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This document Final implementation of the observing system: Data delivery and report on results of the observing systems for the Coastal Greenland, describes the final results and future perspectives, including data accessibility, of INTAROS WP3 Task 3.1 for the Coastal Greenland reference site, which is identified as a key location for freshwater output from the Greenland ice sheet to the ocean. The work reported here describes a range of improvements on our monitoring capabilities for the entire journey of the freshwater flux from the Greenland ice sheet, through the fjords and into the ocean, including its impact on the marine ecosystem. Below is a short summary of the results reported by each partner in Task 3.1 of INTAROS. GEUS: Data on snow water equivalent (SWE) successfully retrieved from SnowFox instruments and processed from four sites co-located with PROMICE weather stations, power supply issues were identified, and mitigation measures taken. High-precision vertical and horizontal positional data was successfully retrieved from the new GNSS unit, capable of recording e.g., ice ablation by accurately recording changes in elevation. The deployment successfully tested a range of possible issues and a modified version of the device has already been implemented for landslide monitoring. A rugged, precise and low-power tilt and azimuth sensor was developed and tested in the lab. Field test deployment is ongoing.Corrected rain datasets from the ice sheet have been successfully retrieved and compared to results from regional climate models and reanalysis products. All the demonstrated measurements above will be rolled out for additional PROMICE, GC-Net and GEM weather stations over the coming years and data made openly available through their respective databases. AU: Two years of CTD data so far successfully retrieved from the marine instruments deployed in Aug 2018 and again in 2019, with a third year expected by Aug 2021. It is planned to continue this monitoring as a part of the GEM monitoring programme. SurfacebpCO2and carbonate parameters were observed during two coastal cruises in West Greenland 2016 and East Greenland 2018, respectively, to study the impact of freshening on CO2-uptake of the ocean, yielding 746 observations of the pCO2in the upper 50 m distributed among 120 stations. FMI: Laboratory instrumentation and procedures to characterize the thermal and angular response of pyranometers, to increase the accuracy of the solar irradiance and albedo measurements were successfully applied to CNR1 and CNR4 net-radiometers of the PROMICE network. The method is expected to be applied to similar radiometers of the PROMICE, GC-Net and GEM monitoring networks in the future. UPM: Test flights delivered 200 km of good radar profiles over ice, proving the concept of the new helicopter-borne radar system in the field. The processed radar profiles have successfully yielded bedrock returns in usually difficult glaciological settings near glacier fronts, although partly disrupted by occurrence of meltwater and reflections off nearby nunataks. CNRS-Takuvik: More than 1900 profiles have been acquired so far with unprecedented sets of data with series measured under ice during wintertime. Takuvik intends to continue measuring sea-ice properties in Qikiqtarjuaq and other coastal ecosystems in Baffin Bay. The sensors developed at Takuvik will be integrated to a sea-ice endoscope in development at Université Laval, which will optimize the acquisition of data in situ over a wide range of sea-ice geometries.

This document First implementation and operational use of the observing systems. Data delivery and report on results of the ocean and sea ice system, describes autonomous components of the Arctic observing system for ocean and sea ice measurements that were implemented during the first field season under INTAROS. Instruments and platforms described in D3.4 drift freely on the sea ice or in the water column (ice tethered platforms, ice buoys and floats), move along preprogrammed tracks (gliders) or measure autonomously at fixed locations (deep ocean moorings). An autonomous sensor package (FerryBox) and drone-based sensors are used to collect observations from the ships of opportunity. This document is intended to: −Review current status of autonomous mobile and fixed observing platforms and sensors used for collecting ocean and sea ice observations in the Arctic during the first INTAROS field season −Describe an ice tethered IAOOS-Equipex platform used for combined physical, atmospheric and sea ice measurements in the central Arctic Ocean and provided data −Describe new deep ocean BGC mooring deployed for the second INTAROS field season in the deep Nansen Basin −Describe SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array) platforms for sea ice measurements, deployed with INTAROS contribution and data provided by them −Describe deployment of new biogeochemical sensors for the FerryBox (pH/carbonate sensor, spectral absorption sensor and microplastic sampler) developed under INTAROS and provided data sets −Describe results from new endurance glider lines established under INTAROS in Fram Strait and north of Svalbard −Describe INTAROS contribution to an array of BGC Argo floats in the Baffin Bay observatory and data provided by the floats

This document reports the activities of the Task 3.5, Deliverable 3.9 “First implementation of the observing system: data delivery and report on results of the distributed observing systems for atmosphere and land”. D3.9 focuses on (a) atmospheric observation of the main greenhouse gases (CO2and CH4) using ground, mobile and airborne eddy covariance observations to determine the atmospheric concentrations and fluxes in North slope of Alaska and Sweden; (b) trace gases monitoring of N2O, SF6, CO, O2/N2 using a flask sampler for the automated collection of air samples under standardized conditions; (c) effects of snow cover on surface energy balance and permafrost thermal regime; (d) observation with a spectro-albedometer at high temporal resolution, and VNA-based radar system to monitor soil, snow and surface vegetation proper-ties;(e)multiple airborne campaigns conducted in the Alaskan North Slope,Mackenzie River Delta, Canada,and the Lena River Delta, Siberia,assessing the composition and height of the atmospheric boundary layer as well as greenhouse gas concentrations; (e) development of a low-maintenance atmospheric observatory onboard of the Swedish research icebreaker Oden that include measurements of incoming broad-band radiation, surface temperature, cloud-base lidars and eddy covariance fluxes of CO2and CH4 Referenced materials and products in this report were compiled with inputs from the INTAROS partners of Task 3.5

This document presents the state-of-the-art in the implementation of new observing systems developed within the INTAROS project as well as the optimization of existing systems in Fram Strait. In addition, it reports on results from the observing systems and describes ways for the delivery of data retrieved by these systems. AWI developed the experimental system arcFOCE (Arctic Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment) that enables scientists to study impacts of ocean acidification on small, sediment-inhabiting deep-sea organisms. arcFOCE was deployed for its first long-term experiment in September/October 2018in 1500 m water depth at the LTER observatory HAUSGARTEN. In August/September 2019,a ROV was used to take sediment samples to study anticipated changes in bacterial and meiofaunal numbers, biomass and community composition due to artificially reduced pH values in bottom waters.Because these analyses are extremely time-consuming, data from the experiment will be available not before mid 2020. All data from the arcFOCE experiment will finally be stored in the PANGAEA data repository. CNRS-UIEM installed a passive acoustics system at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, which is identical to another system already deployed and running in Greenland,to allow direct comparison of results from these monitoring systems in western and eastern part of the Fram Strait. Acoustic data from the two systems will finally be available via SEANOE (https://www.seanoe.org) or SEXTANT (https://sextant.ifremer.fr/). CNRS-LOV continued and improved their measurements at the AWIPEV CO2 time-series monitoring site in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard.Time-series data generated by in-situ sensors in the fjord and in a Ferrybox flow-through system at AWIPEV is, to our knowledge, the first one at such high frequency. Raw data from the deployed sensors are available in near real-time: https://awipev-co2.obs-vlfr.fr. Data will be quality-controlled and uploaded to the World Data Center Pangaea in 2019-2020.

This document, describes the first implementation and results of use of INTAROS WP3 (Task 3.1) for the Coastal Greenland reference site, which is identified as a key location for freshwater output from the Greenland ice sheet to the ocean. The activities reported here from Task 3.1 describe the first field deployments and results for both offshore, onshore and on-ice instrumentation to monitor identified environmental variables, including: • snow cover on sea ice - for impact of freshening on the marine ecosystem • surface pCO2 and ocean acidification - for impact of freshening on CO2-uptake of the ocean • snow-water equivalent on the ice sheet - for reducing uncertainty in meltwater output to the ocean • precise positioning of ice sheet stations - for calibration for satellite-derived ice velocity maps and numerical weather prediction • new radiometer tilt and azimuth instrument for improved radiation correction – for improving radiometer data corrections • rain gauges on ice sheet stations – for capturing the transition from snow to rain of the precipitation on the Greenland ice sheet • instrument characterization of in-situ ice sheet albedo measurements – for better validation of satellite albedo products • Improvement of ice-penetrating radar system - for generating ice thickness data over ice-sheet outlet glaciers • passive acoustics for characterization of both physical and biological parts of the marine ecosystem – for studying the ice-driven dynamics of Arctic coastal ecosystems • improvement of under-ice monitoring – for observations of spring bloom and bio-optical/-geochemical properties

This report presents a selection of data products from existing ocean and sea ice measurements under WP2 Task 2.2 (Exploitation of existing data towards improved data products). This is done by applying various methodologies for data processing to derive of geophysical and biogeochemical quantities that can be used for further work in the project, especially in WP5 (Data management and integration) and in WP6 (Applications towards stakeholders). This report is complementary to D2.1 (Report on present observing capacities and gaps: ocean and sea ice observing systems), which includes an assessment of existing data collections based on an on-line survey (https://intaros.nersc.no/node/651). NERSC presents acoustic data from several field experiments in the Fram Strait carried out over a period of 110years. The presentation includes both active and passive acoustic data, description of how the experiments were conducted, processing steps from raw data to the resulting data products, and standardisation of formats for data and metadata. UiB and GEUS present an earthquake catalogue for the Arctic region (described in D2.8). AWI presents the Unified Database for Arctic and Subarctic hydrography (UDASH), which includes all available data for the period 1980-2015. This archive is updated yearly and is available from the PANGAEA repository. IOPAN presents a reprocessed hydrography data set for the Nordic Seas and the Fram Strait area collected by RV Oceania from 1988 to 2017 (the AREX programme). The data set is used for higher-level products such as time series of transports, heat content and dynamic topography. IOPAN also presents data from the A-TWAIN moorings north of Svalbard, deployed from 2012-2017. These data includes profiles of CTD and current data, which are used to present time series of temperature, salinity and currents. Furthermore, IOPAN presents Argo floats in the Nordic Seas and hydrographic data sets from Svalbard fjords. DTU Space presents satellite radar altimeter products from 26 years of data in the Arctic (ERS-1/2, EnviSat and CryoSat2) showing sea level anomaly, mean sea surface height, and mean dynamic topography. Aarhus University presents the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring Programme, which collects an extensive range of physical, chemical and biological variables, with focus on two sampling sites: the sub-arctic Nuuk in West Greenland and high-Arctic Zackenberg in East Greenland. The programme allows both quantification of climate change and also an analysis of the potential biological consequences in both terrestrial, limnic and marine systems. For marine research, the CTD observations in Young Sound from 2003 to 2015 is important, showing changes in the water masses of the fjord. Ifremer presents satellite sea ice drift products from CERSAT, while University of Bremen presents satellite-derived multiyear ice concentration and thin ice thickness products. Finally, NIVA presents in situ datasets for Arctic carbonate system chemistry, nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass. The data sets include 1) surveyed existing data collections, and 2) analyzed the data collections for data coverage and sampling bias. The next step in WP2 is to select data sets and repositories to be prepared for use in the Integrated Arctic Observing System. The survey of existing systems will continue in the second half of 2018 in order to prepare a more extensive assessment of the observing systems.