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Previous studies of interactional particles have shown that a particle's social meaning may be contextually contingent and a momentary instantiation of the form's core meaning. This paper shows how analysing particles using Blommaert and De Fina's (2017) chronotopic frame approach provides greater insight into the dialectic relationship between forms' meanings that are relatively transitory or perduring. This paper illustrates the contributions of chronotopic frame approaches by using this framework to analyse how three distinct interactionally emergent social meanings of the Pontianak Malay particle bah are connected to the particle's core meaning of 'shared knowledge'. • Examines how Pontianak Malay particle bah conveys contextually sensitive social meanings in interaction. • Explores dialectic relationship between interactionally emergent and more perduring core meanings of particles. • Illustrates benefits of chronotopic frame approaches to study of interactional particles' meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recognized that Mandarin speakers use the neutral form (ni) and the honorific form (nin) of second-person pronouns to refer to others based on the social distance and power dynamics between the speakers. Drawing on eighteen hours of journalist-government official conversations in live broadcast TV programs, this study shows that the journalists often shift between the two forms of second-person pronouns when referring to government officials and that the shifts in the two directions appear in different sequential environments. Incorporating the stance triangle model and membership categorization devices, the findings reveal that the shifts indicate changes in the journalists' self-categorization and their evaluative stances toward the officials in the conversation. The shift from nin to ni tends to occur in the main actions where the interviewer has previously displayed a positive stance but shifts to a negative stance while holding the official accountable; the shift from ni to nin is often used rhetorically to help construct the inconsistencies and self-contradictions of the officials, which also indicates a negative stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the identity negotiations and language ideologies among/around Syrian refugees residing in Turkey by concentrating on the case of two multilingual, Syrian graduate students who have been forcedly displaced from Syria and resettled in Turkey. The study particularly explores participants’ metalinguistic narratives of their language choices, multilingual repertoires and identity positionings. We argue that everyday talk about migration and migrants either within the migrant communities or in the majority society needs to be conceptualised with reference to a language ideological framework combined with a stancetaking approach. Our analysis reveals that the participants’ linguistic practices and identity positions are heavily invoked by/through their engagements with the Turkish language and community and influenced by the highly nationalist anti-refugee discourse prevailing in Turkey. The participants negotiate their self-identity with respect to and in sharp contrast with widely- circulating negative discourses of refugee representations. Language choice and code-switching appear as major discursive and interactional strategies indexing stancetaking in the construction of narratives within the interview context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an attempt to grasp the discursive nature of Russo-Ukrainian war. The critical discourse analysis of the conflicting ways Russian and Ukrainian identities are constructed in discourse and by discourse can shed light onto the covert reasons of the unprovoked military aggression Russia has been executing against Ukraine. Our assumptions are based on the idea that identity is a manifold of stances taken by individual as well as collective speakers in various situations of communication. Having epistemic and affective dimensions, stances are inherently interactive, and, thus, have a collective or social nature. Generally speaking, conflictual stances, built in war discourse, express national, political, or sociological worldviews of the stance-takers, reflecting their ideologies, values, and beliefs. The way people see the conflict differs according to what "frames" they choose to see it through. In this study, the frames circumscribing Ukrainian and Russian conflictual identities, as they are built in Ukrainian and Russian media discourse, including social media, have been deconstructed and analyzed. As there are diverse semiotic systems that are used to create, transmit and understand meanings (e.g., verbal and non-verbal, written and oral, visual and audial) various modalities employed in the process of discursive construction of these identities were taken into consideration.

This study is an attempt to grasp the discursive nature of Russo-Ukrainian war. The critical discourse analysis of the conflicting ways Russian and Ukrainian identities are constructed in discourse and by discourse can shed light onto the covert reasons of the unprovoked military aggression Russia has been executing against Ukraine. Our assumptions are based on the idea that identity is a manifold of stances taken by individual as well as collective speakers in various situations of communication. Having epistemic and affective dimensions, stances are inherently interactive, and, thus, have a collective or social nature. Generally speaking, conflictual stances, built in war discourse, express national, political, or sociological worldviews of the stance-takers, reflecting their ideologies, values, and beliefs. The way people see the conflict differs according to what "frames" they choose to see it through. In this study, the frames circumscribing Ukrainian and Russian conflictual identities, as they are built in Ukrainian and Russian media discourse, including social media, have been deconstructed and analyzed. As there are diverse semiotic systems that are used to create, transmit and understand meanings (e.g., verbal and non-verbal, written and oral, visual and audial) various modalities employed in the process of discursive construction of these identities were taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of sociolinguistic consumption distinguishes between the direct consumption of languages as denotational codes and the indirect consumption of linguistic repertoires that result from engaging in various activities. Since consumption as identity construction means gaining membership into a community of like-minded others, this raises the question of what the presence of these others might mean for the indirect consumption of linguistic repertoires as well as whether initial interest in one activity might lead to interest in yet other activities in a kind of chain consumption, thus further expanding the linguistic repertoire. This paper shows that K-pop presents us with just such scenarios. It makes the following three points. One, experienced consumers of K-pop provide translations and glossaries of key terms for newer K-pop fans, serving as language brokers. Two, interest in K-pop can lead to interest in other aspects of Korean culture, indicating the need to recognize that consumption can foster an anthropological stance. Finally, the indirect consumption of linguistic repertoires can, in turn, lead to the direct consumption of denotational codes, with implications for the roles of identity and investment in language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literacy development involves not only the cultivation of new practices but also of new identities. Drawing on theories of stance and positioning, this study examines the identity negotiations of one first-grade student with his teacher across a semester. Through close analysis of the stance bids and negotiations within a series of writing conferences, it demonstrates how the pair negotiated between four stances (feedback, instruction, management and collaboration) in disrupting the student's initial institutional positioning as a struggling writer. These findings illustrate how teachers might use stance as a pedagogical tool, highlighting three patterns of negotiation between the pair that supported the development of the student's literate identities while showing how new discursive patterns and positions emerged as the pair interacted across a semester. This analysis suggests the necessity of negotiation as a pedagogical orientation in (re)positioning students, as well as the need to look across multiple timescales in examinations of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on academic discourse has revealed the intersection of writing and writer identity construction. However, some terms that are being used in writer identity study are sometimes not only interchangeably used without making an explicit connection between them but also used in a way that may cause misunderstanding. The paper is intended to tease out four key terms, namely, stance, voice, self, and identity so that the respective role that each plays in academic written discourse can be differentiated on the one hand, and their interrelationship can be clarified on the other. It is hoped that such a panoramic picture can offer some pedagogical implications for academic writing teaching and research and provide some insights into the research on writer identity construction in academic written discourse as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a collaborative interdisciplinary multimethod research project on psychosocial risks and communication in the workplace that involved the Union of Metro Workers in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The objective of this article is twofold: on one hand, to understand an apparent contradiction in the results of the quantitative survey, which showed very high levels of stress and, at the same time, very high levels of satisfaction. To do this, we conducted a discourse analysis of in-depth interviews with subway workers. On the other hand, the results of this analysis allowed us to coin the concept of 'double stance discourse' as a way of describing a specific type of response that differentiates both personal and collective perspectives toward the issue of job satisfaction. We conclude that these 'to me' and 'to others' responses are a resource for individuals to reconcile, in discourse, conflictive individual and social experiences of working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a framework for the way stance and evaluation function to construct identity in political discourse. The approach adopted in this study is mixed method paradigm where tools of corpus linguistics are used including keyness and concordance reading. The analysis shows the association between evaluative expressions and the construction of the political self on the one hand, and stance resources and how the way they index subjectivity through identifying their co-selections on the other. It investigates the way politicians exercise epistemic control to enhance or mitigate the certainty of their assertions; such as (im) personal factive predicates (e.g. I know) and epistemic expressions of subjective beliefs (e.g. I believe). It reveals that positive evaluation is used to express stance attributed to identity-related terms in defining Obama's administration. Co-occurring with identity-related words, 'we believe' cooccurs with deontic modality and backgrounding of social actors in making altruistic promises. 'I believe' cooccurs with epistemic stance, but the evaluation is attributed to the political self. The parenthetical 'we know' is associated with hypothetical future and prediction expressed with certainty in legitimating policies. Similarly, 'I know' is used to emphasise the epistemic stance in a linguistic context where cause conjunctions are co-selected as a legitimating strategy for positive self-presentation. Thus, evaluating an action and taking a stance are accompanied either with manipulative or legitimating strategies which is a new insight into the study of political discourse and this is what makes this study significant as it fills a gap in knowledge. Based on the findings, the study presents a new model illustrating the intersection of stance and evaluation in constructing attitudinal identity and representing the role played by these two linguistic resources in legitimating claims and expressing attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biafra secessionist agitations in Nigeria continue to generate varied conversations online and offline. This study applies critical discourse analysis and the appraisal framework in examining social actor representations in the ongoing Biafra agitations in Nigeria. It analyses posts produced by interlocutors, as they express variegated stances towards the agitations and its actors, within two vibrant Nigerian digital communities, Nairaland and Nigeria Village Square. This study identifies binary social actor positioning, revealing both negative valence and positive self-representation strategies towards the agitations and principal social actors in the agitations. Expressed within the appraisal resources of attitude, engagement and graduation, these valuations result in the distribution of socially and emotionally constructed identities for the principal social actors in the agitations. Such distribution is socio-cognitive, as there is the likelihood that the representations might evolve into the creation of new ideological orientations or the reinforcement of existing ideological leanings, whose consequences are potentially double-edged for tranquillity in the Nigerian polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This first part of this paper argues against the assumption that trial examination consists of question-answer patterns. Rather, data from cross-examination in a criminal trial reveals the existence of an objection option space that screens questions for evidential relevance. When activated, the option space transforms the micro social organization and participation structure of the court in officially sanctioned ways. Unofficially, however, both witness and judge deploy forms of multimodal conduct as an affective stance to comment on the objected-to-questions and signal egregious evidentiary violations to the non-questioning attorney and jury, undermining the credibility of the questioning attorney. The second part of the paper analyzes an objection conference after the judge dismisses the jury to consider the questioning attorney's litany of evidentiary violations. The only effective cross-examination in the entire segment occurs when the judge questions the attorney on her blatant disregard for proper legal procedure. The judge employs speech-synchronized gestures in a poetic performance to insult the questioning attorney, a legal identity constructed in and through a multimodal mapping of denotational text to interactional function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses discourse and conversation analysis of naturally-occuring conversations to describe how participants construct themselves as “ordinary” users of communication technologies—devices such as mobile phones, their communicative affordances, and the mediated interaction they enable (e.g., access to online communication via social media platforms). The three practices analyzed are (1) managing motivations by downplaying interest and stake in using technology and participating in online activities; (2) calibrating quantities of one's time and involvement using social media; (3) identifying investments in social media use through categories and identities that position users as appropriate or inappropriate. These techniques comprise an accounting practice that accomplishes identity construction in service of situated social actions to manage the moral implications of communication technology use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Digital platforms allow individuals to agentively perform their identities. • Social media offer minorities tools for identity construction and stance-taking. • Two-spirit people present their counter-hegemonic identities on TikTok. • Stances are conveyed through the interplay of multimodal stance-markers. • Embodied practices are seen to play an important role in stance-taking. Digital platforms offer users various meaning-making resources to express their stances towards specific issues, and, as a result, to perform and manage their identities. Drawing on multimodal discourse analysis, this paper explored how individuals who identify as Two-Spirit, an umbrella term used within Native American communities to refer to non-binary people, discursively construct their identities on the popular video-sharing platform TikTok by enacting varied practices of stance taking. Specifically, this paper provides a detailed analysis of three videos marked by the hashtag #TwoSpirit in which the content creators explain the meaning of the term to their audience. The findings not only illustrate the approaches taken by three content creators to the explanation of the term (i.e., contrastive, pedagogical, and metamorphic), but also shed light on the multimodal nature of stance-taking on TikTok and the centrality of embodied practices in the mediated era. In detail, embodied practices are seen as particularly relevant to disrupting colonial heteropatriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines stories of personal experience of World War II in guided tours at a Japanese American museum and analyzes the positioning practices deployed in constructing identity within the story world and storytelling. In particular, it shows how older Japanese American docents tell we-focused stories in positioning themselves as part of a group of Japanese Americans and family who were relocated and incarcerated during the war, and I-focused stories in positioning themselves as individuals who acted in response to unexpected events linked to relationships and institutions. The analysis points out ways docents display stances toward past events and ways visitors participate in the telling such as by posing questions. It suggests that stories of personal experience are a vehicle for constructing identities that draw upon historical events, autobiographies, story structure, and interactional contingencies. The findings are related to stories as a tool of teaching and engaging museum visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a Moroccan student's performance of stance toward multilingualism through shifts in indexicality. Using Stanton Wortham's (1996) deictic analytical mapping framework and Michele Koven's (2002) tripartite role analysis, it examines the different interactional footings that the respondent occupies as he dialogically constructs a complex definition of self. What emerges from the analysis of his deictic shifts is the centrality of language in his conception of two distinct yet interrelated identities, a modern Arab and a historical Arab, interwoven through a spatiotemporal deictic order. The respondent's instantiation of groupness through deictic shifts and changing interactional roles achieves a stance-taking function. His discursive moves not only reveal his stance toward the different languages but also shed light on the sociolinguistic nature of language and society in the Arab world as it shows the chronotopical relationship that connects language and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of in-depth interviews carried out with prize winning authors reveals a new form of the literary interview. The sociological interview is neither an ordinary media interview, nor an author’s interview interested in the life or the poetics of the writer. It is rather a form of inquiry seeking to describe the writer’s attitudes toward the literary field and toward strategies of identity construction. The results of this inquiry underline the gap which separates “reality” (i.e. the real attitude of the writer in the situation of the interview) and the literary mythologies concerning the author’s image and status as they are inscribed in our collective imagination.

This article examines the construction of zine producer identities (self and other) during a research interview. Zines are self-published texts that circulate in mainly underground communities. In this study, I draw on dialogic understandings of the notion of 'stance' to show how a zine producer accomplishes a situated identity performance in the interview that also functions as an interdiscursive move in a larger conversation about the role Do-It-Yourself ( DIY) ethics should play in zine communities. Specifically, I show how this speaker displays stances in relation to recognizable social types within zine communities but also the canonical stances associated with these social types. I unpack the features that work in support of this stancetaking, including discourse markers, constructed dialogue, referring terms, and prosodic cues. The analysis also foregrounds how the interviewer's turns contributed to these emergent stance displays, which furthers our understanding of the dynamic social context of the research interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemko identity in Poland is contested in a number of contexts, including social, linguistic and political domains, among others. The members of this minority have to learn to negotiate multiple identities, not only from an in-group perspective but also in interactions with the majority community in Poland. This paper examines how the Lemkos attempt to do this, with varying degrees of success, and the tensions which arise as a result. In particular, a Lemko identity is examined from the perspective of ideologies of language in order to draw out the major themes which are apparent in this re-emergent minority. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Against a backdrop of economic development and rapid urbanisation in China, huge numbers of population in China choose to migrate from the countryside to urban and coastal areas. This study examines a public debate concerning the perceived inequalities experienced by the white collar migrant workers in China. This debate was initiated from a magazine article ‘我奋斗了 18 年才和你坐在一起喝咖啡’ (I'm finally able to drink coffee together with you after 18 years of endeavour) originally published by China Youth. Drawing on a number of theories concerning the sociolinguistic construction of identity, social circulation of media discourse, and stance-taking, more importantly, Eastern paradigms of discourse studies, this study examines the debate with the focus on stance-taking towards the white collar migrant workers around the media circulation of the two phrases (i.e. he kafei and 18 nian de fengdou) in Chinese media discourse. By categorising the stances of three social groups, namely ‘insiders’, ‘public intellectuals’, and ‘outsiders’, this study highlights the dynamic inclusive and developing nature and characteristics of contemporary Chinese discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article illustrates how metaphor is used as a stance-taking resource and strategy to indirectly index enduring and changing representations of organizational identity through an analysis of speeches delivered by consecutive Secretary Generals of an agency of the United Nations. Drawing on Bucholtz and Hall’s (2005, 2006) framework of identity, and recent research on stance (e.g. Du Bois, 2007), it illustrates how metaphor marks attitudes and orientations to context, propositions and social and political structures/relationships. The analysis highlights similarities in the depiction of the organization over two terms of office, but also reveals differences in identity positioning and inter-subjective framing. Particular metaphorical scenarios and mappings are used rhetorically to strengthen subject positions and alignments, and mark evaluations, supporting Du Bois’s theory of stance as a ‘triune’ act. It is argued that a combined analysis of stance and metaphor provides an important framework and instrument for further research on identity construction, especially in organizational and political discourse. Moreover, the theory of stance can be further enhanced through an investigation of metaphorical mappings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Highlights: [•] Stance and mimicry are connected through the mediation of style. [•] Mimicry opens up a space where the stylistic resources of the mimicked are juxtaposed with other semiotic forms, constituting shifts in stance. [•] Two cases of mimicry of the same target are compared for their varying stances. [•] Analysis of how stylistic resources are taken up in mimicry is necessary for a better understanding of its humorous effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines oral arguments in a seminal case before the California Supreme Court about same-sex couples' right to marry. Working with video of the proceeding, from which I captured images and made transcripts, I propose that participants used certain pragmatic displays-in particular, gesture, metaphor, and prosody-as metapragmatic devices simultaneously to advance their shared task of legal categorizing and to position themselves and one another as winners, losers, and bystanders. Participants integrated these displays multimodally with their words in order to make arguments as well as to repurpose arguments made in preceding turns. The article contributes to the literature on stance-taking and format-tying techniques and also contributes to the literature on the construction of social identity through courtroom interaction. In particular, it demonstrates that the deployment of this repertoire to help achieve stances inside the courtroom also helped project those stances outward to competing social views on sexual orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike Indo-European languages, many Asian languages provide their speakers with a strategic choice of first-person pronouns. This article explores how Indonesian speakers vary their selection of first-person pronouns to enact stances. It examines the selection of pronouns on the island of Java, where there is the simultaneous and somewhat contentious growth of a more dogmatic Islamic identity and a youth identity linked to Westernization. Variation is examined in casual conversations between young, intimate interlocutors and observations are supported by interviews with conversation participants. Results show speakers select pronominal forms prescribed by Indonesian grammars as well as forms drawn from Arabic and colloquial Indonesian associated with speakers from the capital Jakarta. Pronouns are shown to be selected to enact stances related to, among other things, solidarity, epistemic authority, playfulness and the mitigation of fact-threatening acts. A concluding discussion outlines how young Indonesian speakers use these stances to construct heterogeneous selves, concerned with youth, nation and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Underpinned by the assumption that social categorizations emerge from discursive practices performed within the interactional context, this study examines the discursive process in which an expert witness constructs and negotiates persuasive courtroom accounts. Using insights from the concept of ‘footing’ and the framework of stance and engagement, this study reveals the ways in which an expert witness calls upon a range of interactional devices to appropriate the desired footing and labeling category. The findings suggest that instead of asserting their dominance and expertise over the interlocutors, experts construct and negotiate their identity by aligning with other participants and establishing a relationship with them. All this is done within the broad constraints of courtroom discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aims to offer a fresh look at the relationship between identity, stance-taking and code choice. The study provides three examples of different forms of Egyptian public discourse related directly to identity that took place during the 2011 revolution of Egypt, a time when state TV media stations cast doubt on the identity of the protestors by utilizing linguistic resources. This article argues that during the process of stance-taking speakers employ linguistic resources, discourse resources and structural resources. These linguistic resources include the associations and indexes of different languages and varieties, in this case Standard Arabic (SA), Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA) and English. This stance-taking process depends on code-switching as a mechanism that lays claims to different indexes and thus appeals to different ideologies and different facets of identity. Second, this study also shows how speakers use public discourse in order to construe language as a classification category and an identity builder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: There has been little research on academic writers that shows how social interaction influences the construction of “discoursal identity” (the impressions that writers convey about themselves in their texts and that readers develop about writers). This study analyzes a collaborative writing session among college students to explore the negotiation of discoursal identity in the selection of a single word, discourse. Drawing on video-based conversation analysis and ethnographic methods, it argues that the writers’ embodied stances on the word discourse index an array of identities: that of the teacher and class (over)using the word, the teacher reading the word, the good student who fluently uses the word, the student who displays that the word is not a natural part of her vocabulary, and the student who is trying not to “show off.” Through an examination of stancetaking during group work and interviews, this study details how interaction constructs discoursal identities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article discusses expressivity (emotion, attitude, ideology) in televisual characterization. Drawing on views from professional practice (scriptwriting handbooks), media/television studies and stylistics, it first provides an overview of televisual characterization before arguing for the usefulness of considering expressive meanings in its analysis. The article then introduces linguistic and paralinguistic expressive resources, and a model for analysing expressive character identity is briefly described which aims to combine semiotic and cognitive (Culpeper, 2001) aspects as well as micro-, meso- and macro-levels of analysis. Expressive identity is also discussed with respect to dynamics, stability, individual and social identity. Quantitative and qualitative linguistic studies of characterization are also considered. The aim of the article is to contribute to research on expressivity in stylistics and to provide a springboard for future research on televisual characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent approaches to stance emphasize the dialogic nature of stancetaking, drawing attention to turn-by-turn negotiation of stance. This study expands that view by focusing upon cases where the stancetaker responds not to a stance in the immediately prior turn, but to prior stances in the ongoing relationship between interlocutors, to construct distinct identities. The data come from a sociolinguistic interview conducted with a couple who constructed contrasting identities through stances related to cultural differences. I examine the linguistic strategies this couple uses to take divergent stances: constructed dialogue; verb tense; and time adverbials. I introduce the term constructed stance in parallel with constructed dialogue. Analysis of stances taken by attributing a stance to oneself or another through constructed dialogue supplements previous research by demonstrating how a longitudinal dimension can be introduced even with a single interaction as data source. This underscores how local stances can contribute to more enduring identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks at changing styles of alcohol consumption and the spread of underage drinking as a crucial nexus in discourse, dialectically involving economic, political and socio-cultural issues with ethical implications. Using an ad hoc corpus of print and web-distributed materials, and examining textual features within a framework of language as social action, the study explores how this discursive nexus is deployed in the dynamics of subject positioning on alcohol issues, highlighting different stances in the representations of the alcohol scenario with particular emphasis on the depiction and evaluation of 'young alcohol'. Notions of alcohol configured as traits of social and collective identity appear largely stereotyped and quite immune from change. Conversely, representations of alcohol within the corporate culture of the alcohol business are driven by the need to mask and protect vested interests, which leads to hybrid and dynamic forms of promotional discourse posited as a new “self-regulating ethos”. At the same time, these powerful subjectivities resist and actively oppose political measures against alcohol as a risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how an ideology of cultural authenticity emerges in the casual but playful conversations of a bilingual Mexican American friendship group. Authenticating discourse, as illustrated here, is part of an ongoing, ordinary interactional routine through which speakers take overt (authentication) stances, which I call authenticating moves, to display, impugn, vie for, and enact forms of ethnic identity. In the data, issues of authenticity in relation to Mexicanness emerge as a result of the interactional exploitation of three ideological constructs: purity of bloodline, purity of nationality, and Spanish linguistic fluency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a framework for the analysis of identity as produced in linguistic interaction, based on the following principles: (1) identity is the product rather than the source of linguistic and other semiotic practices and therefore is a social and cultural rather than primarily internal psychological phenomenon; (2) identities encompass macro-level demographic categories, temporary and interactionally specific stances and participant roles, and local, ethnographically emergent cultural positions; (3) identities may be linguistically indexed through labels, implicatures, stances, styles, or linguistic structures and systems; (4) identities are relationally constructed through several, often overlapping, aspects of the relationship between self and other, including similarity/difference, genuineness/artifice and authority/ delegitimacy; and (5) identity may be in part intentional, in part habitual and less than fully conscious, in part an outcome of interactional negotiation, in part a construct of others' perceptions and representations, and in part an outcome of larger ideological processes and structures. The principles are illustrated through examination of a variety of linguistic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]