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Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a serious pathogen facing the pigeon industry. Thus, this study aimed to preparation and evaluation of two inactivated vaccines using Carbopol and Aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants to control such a problem. A total of 45-four weeks old, apparently healthy pigeons were allocated into 3 groups (15 birds each) as follow: group 1 (G1) received 0.5 ml, S/C Carbopol adjuvanted vaccine, group 2 (G2), received 0.5 ml S/C of aluminum hydroxide-based vaccine, group 3 (G3) received 0.5 ml S/C sterile saline and kept as control group. Five serum samples were obtained from each bird weekly post vaccination to measure anti-PPMV-1 antibodies using HI test. At 35 days post immunization, all vaccinated pigeons were challenged with 20µl containing 106 EID50/bird of PPMV-1 YA/14 strain by eye drop route, all pigeons were kept under observation for 10 days during the observation period any clinical signs or moralities were recorded also, cloacal swabs were collected 4-, 7- and 10-days post challenge to measure the shedding level. The potency test revealed that the prepared inactivated vaccine (PPMV-1) with synthetic polymeric adjuvants were potent and efficient. By studying the elicited serum antibody dynamics in vaccinated pigeon using HI test showed that antibody, the beak antibody titer reached by the 4th week post immunization (6 and 5 log 2) for both G1 and G2 respectively (but G1 is significantly increase than G2) and continued to the 5th week where it reaches 6.5 and 5.6 log2 for both groups in order. (G1 is significantly increase than G2), which indicated that the PPMV-1 inactivated vaccine in both G1 and G2, results in systemic adjuvant activity, including a long-lasting protective immune response after a single dose administration without any adverse reaction. G1 and G2 showed the lowest shedding level that was zero at the 10th day post challenge and the overall reduction level of both vaccinated groups was 4.9 and 4.5 for both G1 and G2, respectively. However, the prepared inactivated PPMV-1 Carbopol based vaccine is safe and could significantly poses the immune response more effectively than the aluminum hydroxide-based vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of pigeon paramyxo virus infection relays on the production of a vaccine that is able to protect the birds from the lethal virulent infection as well as reducing shedding level to prevent virus circulation in the environment. In the current study inactivated vaccine was prepared from the recent field isolate (PPMV-1 YA/14) which is extensively characterized and identified. The vaccine was prepared in two formulas. The aluminum hydroxide gel (given S/C and I/M) and the oil adjuvanted formula. Evaluation of the 2 formulas revealed that the gel-based formula gave a higher antibody titer than the oil-based preparation during the course of the vaccination period and after challenge. The cellular immune response was also evaluated by the qRT-PCR analysis of the IFN-γ transcripts and it was found that the oil-based formula gave a high fold change than the gel-based formula although it was not reflected in decreasing the shedding level. Studying the shedding level by the EID50 and qRT-PCR of the cloacal swabs after challenge revealed that the gel-based formula administrated S/C gave lesser degree of shedding than the oil-based formula. In conclusion the gel-based formula of the vaccine prepared from the recent characterized PPMV-1 YA/14 isolate could protect pigeon from lethal infection with the virulent virus and could reduce but not eliminate the shedding level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]