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Hyphessobrycon langeanii was originally described as endemic to the upper Araguaia river basin, Brazil. However, our analysis of several Hyphessobrycon specimens collected in the Correntes river basin and another tributary of the Itiquira River in Mato Grosso state (both belonging to the Paraguay river basin) reveals the first verified record of H. langeanii from this basin and from the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The objective of this study is to provide a novel record of H. langeanii from the basin of the Paraguay River and from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. We compare the newly discovered populations with the populations in the Araguaia river basin, and we also provide a brief discussion on the biogeography of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis was originally described from a small stream in the Itaparica coastal island, Bahia State, Brazil, and has been sampled in several coastal rivers draining Bahia and Sergipe States. Broad examination of type material and recently collected specimens resulted in the redescription provided herein. The presence of one humeral blotch, absence of pseudotympanum, and conservation aspects of H. itaparicensis are briefly discussed. Data obtained from the original description, paratypes and topotypes of H. sergipanus showed broad overlap with H. itaparicensis and absence of morphological diagnostic features supporting the recognition of H. sergipanus as a valid species. Thus, H. sergipanus is considered as junior synonym of H. itaparicensis. We emphasize the need of examining large population samples and type material of similar congeners to avoid improper propositions of new specific names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]