly light castaneous; metasoma dark castaneous; wings subhyaline, veins dark castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Subheptagonal, longer than wide. Mandible with five teeth, two ventral most sharpened and larger, otherwise rounded and short, progressively increasing in length ventrad. Clypeus with median lobe angulate; median carina complete, somewhat high and almost straight in lateral. Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, about as long as half flagellomeral diameter, with some outstanding erect setae on all flagellomeres; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 20:5:12:12. Vertex crest mostly almost straight. Temple evenly little outcurved, progressively divergent anterad. Antennal rim poorly longer than wide, inter-torular space almost 2.0 × torular diameter. Frons polished, with few conspicuous punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle about right, anterior ocellus fully anterior to supra-ocular line. Occipital carina partially visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area with irregularly large dense punctures, shorter than anteromesoscutum, posterior area much wider than anterior one, surface much depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina welldefined, high, evenly outcurved; cervical pronotal area short, vertical, polished. Notauli well impressed, composed of series of fused foveae, reaching anterior margin of anteromesoscutum and almost reaching posterior one, straight, slightly widening posterad, converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, slightly S-shaped, poorly converging posterad. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus with anterior margin mostly straight, posterior margin angularly incurved, slightly narrower medially. Metascutellum polished, lateral margin incurved; metascutellar foveae not fused, semicircular, metanotal fovea well-delimited, equilateral-triangular; carinae of metanotal trough evident. Metapectal-propodeal disc fully striate-rugulose, 1.0–1.1 × as long as wide, metapostnotal median complete, but slightly weakening posteriorly lateral marginal carina evident, but somewhat confused with background texture, transverse posterior carina absent. Propodeal declivity rugulose. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex striate-rugulose. Mesopleuron sparsely foveolate on polished background, callus contrastingly smooth, posterior oblique sulcus subvertical, occupying only dorsal half of mesopleural height and not well-delimited. Mesodiscrimen with surface little concave. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection, without median carina. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 about as long as pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein much longer than pterostigma, evenly arched, and not notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial flexion line long and posterior medial 1 flexion line short, m-cu flexion line angled, cubital flexion line absent, claval flexion line weak, r-m flexion line angled. Hind wing with three equidistant basal hamuli, and five equidistant distal hamuli. Claws conspicuously bifid, teeth long and curved. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I elliptical and dorsal. Tergum I longer than tergum II. Sternum II with pair of longitudinal carinae, space between them finely longitudinally strigate. Epipygium wide apically so that its lateral margins touch each other ventrally, posterior margin almost straight, without median emargination, not excavated where epipygium folds ventrad. Hypopygium with spiculum very short and tip sharp, anteromedial apodeme short and sharp, anterolateral apodeme thick, but progressively narrowing apicad into sharp tip, anterior margin strongly double u-shaped, posterior margin strongly excavated forming two lobes without any spine, apical margin of lobe straight and inclined with protruding sharp corner, excavation wider medially and about three fourths as long as hypopygeal plate, median area of inner surface not thick. Genitalia. Harpe Y-shaped, basal half very narrow, apical half divided into two very narrow branches, dorsal branch longer, ventral one with apical membranous flag-shaped extension on its dorsal margin; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with rectangular median callus, and with conspicuous set of short median setae; apical basivolsellar expansion high, subquadrate, apical margin with spine-shaped projection at inner corner; cuspis Sshaped, cross-section elliptical, apex sharp; digitus with cross-section subcylindrical, evenly curved along its length, apex squamate and somewhat membranous; aedeagus triangular with not so wide base in dorsal profile, ventral valve not membranous, short, apex mostly truncate, aligned with base of cuspis, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension conspicuously longer than wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae long and somewhat dense; aedeagal apodeme arched mesad, ergot short as stub and sharp; genital ring strongly incurved ventrally. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, Gabon, Prov. Ogooué-Maritime, Réserve des Monts Doudou, 25.2km 304º NW Doussala, 2º13.63’S 10º23.67’E, 660m, 15.iii.2000, S. van Noort, Sweep, GA 00-S96, Lowland Rainforest, undergrowth, low canopy in forest, SAM-HYM-P0024030 (SAMC). Paratype, 1♂, Gabon, same date as holotype, except 16.iii.2000, GA00-S118, SAM-HYM-P0024214 (SAMC). Distribution. Gabon., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 328-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia parcetil Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 1G–I, 4G–I Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the apical set of setae of the aedeagus very sparse, with only two setae each side. Description. Male. Body 4.0– 4.5 mm long. Forewing 3.2–3.5 mm long.Antenna 1.7–2.0 mm long. Color. Head and mesosoma dark castaneous almost black; clypeus dark castaneous; antenna dark castaneous; palpi castaneous; mandible dark castaneous; legs castaneous to dark castaneous; metasoma dark castaneous; wings hyaline, veins light castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Heptagonal, longer than wide. Mandible with four teeth, ventral most sharpened and larger, otherwise somewhat rounded and short. Clypeus with median lobe angulate; median carina complete, somewhat high and slightly outcurved in lateral.Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, with some outstanding erect setae on first five flagellomeres, about as long as half flagellomeral diameter; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 15:4.5:8:7. Vertex crest mostly straight. Temple evenly little outcurved, progressively divergent anterad. Antennal rim about as long as wide, inter-torular space about 1.5 × torular diameter. Frons polished, with conspicuous sparse punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle acute, anterior ocellus far posterior to supra-ocular line. Occipital carina partially visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area polished, with few irregularly sized small punctures, shorter than anteromesoscutum, posterior area much wider than anterior one, surface very depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina crossing all anterior border, ill-defined and slightly arched; cervical pronotal area short, vertical, polished. Notauli well impressed, reaching anterior margin of anteromesoscutum and almost reaching posterior one, straight, almost evenly wide, slightly converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, almost straight, slightly converging posterad. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus arched, slightly narrower medially. Metascutellum polished anteriorly, lateral margin incurved, surface flat and subvertical posteriorly; metascutellar foveae fused, anterior margin straight and posterior one irregular, metanotal fovea semicircular, carinae of metanotal trough weak. Metapectal-propodeal disc striate-rugulose on metapostnotal area, and polished on propodeal area, except extreme posterior corner weakly rugulose, 1.0–1.25 × as long as wide, metapostnotal median undefined, lateral marginal carina weak, transverse posterior carina absent. Propodeal declivity mostly polished, except dorsolateral corner somewhat foveolate. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex mostly alveolate-coriaceous, except strigulate on extreme anterior. Mesopleuron mostly polished, except foveolate anteriorly, callus smooth, posterior oblique sulcus subvertical, occupying only median third of mesopleural height and not well-delimited. Mesodiscrimen with surface concave. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection, with median longitudinal carina. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 fully absent, 2r-rs&Rs vein evenly arched, and not notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial flexion line long and posterior medial 1 flexion line short, m-cu flexion line straight, cubital flexion line absent, claval flexion line weak, r-m flexion line almost straight. Hind wing with two basal hamuli, and four equidistant distal hamuli. Claws simple, but with tiny median callus, tooth sharp and curved. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I drop-shaped and subdorsal. Tergum I slightly longer than tergum II. Sternum II longitudinally striate. Epipygium wide apically so that its lateral margins almost touch each other ventrally, posterior margin almost straight, without median emargination, not excavated where epipygium folds ventrad. Hypopygium with spiculum long and tip sharp, anteromedial apodeme absent, anterolateral apodeme progressively narrowing apicad into sharp tip, anterior margin double u-shaped, posterior margin strongly excavated forming two round lobes without any spine, excavation about one fourth as long as hypopygeal plate, thick median area of inner surface large and almost evenly wide. Genitalia. Harpe with apical margin with two conical expansions, dorsal one longer than ventral one, dorsal margin evenly incurved, wide basally, ventral poorly S-shaped; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with inconspicuous median callus, and with few medioapical setae; apical basivolsellar expansion absent; cuspis angled medially, very wide basally, cross-section flat, outer surface convex and smooth, apex slightly dilated and blunt, without any membranous extension; digitus cross-section flat, not cylindrical, mostly straight, base smoothly curved, apex rounded, apex squamate and not membranous; aedeagus triangular with not so wide base in dorsal profile, ventral valve membranous, short, apex aligned with base of cuspis, apical margin rounded, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension conspicuously longer than wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae long and sparse; aedeagal apodeme not arched, ergot short as stub and sharp; genital ring strongly incurved ventrally. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, South Africa, Tvl, Entabeni For., Res. 33.00S 30.16E, 7-11.i.1987, C.D. Eardley, National Coll. of Insects, Pretoria, S. Afr. (SANC). Paratypes: South Africa, 1♂, Kwazulu-Natal, Itala Game Reserve, Ngubhu House, 27º32.99’S 31º13.34’E, 720m, 30.xi-7.xii 1999, S. van Noort, KW99-M02, Malaise trap, Closed Euclea-Acacia Natal Lowveld Bushveld, SAM-HYM-A026840 (SAMC). Remarks. The metapectal-propodeal disc of the paratype is much shorter (1.0 × as long as wide) than in the holotype (1.25 × as long as wide). Distribution. South Africa., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 327-328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia oracil Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 1D–F, 4D–F Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the harpe with an extra median apical projection and the lobes of posterior hypopygeal margin the conical spine. Description. Male. Body 3.9–4.6 mm long. Forewing 3.1–3.7 mm long.Antenna 2.0– 2.3 mm long. Color. Head and mesosoma black; clypeus dark castaneous, lighter subapically; antenna castaneous; palpi light castaneous to castaneous; mandible castaneous with dark castaneous margins; legs pale castaneous to light castaneous; metasoma dark castaneous; wings subhyaline, veins dark castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Heptagonal, about as long as wide. Mandible with five teeth, two ventral most sharpened and larger, otherwise rounded and short, progressively increasing in length ventrad. Clypeus with median lobe rounded, with minute median tooth; median carina complete, somewhat high and straight in lateral. Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, about as long as half flagellomeral diameter, with some outstanding erect setae on first five flagellomeres; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 20:4:11:12. Vertex crest mostly straight. Temple evenly little outcurved, progressively divergent anterad. Antennal rim about as long as wide, inter-torular space about 2 × torular diameter. Frons polished, with very few small punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle acute, anterior ocellus fully posterior to supra-ocular line. Occipital carina partially visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area polished, with some irregularly sized large punctures, shorter than anteromesoscutum, posterior area much wider than anterior one, surface slightly depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina crossing all anterior border, somewhat high and slightly twisted; cervical pronotal area vertical, polished. Notauli well impressed, reaching anterior margin of anteromesoscutum and almost reaching posterior one, straight, slightly wider posteriorly, converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, very poorly S-shaped. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus evenly arched, narrower medially. Metascutellum polished, lateral margin incurved, surface convex; metascutellar fovea semicircular, metanotal fovea indistinguishable from metanotal trough; carinae of metanotal trough weak. Metapectal-propodeal disc rugulose on metapostnotal area, and anteriorly polished and posteriorly alveolate on propodeal area, about 1.0 × as long as wide, metapostnotal median carina complete, but not well-delimited posteriorly, lateral marginal carina indistinguishable from background texture. Propodeal declivity irregularly alveolate. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex mostly confused alveolate strigulate, except strigulate on extreme anterior. Mesopleuron sparsely foveolate on polished background, callus contrastingly smooth, posterior oblique sulcus subvertical, occupying only median third of mesopleural height and not well-delimited. Mesodiscrimen with surface concave. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 as long as pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein evenly arched, but slightly notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial flexion line long and posterior medial 1 flexion line short, m-cu flexion line S-shaped, cubital flexion line absent, claval flexion line strong, r-m flexion line almost straight. Hind wing with three equidistant basal hamuli, and six equidistant distal hamuli. Claws bifid, teeth sharp and curved, basal one smaller. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I elliptical and subdorsal. Tergum I 1.8 × as long as tergum II. Sternum II ecarinate. Epipygium unusually wide apically so that its lateral margins touch each other ventrally, posterior margin slightly excavated where epipygium folds ventrad, and with median small emargination. Hypopygium with spiculum long and sharp tip, about half as long as whole hypopygeal plate, anteromedial apodeme spine-shaped and short, anterolateral apodeme sharp expansion-shaped, anterior margin strongly double u-shaped, posterior margin strongly excavated forming two round lobes, excavation about three fourths as long as hypopygeal plate, each lobe with small conical median spine fully dorsad, thick median area of inner surface small and progressively narrowing anterad. Genitalia. Harpe very narrow basally, progressively widening apicad, apical margin with two large conical expansions ventrad, one at inner corner and other medially; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with inconspicuous basal callus, and with conspicuous set of long basal setae; apical basivolsellar expansion large with high conical inner corner projected apicad; cuspis cross-section flat, not cylindrical, S-shaped, apex sharp; digitus angled basally, surface flat and concave, apex finely canaliculate and membranous; aedeagus triangular with wide base in dorsal profile, ventral valve not membranous, very short, apex somewhat truncate with rounded corners, wide and aligned with base of basivolsella, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension conspicuously longer than wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae varying from short to long, and dense; aedeagal apodeme strongly arched mesad, ergot small and sharp; genital ring strongly incurved ventrally. Material examined. Holotype, Uganda, ♂, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field Station, 1494m, 0º34.808’N 30º21.873’E, 12-26.viii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08 -KF5-M15, Malaise trap, secondary mid-altitude Rainforest, marshy area. (SAMC). Paratypes: 1♂, same data of holotype (SAMC); 1♂, 1495m, 0º33.996’N 30º21.262’E, 29-31.vii.2005, UG05 -M02, secondary mid-altitude Rainforest; 3♂, 1498m, 0º33.960’N 30º21.267’E, 12-26.viii.2008, UG08 -KF1-M11, secondary mid-altitude Rainforest; 1♂, 1495m, 0º33.871’N 30º21.355’E, 12-26.viii.2008, UG08 -KF2-M12, secondary mid-altitude Rainforest; 2♂, 1506m, 0º33.891’N 30º21.468’E, 12-26.viii.2008, UG08 - KF7-M17, primary mid-altitude Rainforest, all S. van Noort, Malaise trap (SAMC) 1♂, Kenya, Kakamega Forest, 0º14.13’N 34º51.87’E, 21-28. V.2000, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (ICIPE); Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Réserve Spéciale de Forêt Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7km 326º NW Bayanga, 3º00.27’N 16º11.55’E, 420m, Lowland Rainforest, S. van Noort, 1♂, 17.v.2001, Sweep, CAR 01-S194, 2♂, 16-17.v.2001, Malaise trap, 12–13.v.2001, Malaise trap, CAR 01-M101, CAR 01-M148, 1♂, 16-17.v.2001, Malaise trap, CAR 01-M152 (SAMC); 1♂, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaéré, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabéa Bai, 21.4km 53º NE Bayanga, 3º02.01’N 16º24.57’E, 510m, 4-5.v.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M41, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing (SAMC); Gabon, Prov. Ogooué-Maritime, Réserve des Monts Doudou, 25.2km 304º NW Doussala, 2º13.63’S 10º23.67’E, 660m, S. van Noort, 1♂, 15-16.iii.2000, Malaise trap, GA00-M66, Lowland Rainforest, summit ridge SAM-HYM-P0024136 (SAMC), 1♂, 15.iii.2000, Sweep, GA 00- S98, Lowland Rainforest, undergrowth, low canopy in forest, SAM-HYM-P0024119 (SAMC). Variations. The paratypes are very similar to the holotype, the specimen from Uganda is smaller, with the body 3.9 mm long. Distribution. Central African Republic, Gabon, Kenya, Uganda., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 326-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia sicril Azevedo & Colombo, sp. nov. Figs 2D–F, 5A–C Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the anterolateral apodeme wide and the base of aedeagal apodeme strongly curved mesad. Description. Male. Body 4.4–4.7 mm long. Forewing 3.6–3.7 mm long. Antenna 1.4–1.5 mm long. Color. Head, mesosoma and clypeus black; antenna dark castaneous; palpi dark castaneous; mandible black basally and dark castaneous apically; legs dark castaneous almost black, tarsi lighter; metasoma dark castaneous; wings hyaline, veins castaneous to dark castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Subquadrate, about as long as wide. Mandible with five teeth, two ventral most sharpened and larger, otherwise rounded and short, progressively increasing in length ventrad. Clypeus with median lobe rounded; median carina complete, somewhat high and outcurved in lateral.Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, shorter than half flagellomeral diameter, with few erect setae on flagellomeres III-V not outstanding; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 15:4:7:8. Vertex crest mostly outcurved, with inconspicuus median emargination. Temple evenly outcurved, progressively divergent anterad. Antennal rim wider than long, inter-torular space slightly more than torular diameter. Frons polished, with conspicuous sparse and small punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle about right, anterior ocellus far posterior to supra-ocular line. Occipital carina not visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area with large dense punctures, much shorter than anteromesoscutum, posterior area much wider than anterior one, surface slightly depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina undefined; cervical pronotal area short, vertical, polished. Notauli well impressed, composed of series of fused foveae, reaching anterior margin of anteromesoscutum and almost reaching posterior one, straight, imperceptibly widening posterad, slightly converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, almost straight, slightly converging posterad. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus evenly arched, slightly narrower medially. Metascutellum polished, lateral margin incurved, surface excavated posteriorly; metascutellar foveae fused, anterior margin straight and posterior one irregular, metanotal fovea somewhat semicircular,carinae of metanotal trough conspicuous. Metapectalpropodeal disc rugulose, 0.8–0.9 × as long as wide, metapostnotal median undefined, borders of rugosities forming median line, lateral marginal carina undefined, transverse posterior carina absent. Propodeal declivity rugulose. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex rugulose, except strigulate on extreme anterior. Mesopleuron largely foveolate on polished background, callus large and contrastingly smooth, posterior oblique sulcus almost vertical, occupying dorsal half of mesopleural height and not well-delimited. Mesodiscrimen with surface concave. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection, without median carina. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 about half length of pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein angled and notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial flexion line long and posterior medial 1 flexion line short, m-cu flexion line straight, claval flexion line weak, r-m flexion line straight. Hind wing with three equidistant basal hamuli, and five equidistant distal hamuli. Claws bifid, basal tooth small, apical sharp and curved. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I drop-shaped and subdorsal. Tergum I slightly longer than tergum II. Sternum II with longitudinal striae which diverge posterad. Epipygium wide apically so that its lateral margins almost touch each other ventrally, posterior margin almost straight, without median emargination, not excavated where epipygium folds ventrad. Hypopygium with spiculum long and tip sharp, anteromedial apodeme absent, anterolateral apodeme progressively narrowing apicad into sharp arched mesad tip, anterior margin conspicuously incurved, posterior margin strongly angularly excavated forming two round lobes without any spine, excavation about one fourth as long as hypopygeal plate, thick median area of inner surface large and slightly progressively narrowing anterad. Genitalia. Harpe with two apical expansions, dorsal one long and conical with sharpened apex; ventral one very short with rounded apex, dorsal margin evenly incurved, wide basally, ventral incurved; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with small rounded median callus, and with few medioapical setae; apical basivolsellar expansion absent; cuspis angled basally, otherwise mostly straight, cross-section subcylindrical, apex slightly dilated and rounded, without any membranous extension; digitus cross-section flat, not cylindrical, apical third strongly arched mesad, apex squamate and not membranous; aedeagus triangular with not so wide base in dorsal profile, ventral valve membranous, not so short, apex posterior to base of cuspis, apical margin sub-blunt, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension conspicuously longer than wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae not so long and somewhat dense; aedeagal apodeme curly and arched mesad, ergot large and sharp; genital ring strongly incurved ventrally. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, South Africa, W. Cape, Anyskop Farm, (4 km 270° W Langebaanweg) 32°58.611’S 18°06.976’E, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, Fynbos on Limestone, 1♂, 4-11 Sept 2002, LW02-N4-M06 (SAMC). Paratype: 1♂, South Africa, same data as holotype, except 11-18 Sept 2002, LW02-N4-M23 (SAMC). Distribution. South Africa., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 329-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618

Pristonesia nyamuragira (Benoit, 1957) Figs 1A–C, 4A–C Diagnosis. This species differs from the others of the genus by having the posterior hypopygeal margin forming two angulated lobes and the apical set of setae of the aedeagus very dense and long. Redescription. Male. Body 4.3–4.8 mm long. Forewing 3.5–4.3 mm long. Antenna 1.5–2.0 mm long. Color. Head, mesosoma, and clypeus almost black; antenna castaneous; palpi light castaneous; mandible castaneous with dark castaneous margins; legs castaneous; metasoma dark castaneous; wings hyaline, veins castaneous, pterostigma darker. Head. Heptagonal, slightly longer than wide. Mandible with five teeth, two ventral most sharpened and large, otherwise rounded and short, progressively increasing in length ventrad. Clypeus with median lobe angulate; median carina complete, high and straight in lateral.Antenna with dense suberect pubescence, longer than half flagellomeral diameter, with some outstanding erect setae on first five flagellomeres; first four antennomeres in a ratio of about 3:1:2:2. Vertex crest mostly straight. Temple evenly little outcurved, progressively divergent anterad. Antennal rim about as long as wide, inter-torular space about 2 × torular diameter. Frons polished, with very few small punctures. Ocellar triangle with frontal angle about right, anterior ocellus fully posterior to supra-ocular line. Occipital carina partially visible on dorsal view. Mesosoma. Dorsal pronotal area polished, with few irregularly sized large punctures, almost as long as anteromesoscutum, posterior area wider than anterior one, surface slightly depressed anterad, transverse pronotal carina crossing all anterior border, somewhat high and straight; cervical pronotal area vertical, polished. Notauli well impressed, reaching anterior margin of anteromesoscutum and almost reaching posterior one, straight, almost evenly wide, converging posterad. Parapsidal signums well impressed, but missing anteriorly, very poorly S-shaped. Mesoscutum-mesoscutellar sulcus with anterior margin incurved posterad, posterior margin angularly arched anterad medially, very narrower medially. Metascutellum polished, lateral margin angularly incurved, surface transversally sulcate; metascutellar foveae fused forming transverse sulcus, metanotal fovea well-delimited, scalenetriangular; carinae of metanotal trough weak. Metapectal-propodeal disc weakly striate on metapostnotal area, and mostly polished on propodeal area, 1.2–1.3 × as long as wide, surface of posterior area depressed and subvertical, metapostnotal median carina complete, narrow but well-impressed, bifurcated very anteriorly, lateral marginal carina little distinguishable from background texture, transverse posterior carina complete but weak, strongly arched ventrad. Propodeal declivity weakly striate. Lateral surface of metapectal-propodeal complex strigulate on extreme anterior, polished medially, weakly striate posteriorly. Mesopleuron sparsely foveolate on polished background, callus contrastingly smooth, posterior oblique sulcus not delimited. Mesodiscrimen with surface concave, median carina bifurcated anteriorly. Metasternum with somewhat high posterior margin and with median pair of dentiform projection. Wings and legs. Forewing with poststigmal abscissa of radial 1 about half length of pterostigma, 2r-rs&Rs vein evenly arched, not notched where 2r-rs sector connects to Rs sector; anterior medial and posterior medial 1 flexions lines long, m-cu flexion line straight, cubital flexion line somewhat straight; claval flexion line strong, r-m flexion line very slightly S-shaped, almost straight. Hind wing with two basal hamuli, and four equidistant distal hamuli. Claws bifid, teeth sharp and curved, basal one smaller. Metasoma. Opening of spiracle of metasomal segment I eye-shaped and subdorsal. Tergum I 2.4 × as long as tergum II. Sternum II ecarinate, but finely longitudinally strigate. Epipygium somewhat wide, but not such an extent to its lateral margins touch each other ventrally, posterior margin straight, without median emargination, not excavated where epipygium folds ventrad. Hypopygium with spiculum short and tip, sharp, anteromedial apodeme absent, anterolateral apodeme short, sharp spine-shaped and somewhat inclined mesad, anterior margin weakly double u-shaped, posterior margin strongly excavated forming two round lobes, excavation about half as long as hypopygeal plate, each lobe without any spine; thick median area of inner surface large and evenly wide. Genitalia. Harpe with apical margin with two expansions, dorsal one long and conical, much longer than ventral one, its apex sharpened, ventral expansion very short with rounded apex, dorsal margin evenly incurved, wide basally, ventral predominantly straight; inner margin of ventral side of gonostipes with median small sharp median callus, and with few medioapical setae; apical basivolsellar expansion absent; cuspis angled medially, very wide basally, cross-section flat, outer surface convex and smooth, apex somewhat sharpened, without any membranous extension; digitus with cross-section subcylindrical, base strongly angled, otherwise mostly straight, apex dilated and rounded, apex squamate and not membranous; aedeagus cylindrical in dorsal profile, ventral valve membranous, very short, apex wide and aligned with base of basivolsella, apical margin truncate, dorsal valve much longer ventral one, its apical membranous extension longer than wide, cat whisker-shaped set of setae long and somewhat dense; aedeagal apodeme arched mesad, ergot short as stub and sharp; genital ring strongly incurved ventrally. Material examined. Holotype, ♂, Congo Belge: P. N. A., Nyasheke (Vol. Nyamuragira), 1820 m., 14au 26-vi-1935, G.F. de Witte: 1486 (MRAC). Paratypes: 1♂, Congo Belge: P. N. A., Mayumby (Volc. Nyamuragira), 2100 m., 14au 26-vi-1935, G.F. de Witte: 1501 (MRAC); 1♂, Congo Belge: P. N. A., Gibete (Volc. Nyamuragira), 2324 m., 14au 26-vi-1935, G.F. de Witte: 1514 (MRAC). New material. Uganda, 1 ♂, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field Station, 1495m, 0º33.996’N 30º21.262’E, 29-31.vii.2005, S. van Noort, UG05 - M02, Malaise trap, secondary mid-altitude rainforest (SAMC). Remarks. It was not possible to measure the length of the hypopygeal spiculum because it was not fully preserved during the process of dissection. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda., Published as part of Azevedo, Celso O. & Colombo, Wesley D., 2022, Revision of Pristonesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Pristocerinae), an endemic Afrotropical genus, pp. 321-340 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 323-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6410618, {"references":["Benoit, P. L. G. (1957) Hymenoptera - Bethylidae. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. De Witte, 1933 - 1935. Institut des Parcs Nationaux de Congo Belge, Fascicule 88, Tervuren, 57 pp."]}