1. Emergence, evolution, and vaccine production approaches of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Benefits of getting vaccinated and common questions
- Author
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Abdallah A. Hassanin, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza, Javed Ahmed Ujjan, Ayshah Aysh ALrashidi, Basel M. Sitohy, Ameena A. AL-surhanee, Ahmed M. Saad, Tahani Mohamed Al -Hazani, Osama Osman Atallah, Khalid M. Al Syaad, Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed, Ayman A. Swelum, Mohamed T. El-Saadony, and Mahmoud Z. Sitohy
- Subjects
Proteomics ,CDC, Centers of Disease Control ,Infectious Medicine ,NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information ,(M), membrane ,SARS-CoV-1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 ,Infektionsmedicin ,Review ,SARS-COV-2 ,COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 2019 ,NTD, N-Terminal Domain ,UTR, Untranslated region ,WHO, World Health Organization ,(E), envelope ,CD8, cytotoxic T cells express cluster determinant 8 ,BLAST, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool ,RBD, receptor binding domain ,CD4, Helper T lymphocytes express cluster determinant 4 ,MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ,PCR, polymerase chain reaction ,ORF, Open Reading Frame ,ACE2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ,NSP, nonstructural protein ,PID, percentage identity ,MDCK, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney ,VOC, variants of concern ,Vaccines ,Del, Deletion ,COVID-19 ,NJ, neighbor-joining ,Genomics ,Coronavirus ,(N), nucleocapsid ,SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ,(S), Spike ,Ins, Insertion ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,mAbs, monoclonal antibodies - Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Wuhan city, China at the end of 2019 made it urgent to identify the origin of the causal pathogen and its molecular evolution, to appropriately design an effective vaccine. This study analyzes the evolutionary background of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-2) in accordance with its close relative SARS-CoV (SARS-1), which was emerged in 2002. A comparative genomic and proteomic study was conducted on SARS-2, SARS-1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS), which was emerged in 2012. In silico analysis inferred the genetic variability among the tested viruses. The SARS-1 genome harbored 11 genes encoding 12 proteins, while SARS-2 genome contained only 10 genes encoding for 10 proteins. MERS genome contained 11 genes encoding 11 proteins. The analysis also revealed a slight variation in the whole genome size of SARS-2 comparing to its siblings resulting from sequential insertions and deletions (indels) throughout the viral genome particularly ORF1AB, spike, ORF10 and ORF8. The effective indels were observed in the gene encoding the spike protein that is responsible for viral attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor and initiating infection. These indels are responsible for the newly emerging COVID-19 variants αCoV, βCoV, γCoV and δCoV. Nowadays, few effective COVID-19 vaccines developed based on spike (S) glycoprotein were approved and become available worldwide. Currently available vaccines can relatively prevent the spread of COVID-19 and suppress the disease. The traditional (killed or attenuated virus vaccine and antibody-based vaccine) and innovated vaccine production technologies (RNA- and DNA-based vaccines and viral vectors) are summarized in this review. We finally highlight the most common questions related to COVID-19 disease and the benefits of getting vaccinated.
- Published
- 2021