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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the function and mechanism of a novel peptide derived from adipose‐derived stem cell‐conditioned medium (ADSC‐CM). Methods: Mass spectrometry was applied to identify expressed peptides in ADSC‐CM obtained at different time points. The cell counting kit‐8 assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were performed to screen the functional peptides contained within ADSC‐CM. RNA‐seq, western blot, a back skin excisional model of BALB/c mice, the peptide pull‐down assay, rescue experiments, untargeted metabolomics, and mixOmics analysis were performed to thoroughly understand the functional mechanism of selected peptide. Results: A total of 93, 827, 1108, and 631 peptides were identified in ADSC‐CM at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h of conditioning, respectively. A peptide named ADSCP2 (DENREKVNDQAKL) derived from ADSC‐CM inhibited collagen and ACTA2 mRNAs in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Moreover, ADSCP2 facilitated wound healing and attenuated collagen deposition in a mouse model. ADSCP2 bound with the pyruvate carboxylase (PC) protein and inhibited PC protein expression. Overexpressing PC rescued the reduction in collagen and ACTA2 mRNAs caused by ADSCP2. Untargeted metabolomics identified 258 and 447 differential metabolites in the negative and positive mode, respectively, in the ADSCP2‐treated group. The mixOmics analysis, which integrated RNA‐seq and untargeted metabolomics data, provided a more holistic view of the functions of ADSCP2. Conclusion: Overall, a novel peptide derived from ADSC‐CM, named ADSCP2, attenuated hypertrophic scar fibrosis in vitro and in vivo, and the novel peptide ADSCP2 might be a promising drug candidate for clinical scar therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertrophic scarring is a fibrotic skin disease characterized by excessive deposition of collagens. Emerging evidence has suggested important roles for peptides in fibrosis-related diseases. Here, we demonstrate that a skin-derived endogenous peptide, peptide deregulated in hypertrophic scar-1 (PDHS1), with the sequence IATTTASAATAAAIGATPRAK, inhibits cell proliferation, promotes apoptosis, decreases the proportion of cells in S phase, and decreases collagen synthesis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Additionally, treatment with PDHPS1 alleviates hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model. PDHPS1 was found to bind to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and to decrease its activity. PDHPS1 was also shown to bind to pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and to decreased its expression. Smad2 phosphorylation is also inhibited by treatment with PDHPS1. Overexpression of FAK rescues the decreased expression of COL3A1 induced by PDHPS1 treatment. Targeted metabolomics revealed that PDHPS1 reprogramed metabolism that related to amino acid synthesis, leading to decreases of the key glycolysis intermediates glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. These results demonstrated that the endogenous peptide PDHPS1 alleviates hypertrophic scar fibrosis in vitro and in vivo by targeting FAK and PKM2 and remodeling the metabolic landscape. Overall, treatment with PDHPS1 is a potential therapeutic strategy for hypertrophic scarring. • Peptide PDHPS1 alleviates hypertrophic scar fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. • PDHPS1 bound directly with focal adhesion kinase and pyruvate kinase M2 and decreased their protein activation or expression. • PDHPS1 remodeled the metabolic landscape especially the downregulation of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]