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The hitherto unknown male of Bellimeris stoetzneri (Betrem, 1928), of which identification is validated through DNA barcoding analysis, is described, and generic characteristics of the Bellimeris B...

Korean Trypoxylon species with flask-shaped metasomal segment 1 is studied. Seven species are recognized, and of which an illustrated key is made. Among them, Trypoxylon imayoshii is new to Korea. Korean materials of Trypoxylon ussuriense and Trypoxylon regium that were groundlessly included in the Korean fauna are also recorded for the first time. For future research, selected characteristics of an unusual form clearly discrete from other known congeners are provided. The form is, however, unnamed herein because the only specimen is seriously decolored.

The Korean Ampulicidae is studied including recently collected specimens. Three species of the genus Ampulex are recognized including one new species, namely Ampulex kurarensis Yasumatsu, A. satoi Yasumatsu, and A. nigripronota sp. nov. The non-type materials of A. satoi and the Korean localities of A. kurarensis are reported for the first time. However, it is noted that there has been no material formally evidencing the occurrence of A. dissector in Korea. The new species is easily recognized by black pronotum with flat (not tuberculate subapically) and transversely ridged collar. A key to the Korean species of the genus Ampulex is provided. A description of the new species and taxonomic notes of each previously described species are provided. Key words: Taxonomy, Ampulex nigripronota sp. nov., Ampulex kurarensis, Ampulex satoi, key, diagnosis

Three new species of the genus Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836 are described with materials from South Korea and Far eastern Russia: Symmorphus kurzenkoi Kim sp. nov., S. truncatoclypeus Kim sp. nov., S. yamanei Kim sp. nov. All are members of the subgenus Symmorphus Wesmael 1836 . S. kurzenkoi Kim sp. nov. is likely to be closely related to Symmorphus fuscipes in having well developed and completely closed propodeal submedian carina, but is clearly different from the latter in the shape of metasomal tergum 1 that is not markedly narrowed toward base. Within the S. murarius group proposed by Cumming 1989, Symmorphus truncatoclypeus Kim sp. nov. is unique in having a clypeus with apical margin completely truncated. S. yamanei Kim sp. nov. is separated from congeners by following combination of characteristics: uniformly lengthened mesosomal setae; vestigial epicnemial carina; areolate mesepimeron; propodeal submedian carina that is somewhat strongly developed though doubled and not clearly closed dorsally; weakly raised basal transverse carina on metasomal tergum 1; faintly foveate-reticulate dorsomedian portion of metasomal tergum 1. Re-description of S. tsushimanus Yamane 1990, which is the most poorly known species in the Far East, is presented based on the holotype. Finally, an updated revised determination key to Far Eastern species, supplemented by digital images and line drawings, is given.

For future researchers, the Korean species of the series Spheciformes are catalogued. A total of 216 species in seven families are listed. Of these, species filtered according to four topics—taxonomically conflicting, highly questionable in Korean occurrence, not based on actual Korean material, and known only from North Korea—are listed and discussed.

Korean species of the family Sphecidae are reviewed, and seventeen species in nine genera belonging to three subfamilies are confirmed. Among them, Ammophila campestris and Sceliphron caementarium are new to South Korea. Korean occurrence of Sceliphron madraspatanum is confirmed with an actual Korean specimen. This paper provides the first determination keys to higher taxa and species occurring in South Korea. Taxonomic information of each species including original publication of valid name and justifiable references for Korean occurrence is provided. Digital images and line drawings for selective characteristics are also available.

Korean species of the genus Elampus Spinola is taxonomically reviewed. Korean fauna of the genus Elampus was known by one sepcies, Elampus bidens (Forster). This study reports new discover of another Korean species E. musashinus (Tsuneki). This species was described based on male, and the female has been still unknown. With comparison of partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences, the sex-association of this species is established, the Korean specimens of both sexes completely identical in their sequences targeted. Herein the female description of E. musashinus is presented for the first time. A key to the Korean species, as well as diagnosis and digital images are provided.

The number of social hymenoptera have decreased due to accelerated urbanization in Seoul, Korea, during the 1970s–1990s. However, recent changes in environmental conditions have brought distinct re-growth of their colonies. In this study, we analyzed the re-colonization trend of social hymenoptera in Seoul with moving-out reports submitted to 119 rescue services from 2000 to 2009. A total of 14 253 social hymenoptera findings and treatment cases were reported during that time, and the reported numbers increased continuously every year. Among them, 87% of the cases were related to social wasps and 13% were for honeybees. Social wasps peaked from July to September, when the colonies matured, whereas honeybees peaked from April to July when colonies divided. As observed by geographical information system (GIS), moving-out cases formed hotspots in low-story buildings around green areas such as nearby forests or city green parks in Eunpyeong-gu and Gwanak-gu in Seoul. Among the social wasps, the most frequent species that caused a nuisance and direct stinging was Polistes rothneyi koreanus, the majority of which nested under eaves (63%). Among the honeybees, Apis mellifera was a nuisance while attaching to buildings and walls in the city (60%) during hive splitting. We present herein the situation of the return of social hymenoptera to Seoul and discuss the possible reasons for the recent increase in social wasps in urban areas, including enlarging the green space in urban areas and stable nesting places, which benefited colony development due to the relatively higher urban temperature and the few natural predators and parasitoids.

Korean species of the genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre were taxonomically reviewed. Four species were confirmed: E. trilobus, E. dantici violaceipennis, E. nipanicus nipanicus, and E. quadrifasciatus atripes. The specimens previously identified as E. dantici brachyotomus and E. notatus pubescence form North Korea were re-examined, and corrected to E. dantici violaceipennis and E. nipanicus nipanicus, respectively. Euodynerus quadrifasciatus atripes was re-described for future researchers. After careful reading previous descriptions, Euodynerus seuli Radoszkowski was tentatively supposed to be conspecific with E. nipanicus.

Korean species of the genus Cleptes Latreille were taxonomically reviewed, and seven species were confirmed. Among them, C. fudzi and C. japonicus were new to Korea, and C. metallicorpus was new to science. A C. seoulensis male was described for the first time. Cleptes nitidulus was tentatively excluded from Korean fauna. A key to Korean Cleptes species, diagnostic descriptions for all treated species and digital images are provided.

Psen ussuriensis Lith is reported for the first time in Korea. Diagnostic description and digital images of this species are provided. For future researchers, a key to higher taxa and a checklist of 36 valid Korean Pemphredononae species are also given.

Six Korean species of the tribe Campsomerini are taxonomically reviewed: Campsomeriella annulata, Megacampsomeris grossa matsumurai, M. prismatica, M. uchidai, M. schulthessi, M. stoetzneri. Of these, M. grossa matsumurai and M. stoetzneri are new to Korea. A key to Korean genera and species, diagnostic characteristics and digital images are also provided.

Twelve Far Eastern species of the genus Ancistrocerus Wesmael are taxonomically reviewed. Among them, Ancistrocerus coreanus Kim and Yamane is new to science. A.japonicus, A. parietum and A. scoticus are newly recorded from Korea. In comparison to A. melanocerus, our opinion on the identity of A. densepilosellus is presented: it is more supportive that the Far Eastern population is the latter. Revised key, description, recognition characteristics and digital images for all the treated species are provided.

Three Korean species of the subtribe Stigmina are treated: Carinostigmus filippovi Gussakovskij, Tzustigmus rhinocerous Budrys, and Stigmus japonicus Tsuneki. The last two genera and species are new to Korea. A key to Korean genera of the subtribe Stigmina and diagnostic features of three species with digital images are provided.

Twenty South Korean tiphiid species are taxonomically reviewed. Among them, Tiphia burrelli is new to Korea. Based on the observation of the holotype, Tiphia seoulensis Tsuneki 1986 is synomymized with T. rufomandibulata Smith 1873. Male of T. koreana hitherto unknown is newly described. Revised key to species, recognizable characters and digital images are provided. Genital structures of several species hitherto unknown are also given.

A new species, Tiphia fuscopterum Kim and Han, is described based on two specimens collected in Korea and Japan. We also report Tiphia antigenata Allen et Jaynes for the first time in Korea. Tiphia ogurai Tsuneki is synonymized with T. antigenata. Detailed descriptions and digital images of these species are provided.

Cerceris rubida and C. verhoeffi are reported from Korea for the first time with detailed redescriptions. We also provide a checklist of Korean Philanthidae including 24 species.

Tiphia sternocarinata Allen and Jaynes is newly discovered in Korea. This species is easily distinguished by the almost straight second intercubital vein and the presence of a median longitudinal carina in anterior constricted area of metasomal sternum I. A checklist of the 21 valid species of Korean tiphiid wasps is also provided.

Korean Pararrhynchium is taxonomically reviewed, resulting in recognition of two species: P. paradoxum paradoxum and P. ornatum bifasciatulum. The latter is new to Korea. Reviewed taxonomic information on the two species is presented, with male characters of P. ornatum bifasciatum hitherto unknown. The past misidentification of P. ornatum in Korea is ascertained.

This is the first report of occurrence of Vespa velutina Lepeletier from Korea. The diagnosis and taxonomic relationship between geographical subspecies is provided, with a revised key to complement the previous taxonomic information of Korean Vespa species. The ecological aspect of the species is also discussed.

Far Eastern species of the genus Symmorphus Wesmael are taxonomically reviewed. Fourteen species are recognized. Taxonomic information regarding this group that has been treated fragmentarily is summarized in this study. A revised key is presented, and recognition characteristics and images are supplied for each species.

Far eastern species of the genus Discoelius Latreille are taxonomically reviewed. Two species are confirmed: Discoelius zonalis (Panzer) and D. dufourii Lepeletier. Discoelius japonicus originally described from Japan is synonymized under D. zonalis. Discoelius dufourii is newly recorded in Manchuria and Korea. The taxonomic status of D. manchurianus is briefly discussed.

Taxonomic study of the genus Anterhynchium from the Eastern Asia is carried out. A total of 15 forms included in four species were reviewed: A. melanopterum, A. flavopunctatum flavopunctatum, A. flavopuntatum opulentum, A. yunnanensis, A. flavomarginatum flavomarginatum, A. f. koreanum, A. f. tsushimarum, A. f. umenoi, A. f. micado, A. f. procella, A. f. insulicola, A. f. sulphreum, A. f. amamense, A. f. hanedai and A. f. formosicola. However, the A. flavopunctatum opulentum and A. yunnanensis are only cited for future work, due to the lack of available materials. Key to the other species and subspecies are revised, and photos showing diagnostic characters and coloration are presented. The male genitalic characters for accurate identification were separately discussed.

Vespa binghami Vecht, a poorly known vespine species, was discovered in Korea. This is the second treatment of this species on the Korean peninsula since the first report on Korean occurrence by Virula in 1925; however, the first one was based on practical Korean distributional information. Diagnostic description and digital images are provided.

Korean species of the genus Tachytes Panzer are reviewed. Four previously known species are confirmed, and one new species, Tachytes gyusanus is described. The new species is very similar to T. modestus, but it differs critically in the form of male genitalic capsule. A revised key to South Korean species, a description of the new species, and digital images and line drawings of diagnostic characteristics are provided.

Psenulus carinifrons iwatai (Gussakovskij) is reported for the first time in Korea. This species is defined by its long petiole of sternum I and extensive coloration on legs in both sexes, and simply linear frontal carina in female. Diagnostic description and digital images are presented.

First discovery of Methocha articulata (Latreille) in Korea is reported. This species is transpalaearctic in distribution, and in the Far East only known from the Russian Far East so far. Diagnostic characters and digital images of this species are provided.

The rare species, Cleptes galloisi Uchida, is redescribed based on the type material. In addition, male characters hitherto unknown are given with newly found specimens from Korea. Digital images of both sexes are provided.

Ten Korean eumenine wasp species of the genus Stenodynerus, including one new species and six newly recorded species (Stenodynerus chinensis simillimus, S. coreanus, S. clypeopictus, S. funebris, S. frauenfeldi, S. kalinowskii, S. pappi, S. pullus, S. tergitus sp. nov., S. tokyanus) from Korea were taxonomically reviewed. The male of S. pappi was collected for the first time. Additional characters to distinguish several congeners were also discussed.

Tiphia sulcatus Kim and Han, sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected in Korea. In addition, a diagnosis, and digital images are provided.

Ectopioglossa taiwana (Sonan) is redescribed based on the specimens from Taiwan and Korea, including newly discovered males. This genus is newly recorded in Korea.

Based on DNA barcoding analysis and morphological comparison, new synonymy is proposed for Eumenes punctatus de Saussure, 1852 =E. asioboreus Kim & Sk. Yamane, 2001, syn. nov. Independent status of the Far Eastern species E. rubrofemoratus Giordani Soika, 1941 from the transpalearctic E. coarctatus (Linnaeus, 1758) is supported, suggesting their recent origin with comparatively low genetic divergence. A revised key to the Far Eastern species of the genus Eumenes is provided. Distribution of E. quadratus Smith, 1852 is corrected and E. rubrofemoratus Giordani Soika, 1941 is newly recorded from South Korea. For future taxonomic comprehension of the Far Eastern Eumenes, problematic species pairs requiring additional molecular tests are hereby suggested and discussed.

Korean species of the genus Tachytes Panzer are reviewed. Four previously known species are confirmed, and one new species, Tachytes gyusanus is described. The new species is very similar to T. modestus, but it differs critically in the form of male genitalic capsule. A revised key to South Korean species, a description of the new species, and digital images and line drawings of diagnostic characteristics are provided.

The genus Primeuchroeus Linsenmaier 1968 is known from the Australian, Oriental, and Afrotropical Regions and numbers 32 species (Bohart, 1988; Kimsey & Bohart, 1991). Three chrysidid specimens collected at the same area in Korea in 2011–2012 belong to the genus Primeuchroeus by having simple mesopleuron lacking scrobal sulcus. According to the key (Bohart 1988), these specimens are identified as P. malayensis by having short Rs stub, by presence of transverse frontal carina (TFC), and pale brown tibiae and tarsi. Primeuchroeus malayensis (Linsenmaier, 1982) is known from Malaysia and Indonesia. The original description was based mainly on coloration, and merely provided external features for species-group distinction (i.e. Primeuchroeus siamensis group), instead of morphological description. A comparison between the paratype of P. malayensis and Korean specimens revealing that our specimens belong to a new species described below. This is the first Palaearctic record of the genus Primeuchroeus . The redescription of P. malayaensis based on female paratype is provided. Type specimens of the new species are deposited in the collection of Biodiversity Institute at Hanseo University (BDIH), Kore