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Er is het laatste jaar meerdere malen geroepen dat de varkenssector moet ophouden met het voortdurend openbaar maken van informatie zoals kostprijzen, inkomens, technische cijfers. “De groenteboer vertelt toch ook niet wat een krop sla werkelijk kost?”, zo luidt dan een argument. Als LEI Wageningen UR hebben we met deze discussie te maken. De oorsprong van het LEI hangt samen met de wens tot inzicht in de productiekosten van de landbouw - in de jaren na de Tweede Wereldoorlog - toen er behoefte was om de voedselvoorziening veilig te stellen. We dragen in dit artikel ons steentje bij aan de discussie door een aantal stellingen en reacties daarop.

Nu de digitalisering en informatisering van onze samenleving snel toenemen, ontstaat de vraag of de overheid haar geo-informatiebeleid moet aanpassen en deze informatie ook vrij beschikbaar moet stellen aan burgers en organisaties zodat maatschappelijke (en economische) ontwikkelingen niet worden geremd. Onduidelijk is echter welke maatschappelijke effecten kunnen worden verwacht indien de overheid dit doet. In dit artikel worden de resultaten van een korte verkennende studie gepresenteerd. Kortom: de toegang van burgers en overheden tot geo-informatie

1. Introduction PowerPoint is the most widely used presentation software tool. As of 2012, PowerPoint had more than 200 million presenters worldwide. Presenters all over the world use the program. Some use it for university teaching, others for business meetings and some even use PowerPoint to deliver a sermon. But the program doesn’t always seem to be used to the satisfaction of the audience. In many critical articles, presenters are accused of using too many words on their slides and too often looking at the projection instead of keeping eye contact with the audience. Some authors also criticize the program itself for what they see as a negative influence on presentations. If these critical observations are valid, then PowerPoint presentations don’t conform to the advice given in instruction books nor to the outcome of research into human information processing. This advice usually proposes the use of minimal text on slides, and instead using pictures or other graphics. This would help the audience process the information. In addition, the instruction book stress the importance of maintaining eye contact with the audience. It is remarkable that the program is so frequently used, while it is so often criticized for what seem to be valid reasons. There has been some research into PowerPoint use in the classroom, investigating the effects on student appreciation and grades. Much of this research does not describe how nor why the program is used in these situations. The critical articles on PowerPoint are mainly based on personal experiences and not on research. So there has not been much empirical evidence that presenters actually do use too many words or that they look too often at the projection, nor has the influence of PowerPoint on the presentation been established. In addition it is not clear why so many presenters don’t seem to follow the advice in instruction books, which say to use a minimum amount of text on a slide and which stress the importance of maintaining eye contact with the audience. This dissertation focuses on the role of the presenter. It investigates how presenters use PowerPoint and if they are guilty of the negative behavior mentioned above. If they are guilty, what are the reasons they use PowerPoint in this way? Some authors have suggested that presenters use PowerPoint not only for the benefit of the audience, but that they also use the words on the slides as speaking notes. In particular, presenters suffering from speaking anxiety might be afraid of being “lost for words” or forgetting the structure of their presentation. They would then be able to turn to the text on the slides as support. This dissertation will investigate the possible role of speaking anxiety and how it affects PowerPoint usage. The research looks at the use of PowerPoint by scholars presenting conference papers. Conferences play a central role in the network of scientific communication and are important for a researcher’s profile. The majority of scholars present their work at conferences several times a year and these presentations can be demanding and challenging. In contrast with writing and publishing a paper, conferences allow scholars to interact with an audience of their peers who will evaluate their work by posing critical questions. Challenging exposure of this kind might well engender or increase speaking anxiety in the presenter. Clearly there is a need for empirical research on PowerPoint use, research focused on the program’s use in delivering scholarly presentations. Questions to be answered by the research include: • How do scholars use PowerPoint? • Why do scholars use PowerPoint in the way that they do? • Does speaking anxiety influence the way that scholars use PowerPoint? • Does PowerPoint influence the quality of presentations? This thesis studies the use of PowerPoint in a real life setting and looks at presentations as being complex interactions among slides, presenter behavior and audience. An overview of the different elements regarding the presenter, his/her background, the presentation, the presenter’s behavior and the PowerPoint program itself can be found in Figure I. 2. Method There is a literature review and three empirical studies. The literature review compares the program with its predecessors and describes the software, slide design and the user’s presentation behavior, focusing on the interaction of these elements. Instruction books and articles on PowerPoint, criticism and empirical research on the topics of slide design, presentation behavior and its effects on audiences are discussed. In the first empirical study, fifteen scientific presentations of language scientists are analyzed on the use of text and pictures on the slides. The physical and verbal behavior of the presenter has also been studied, specifically investigating how often presenters look at the projection and if they verbally introduce a slide. Furthermore the relation between the slides and the presenter’s behavior has been analyzed. The second empirical study employs interviews with scholars about their reasons for PowerPoint use. It distinguishes between first-year PhD students (beginners) and advanced, prize winning scholars from different disciplines of science (humanities, physical science, social science and medical science). Special attention is given to the acquisition of PowerPoint skills. The third study consists of a survey using social scientists and focuses on the influence of speaking anxiety on the use of PowerPoint. It tests if speaking anxiety causes presenters to spend more time on preparing and rehearsing the presentation, and analyzes the possible relationships among speaking anxiety, time spent on preparing and rehearsing a presentation, and the use of words on a slide. 3. Results Certain characteristics of PowerPoint such as its default-settings and the ability to use slides on the Internet and as handouts may tempt the presenter to increase the amount of text on slides. These choices, however, are not necessary, and are decisions made by the presenter. The scholars in our study used a relatively large number of words when compared to what instruction books advise (a maximum of 20 to 36 words per slide, depending on the author). An average number of 35 (language scientists) and 50 (social scientists) per slide was found. Many of the scholars used a small number of pictures (depending on the scientific discipline). Presenters look on average 73 times at the projection during their presentation of 20 minutes (more than three times a minute). Looking at the projection to indicate a new slide or ‘new’ elements on a slide seems to be characteristic for the use of PowerPoint. Presenters turn away from the audience and break eye-contact, something which is considered negative in making presentations. The critics of PowerPoint clearly have a point when they complain about the high number of words on the slides and about presenters looking towards the projection. There are differences, however, between beginning and advanced presenters. Beginners use more than twice as many words per minute than advanced presenters and only half as many pictures. In maintaining contact with the audience there is also a difference between beginning and advanced scholars. Advanced presenters often like to present without the use of PowerPoint because this allows more contact with their audience. Some scholars say that they use the text on the slides as speaking notes. Many have also said that they use pictures almost exclusively for the benefit of the audience. Beginners probably use more text and fewer pictures because they suffer more from speaking anxiety than advanced presenters. They might be more concerned with their own performance. Advanced scholars on the other hand have indicated that they have their audience in mind when preparing and delivering a presentation. Speaking anxiety, in an indirect way, also plays a role in the number of words used on the slides. Anxious presenters spend more time rehearsing the presentation; this is related to the number of words used on the slides. Scholars often seem to lack knowledge about how to use PowerPoint in an appropriate manner. Instead of receiving training in using PowerPoint, they learn to present with the program by experimenting and by observing colleagues and designing slides on the basis of common sense, which is often against the advice in instruction books. Moreover some scholars erroneously think that PowerPoint makes rhetorical skills redundant. 4. Conclusions The concept of “performance” seems to be appropriate in describing all the elements that matter in the presentation itself: speech, animated slides, working with projections, physical motion and maintaining eye contact with the audience. Presenters need an understanding of how audiences process different sources of information, and they must then be able to orchestrate their presentation skills in appropriate ways. If we look at PowerPoint presentations as performances, we can see that presenters must be designers, actors and directors at the same time. It is clear that PowerPoint elicits behavior that is not always consistent with what is considered to be good presentation form. This, however, is not the fault of the program. The apparent user friendliness of PowerPoint might disguise the fact that presentations with the program are in fact complex. It is not PowerPoint itself which causes some bad presentations, but the choices and behavior of the presenters who must deal with all the new possibilities and requirements inherent in this program. Presenters should be educated in appropriate slide design. They also should be taught how to direct the attention of the audience. It is not sufficient to teach presenters how they should design and present their slides, however, if they aren’t helped to learn how to reduce their speaking anxiety in ways other than using the PowerPoint slides as support. This thesis suggests ways of teaching these skills

1. Introduction PowerPoint is the most widely used presentation software tool. As of 2012, PowerPoint had more than 200 million presenters worldwide. Presenters all over the world use the program. Some use it for university teaching, others for business meetings and some even use PowerPoint to deliver a sermon. But the program doesn’t always seem to be used to the satisfaction of the audience. In many critical articles, presenters are accused of using too many words on their slides and too often looking at the projection instead of keeping eye contact with the audience. Some authors also criticize the program itself for what they see as a negative influence on presentations. If these critical observations are valid, then PowerPoint presentations don’t conform to the advice given in instruction books nor to the outcome of research into human information processing. This advice usually proposes the use of minimal text on slides, and instead using pictures or other graphics. This would help the audience process the information. In addition, the instruction book stress the importance of maintaining eye contact with the audience. It is remarkable that the program is so frequently used, while it is so often criticized for what seem to be valid reasons. There has been some research into PowerPoint use in the classroom, investigating the effects on student appreciation and grades. Much of this research does not describe how nor why the program is used in these situations. The critical articles on PowerPoint are mainly based on personal experiences and not on research. So there has not been much empirical evidence that presenters actually do use too many words or that they look too often at the projection, nor has the influence of PowerPoint on the presentation been established. In addition it is not clear why so many presenters don’t seem to follow the advice in instruction books, which say to use a minimum amount of text on a slide and which stress the importance of maintaining eye contact with the audience. This dissertation focuses on the role of the presenter. It investigates how presenters use PowerPoint and if they are guilty of the negative behavior mentioned above. If they are guilty, what are the reasons they use PowerPoint in this way? Some authors have suggested that presenters use PowerPoint not only for the benefit of the audience, but that they also use the words on the slides as speaking notes. In particular, presenters suffering from speaking anxiety might be afraid of being “lost for words” or forgetting the structure of their presentation. They would then be able to turn to the text on the slides as support. This dissertation will investigate the possible role of speaking anxiety and how it affects PowerPoint usage. The research looks at the use of PowerPoint by scholars presenting conference papers. Conferences play a central role in the network of scientific communication and are important for a researcher’s profile. The majority of scholars present their work at conferences several times a year and these presentations can be demanding and challenging. In contrast with writing and publishing a paper, conferences allow scholars to interact with an audience of their peers who will evaluate their work by posing critical questions. Challenging exposure of this kind might well engender or increase speaking anxiety in the presenter. Clearly there is a need for empirical research on PowerPoint use, research focused on the program’s use in delivering scholarly presentations. Questions to be answered by the research include: • How do scholars use PowerPoint? • Why do scholars use PowerPoint in the way that they do? • Does speaking anxiety influence the way that scholars use PowerPoint? • Does PowerPoint influence the quality of presentations? This thesis studies the use of PowerPoint in a real life setting and looks at presentations as being complex interactions among slides, presenter behavior and audience. An overview of the different elements regarding the presenter, his/her background, the presentation, the presenter’s behavior and the PowerPoint program itself can be found in Figure I. 2. Method There is a literature review and three empirical studies. The literature review compares the program with its predecessors and describes the software, slide design and the user’s presentation behavior, focusing on the interaction of these elements. Instruction books and articles on PowerPoint, criticism and empirical research on the topics of slide design, presentation behavior and its effects on audiences are discussed. In the first empirical study, fifteen scientific presentations of language scientists are analyzed on the use of text and pictures on the slides. The physical and verbal behavior of the presenter has also been studied, specifically investigating how often presenters look at the projection and if they verbally introduce a slide. Furthermore the relation between the slides and the presenter’s behavior has been analyzed. The second empirical study employs interviews with scholars about their reasons for PowerPoint use. It distinguishes between first-year PhD students (beginners) and advanced, prize winning scholars from different disciplines of science (humanities, physical science, social science and medical science). Special attention is given to the acquisition of PowerPoint skills. The third study consists of a survey using social scientists and focuses on the influence of speaking anxiety on the use of PowerPoint. It tests if speaking anxiety causes presenters to spend more time on preparing and rehearsing the presentation, and analyzes the possible relationships among speaking anxiety, time spent on preparing and rehearsing a presentation, and the use of words on a slide. 3. Results Certain characteristics of PowerPoint such as its default-settings and the ability to use slides on the Internet and as handouts may tempt the presenter to increase the amount of text on slides. These choices, however, are not necessary, and are decisions made by the presenter. The scholars in our study used a relatively large number of words when compared to what instruction books advise (a maximum of 20 to 36 words per slide, depending on the author). An average number of 35 (language scientists) and 50 (social scientists) per slide was found. Many of the scholars used a small number of pictures (depending on the scientific discipline). Presenters look on average 73 times at the projection during their presentation of 20 minutes (more than three times a minute). Looking at the projection to indicate a new slide or ‘new’ elements on a slide seems to be characteristic for the use of PowerPoint. Presenters turn away from the audience and break eye-contact, something which is considered negative in making presentations. The critics of PowerPoint clearly have a point when they complain about the high number of words on the slides and about presenters looking towards the projection. There are differences, however, between beginning and advanced presenters. Beginners use more than twice as many words per minute than advanced presenters and only half as many pictures. In maintaining contact with the audience there is also a difference between beginning and advanced scholars. Advanced presenters often like to present without the use of PowerPoint because this allows more contact with their audience. Some scholars say that they use the text on the slides as speaking notes. Many have also said that they use pictures almost exclusively for the benefit of the audience. Beginners probably use more text and fewer pictures because they suffer more from speaking anxiety than advanced presenters. They might be more concerned with their own performance. Advanced scholars on the other hand have indicated that they have their audience in mind when preparing and delivering a presentation. Speaking anxiety, in an indirect way, also plays a role in the number of words used on the slides. Anxious presenters spend more time rehearsing the presentation; this is related to the number of words used on the slides. Scholars often seem to lack knowledge about how to use PowerPoint in an appropriate manner. Instead of receiving training in using PowerPoint, they learn to present with the program by experimenting and by observing colleagues and designing slides on the basis of common sense, which is often against the advice in instruction books. Moreover some scholars erroneously think that PowerPoint makes rhetorical skills redundant. 4. Conclusions The concept of “performance” seems to be appropriate in describing all the elements that matter in the presentation itself: speech, animated slides, working with projections, physical motion and maintaining eye contact with the audience. Presenters need an understanding of how audiences process different sources of information, and they must then be able to orchestrate their presentation skills in appropriate ways. If we look at PowerPoint presentations as performances, we can see that presenters must be designers, actors and directors at the same time. It is clear that PowerPoint elicits behavior that is not always consistent with what is considered to be good presentation form. This, however, is not the fault of the program. The apparent user friendliness of PowerPoint might disguise the fact that presentations with the program are in fact complex. It is not PowerPoint itself which causes some bad presentations, but the choices and behavior of the presenters who must deal with all the new possibilities and requirements inherent in this program. Presenters should be educated in appropriate slide design. They also should be taught how to direct the attention of the audience. It is not sufficient to teach presenters how they should design and present their slides, however, if they aren’t helped to learn how to reduce their speaking anxiety in ways other than using the PowerPoint slides as support. This thesis suggests ways of teaching these skills

Thesis Summary Spatial information in public consultation within Environmental Impact Assessments Angela N. Mwenda Established in the United States of America in 1970, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an interdisciplinary approach that considers the anticipated impacts of development on the environment, and proposes timely mitigation of these impacts to the extent possible. Since then, EIA has continued to be established in countries worldwide, with modifications being made to suit regional and local requirements. Essential to EIA is an attempt to balance environmental concerns with social, economic and other human needs, which has led to partnership with society, to the extent that public participation is deeply incorporated into EIA. Also central to the EIA process is information related to the natural and human environment. Sources of this information, particularly those that contain spatial elements, are valuable due to their ability to provide information on location. Sources of spatial information are numerous, and may include photographs, maps, satellite images, orthophotographs, verbal descriptions, animations, and virtual reality, among others. Despite its innovative presentation of project-relevant information and communication function during public participation, debate exists on the value of spatial information to EIA. For example, high levels of visual realism may hinder the interpretation of spatial information, while high costs, and technical demands may cause certain types of spatial information to be inaccessible to a large number of stakeholders. These challenges are not unique to any one country, and have also been observed in developing countries, where, in addition to a deficiency of information, less developed and poorly enforced legislative, administrative, institutional and procedural frameworks for EIA intensify the challenges. For example, despite an official recommendation for the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya, whether this happens, and the extent, was largely undocumented. In view of this observation, an investigation into the use and status of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya was considered. The main objective of this research was to establish whether spatial information is used in public participation within EIA, and if so, the extent of its use. Three specific sub-objectives were developed, namely: to confirm the presence and extent of public participation within EIA in Kenya; to establish the extent to which spatial information is used in EIA in Kenya; and to evaluate, using case studies, the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya. Combined methods of surveys and case studies were used to address the sub-objectives earlier developed. In response to the first sub-objective, namely, to confirm the presence and extent of public participation within EIA in Kenya, five dimensions for the evaluation of public participation within EIA were identified from legal and best practice requirements. These five dimensions were: notification, participation methods, venue, language used, and type of participants, which were then constituted into a Consultation and Public Participation Index (CPPI), developed within this research to analyze a sample of 223 EIA Study Reports submitted to the Environment Authority between 2002 and 2010. EIA Study Reports record activities during the EIA Study Stage, where public participation activities are most intensive, hence their choice as a source of data for the survey. Following analysis of the five dimensions presented in the CPPI, public participation was found to be relatively low, with the highest score of 1.65 out of a possible score of 5. The dimensions of ‘participation methods’ and ‘type of participants’ scored the highest, followed by ‘venue’, ‘notification’, and ‘language used’, in that order. Variations within the dimensions was also evident during the study period. Despite a 95% mention of public participation in the EIA Study Reports, the low CPPI scores were attributed to gaps in reporting and limited choices per dimension. In response to the second sub-objective, namely, to establish the extent to which spatial information is used in EIA in Kenya, survey methods similar to those used to address the first sub-objective were employed, where a sample of 434 EIA Study Reports submitted to the Environment Authority between 2002 and 2013 were analyzed for the presence/absence of spatial presentations, levels of visual realism exhibited, and content presented in the spatial presentations. Almost all (95%) of the EIA Study Reports sampled displayed a variety of spatial presentation types, with preference for the combined use of spatial presentations with low and high levels of visual realism. On the content, information depicting a combination of project location and project activities/details was most popular. In response to the third sub-objective, namely, to evaluate, using case studies, the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya, two case studies were conducted, the first in Katani, in the Eastern Province of Kenya, and the second in Kericho, in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. Both case studies were based on a conceptual framework developed in this research to assess the interplay between EIA, public participation, spatial information and type of participants. In both studies, EIA stages was limited to the EIA Study stage, levels of public participation was limited to ‘inform’, and categories of participants was limited to ‘affected persons’. Seven aspects of spatial information were deemed relevant to public participation, namely: availability, accessibility, content, appropriateness, language, translation, and technical support. In the first case study, all the seven aspects were evaluated, using a cadastral map, where it was established that the requirements for accessibility, language, translation and technical support were met, but those for availability were unsatisfactory, and unconfirmed for content and appropriateness. Out of the 7 aspects of spatial information that were deemed relevant to public participation, the second case study was limited to the aspect of ‘content’, and specifically distance perception. It was argued that distance perception is critical when determining potential benefits or threats from a proposed project. Three types of spatial presentations with different levels of visual realism were used, namely a topographic map, overlay map and aerial map. From this case study, preference was noted for topographic maps, indicating that higher levels of visual realism in spatial presentations were not always preferred. On whether maps improve distance perception, the results indicated that they encourage Euclidian distance perception. The unique point of the case studies was that they were conducted in ‘real-life’ settings, similar to those in which actual EIAs are carried out, as opposed to highly controlled and laboratory-like set ups. Two main innovations are evident: the consultation and public participation index (CPPI) and the conceptual framework developed in this research. The CPPI brought together, for the first time dimensions that are specifically relevant to public participation within EIA, that is, notification, participation methods, venue, language used, and type of participants. These dimensions offer the opportunity for deeper and more structured analysis of public participation within EIA, and the opportunity to improve practice. The second innovation, the conceptual framework, brought together the elements of EIA, public participation, spatial information and types of participants. The novelty of this conceptual framework was the combination of these elements and their placement within the framework of EIA, which will encourage in-depth investigation on their quality and effectiveness to EIA. Still related to the conceptual framework was the emphasis on ‘affected persons’, who often face direct impacts from development projects, yet are often not included in EIA public participation activities due to their low socio-economic status and challenges in accessing them, e.g. poor infrastructure and insecurity. It is due to their increased stake in any decision made that we specifically sought their opinions in this research.

Thesis Summary Spatial information in public consultation within Environmental Impact Assessments Angela N. Mwenda Established in the United States of America in 1970, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an interdisciplinary approach that considers the anticipated impacts of development on the environment, and proposes timely mitigation of these impacts to the extent possible. Since then, EIA has continued to be established in countries worldwide, with modifications being made to suit regional and local requirements. Essential to EIA is an attempt to balance environmental concerns with social, economic and other human needs, which has led to partnership with society, to the extent that public participation is deeply incorporated into EIA. Also central to the EIA process is information related to the natural and human environment. Sources of this information, particularly those that contain spatial elements, are valuable due to their ability to provide information on location. Sources of spatial information are numerous, and may include photographs, maps, satellite images, orthophotographs, verbal descriptions, animations, and virtual reality, among others. Despite its innovative presentation of project-relevant information and communication function during public participation, debate exists on the value of spatial information to EIA. For example, high levels of visual realism may hinder the interpretation of spatial information, while high costs, and technical demands may cause certain types of spatial information to be inaccessible to a large number of stakeholders. These challenges are not unique to any one country, and have also been observed in developing countries, where, in addition to a deficiency of information, less developed and poorly enforced legislative, administrative, institutional and procedural frameworks for EIA intensify the challenges. For example, despite an official recommendation for the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya, whether this happens, and the extent, was largely undocumented. In view of this observation, an investigation into the use and status of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya was considered. The main objective of this research was to establish whether spatial information is used in public participation within EIA, and if so, the extent of its use. Three specific sub-objectives were developed, namely: to confirm the presence and extent of public participation within EIA in Kenya; to establish the extent to which spatial information is used in EIA in Kenya; and to evaluate, using case studies, the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya. Combined methods of surveys and case studies were used to address the sub-objectives earlier developed. In response to the first sub-objective, namely, to confirm the presence and extent of public participation within EIA in Kenya, five dimensions for the evaluation of public participation within EIA were identified from legal and best practice requirements. These five dimensions were: notification, participation methods, venue, language used, and type of participants, which were then constituted into a Consultation and Public Participation Index (CPPI), developed within this research to analyze a sample of 223 EIA Study Reports submitted to the Environment Authority between 2002 and 2010. EIA Study Reports record activities during the EIA Study Stage, where public participation activities are most intensive, hence their choice as a source of data for the survey. Following analysis of the five dimensions presented in the CPPI, public participation was found to be relatively low, with the highest score of 1.65 out of a possible score of 5. The dimensions of ‘participation methods’ and ‘type of participants’ scored the highest, followed by ‘venue’, ‘notification’, and ‘language used’, in that order. Variations within the dimensions was also evident during the study period. Despite a 95% mention of public participation in the EIA Study Reports, the low CPPI scores were attributed to gaps in reporting and limited choices per dimension. In response to the second sub-objective, namely, to establish the extent to which spatial information is used in EIA in Kenya, survey methods similar to those used to address the first sub-objective were employed, where a sample of 434 EIA Study Reports submitted to the Environment Authority between 2002 and 2013 were analyzed for the presence/absence of spatial presentations, levels of visual realism exhibited, and content presented in the spatial presentations. Almost all (95%) of the EIA Study Reports sampled displayed a variety of spatial presentation types, with preference for the combined use of spatial presentations with low and high levels of visual realism. On the content, information depicting a combination of project location and project activities/details was most popular. In response to the third sub-objective, namely, to evaluate, using case studies, the use of spatial information during public participation within EIA in Kenya, two case studies were conducted, the first in Katani, in the Eastern Province of Kenya, and the second in Kericho, in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. Both case studies were based on a conceptual framework developed in this research to assess the interplay between EIA, public participation, spatial information and type of participants. In both studies, EIA stages was limited to the EIA Study stage, levels of public participation was limited to ‘inform’, and categories of participants was limited to ‘affected persons’. Seven aspects of spatial information were deemed relevant to public participation, namely: availability, accessibility, content, appropriateness, language, translation, and technical support. In the first case study, all the seven aspects were evaluated, using a cadastral map, where it was established that the requirements for accessibility, language, translation and technical support were met, but those for availability were unsatisfactory, and unconfirmed for content and appropriateness. Out of the 7 aspects of spatial information that were deemed relevant to public participation, the second case study was limited to the aspect of ‘content’, and specifically distance perception. It was argued that distance perception is critical when determining potential benefits or threats from a proposed project. Three types of spatial presentations with different levels of visual realism were used, namely a topographic map, overlay map and aerial map. From this case study, preference was noted for topographic maps, indicating that higher levels of visual realism in spatial presentations were not always preferred. On whether maps improve distance perception, the results indicated that they encourage Euclidian distance perception. The unique point of the case studies was that they were conducted in ‘real-life’ settings, similar to those in which actual EIAs are carried out, as opposed to highly controlled and laboratory-like set ups. Two main innovations are evident: the consultation and public participation index (CPPI) and the conceptual framework developed in this research. The CPPI brought together, for the first time dimensions that are specifically relevant to public participation within EIA, that is, notification, participation methods, venue, language used, and type of participants. These dimensions offer the opportunity for deeper and more structured analysis of public participation within EIA, and the opportunity to improve practice. The second innovation, the conceptual framework, brought together the elements of EIA, public participation, spatial information and types of participants. The novelty of this conceptual framework was the combination of these elements and their placement within the framework of EIA, which will encourage in-depth investigation on their quality and effectiveness to EIA. Still related to the conceptual framework was the emphasis on ‘affected persons’, who often face direct impacts from development projects, yet are often not included in EIA public participation activities due to their low socio-economic status and challenges in accessing them, e.g. poor infrastructure and insecurity. It is due to their increased stake in any decision made that we specifically sought their opinions in this research.

Geo-informatie speelt een steeds grotere rol bij vastlegging en administratie van het agrarisch bedrijf Door de wensen en verplichtingen van het agrarische bedrijf te combineren met de mogelijkheden die (internet)-GIS oplossingen bieden, ontstaan innovatieve combinaties waarmee de sector zijn voordeel kan doen

Een dikke honderd mensen uit de wereld van groen onderwijs en onderzoek zochten elkaar eind mei op. Om de basis te leggen voor meer uitwisseling tussen Wageningse kennis en praktische toepassingen in het onderwijs.

“Groen Kennisnet” creates a content collection and professional “green” knowledge base (agriculture, horticulture, animal welfare, environmental protection, water management, food, fisheries). “Groen Kennisnet” makes these available to the Dutch agricultural education system and agri-business, and organizes communities around specific themes. “Groen Kennisnet” thus contributes to the connection between innovation in research and business & teaching. In our paper we explain how we organize the green information chain, the IT infrastructure and the communities. The combination of content, IT and community results in bringing new innovative knowledge available in the classroom and on the farm.

Sinds 2009 bestaat er een samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen de trilaterale waddenzeestaten en Korea. In de afgelopen vijf jaar is er veel bereikt, vooral op het gebied van educatie en voorlichting, en zijn diverse MoU bijeenkomsten gehouden. Voor de komende jaren is de doelstelling om meer aan wetenschap, management en monitoring te doen. In dat kader is een nadere samenwerking op de vakgebieden van monitoring en onderzoek naar benthische ecologie en morfologie gevraagd.

Eind vorig jaar is het Innovatie en Demonstratie Centrum (IDC) Bollen en Vaste Planten van start gegaan. Gevestigd bij PPO in Lisse is het doel van het IDC innovaties te realiseren en te stimuleren. 'Ik roep ondernemers in de Bollenstreek op om met vragen te komen,' zegt projectleider Barry Looman.

Currently many initiatives for m-Agri Apps for smallholder development are taking place. The effectiveness and sustainability of the development is promising, however factual evidence of its impact on livelihood improvements is still rare. As a whole the development of m-Agri Apps is mainly stimulated by donor incentives. Among different stakeholders there is the wish to collaborate more and exchange knowledge on: good practises, setting up learning communities, developing m-Agri Apps with open software, making existing data available, developing locally scaled agricultural content and connecting the poorest to mobile networks. Chances lay in better involvement of the agribusiness sector, which gets currently more and more involved with the smallholder communities around the world.

“Groen Kennisnet” creates a content collection and professional “green” knowledge base (agriculture, horticulture, animal welfare, environmental protection, water management, food, fisheries). “Groen Kennisnet” makes these available to the Dutch agricultural education system and agri-business, and organizes communities around specific themes. “Groen Kennisnet” thus contributes to the connection between innovation in research and business & teaching. In our paper we explain how we organize the green information chain, the IT infrastructure and the communities. The combination of content, IT and community results in bringing new innovative knowledge available in the classroom and on the farm.

Wat is nodig om te doen wat je doet? Geld, mensen, maar vooral kennis. Welke kennis is belangrijk, hoe sla je kennis op, wat deel je er van met andere? Vragen en antwoorden in de serie Kennis. In deze dertiende aflevering Barry Looman, projectmanager Kennis bij PPO.

Currently many initiatives for m-Agri Apps for smallholder development are taking place. The effectiveness and sustainability of the development is promising, however factual evidence of its impact on livelihood improvements is still rare. As a whole the development of m-Agri Apps is mainly stimulated by donor incentives. Among different stakeholders there is the wish to collaborate more and exchange knowledge on: good practises, setting up learning communities, developing m-Agri Apps with open software, making existing data available, developing locally scaled agricultural content and connecting the poorest to mobile networks. Chances lay in better involvement of the agribusiness sector, which gets currently more and more involved with the smallholder communities around the world.

Sinds 2009 bestaat er een samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen de trilaterale waddenzeestaten en Korea. In de afgelopen vijf jaar is er veel bereikt, vooral op het gebied van educatie en voorlichting, en zijn diverse MoU bijeenkomsten gehouden. Voor de komende jaren is de doelstelling om meer aan wetenschap, management en monitoring te doen. In dat kader is een nadere samenwerking op de vakgebieden van monitoring en onderzoek naar benthische ecologie en morfologie gevraagd.

Het sociale medium Twitter rukt op in de Nederlandse samenleving. De natuurwereld gaat hier aardig in mee. Vooral boswachters ontdekken de mogelijkheden die deze online dienst biedt om in contact te komen met elkaar en het grote publiek. De persoonlijke verhalen van de boswachters kunnen bijdragen aan het draagvlak voor natuur, is hun eigen overtuiging.

Wat is nodig om te doen wat je doet? Geld, mensen, maar vooral kennis. Welke kennis is belangrijk, hoe sla je kennis op, wat deel je er van met andere? Vragen en antwoorden in de serie Kennis. In deze dertiende aflevering Barry Looman, projectmanager Kennis bij PPO.

Er is het laatste jaar meerdere malen geroepen dat de varkenssector moet ophouden met het voortdurend openbaar maken van informatie zoals kostprijzen, inkomens, technische cijfers. “De groenteboer vertelt toch ook niet wat een krop sla werkelijk kost?”, zo luidt dan een argument. Als LEI Wageningen UR hebben we met deze discussie te maken. De oorsprong van het LEI hangt samen met de wens tot inzicht in de productiekosten van de landbouw - in de jaren na de Tweede Wereldoorlog - toen er behoefte was om de voedselvoorziening veilig te stellen. We dragen in dit artikel ons steentje bij aan de discussie door een aantal stellingen en reacties daarop.

Er is het laatste jaar meerdere malen geroepen dat de varkenssector moet ophouden met het voortdurend openbaar maken van informatie zoals kostprijzen, inkomens, technische cijfers. “De groenteboer vertelt toch ook niet wat een krop sla werkelijk kost?”, zo luidt dan een argument. Als LEI Wageningen UR hebben we met deze discussie te maken. De oorsprong van het LEI hangt samen met de wens tot inzicht in de productiekosten van de landbouw - in de jaren na de Tweede Wereldoorlog - toen er behoefte was om de voedselvoorziening veilig te stellen. We dragen in dit artikel ons steentje bij aan de discussie door een aantal stellingen en reacties daarop.

Het sociale medium Twitter rukt op in de Nederlandse samenleving. De natuurwereld gaat hier aardig in mee. Vooral boswachters ontdekken de mogelijkheden die deze online dienst biedt om in contact te komen met elkaar en het grote publiek. De persoonlijke verhalen van de boswachters kunnen bijdragen aan het draagvlak voor natuur, is hun eigen overtuiging.

Het sociale medium Twitter rukt op in de Nederlandse samenleving. De natuurwereld gaat hier aardig in mee. Vooral boswachters ontdekken de mogelijkheden die deze online dienst biedt om in contact te komen met elkaar en het grote publiek. De persoonlijke verhalen van de boswachters kunnen bijdragen aan het draagvlak voor natuur, is hun eigen overtuiging.

De hele dag door worden we bestookt met informatie en suggesties, bedoeld om ons ergens toe aan te zetten of juist van af te brengen, in het belang van onszelf of van de wereld om ons heen. Ook bij het bedenken van oplossingen voor de meest uiteenlopende problemen roepen we al gauw om meer of betere communicatie. Kortom, strategische communicatie is aan de orde van de dag. Dit boek gaat over principes en toepassingen van strategische communicatie. Het betreft een derde, sterk gewijzigde druk waaraan nieuwe, actuele thema's zijn toegevoegd zoals onbewuste beïnvloeding, social media en de rol van communicatie bij innovatieprocessen. Het uitgangspunt van het boek is dat een goed begrip van de wijze waarop mensen met elkaar communiceren en een gedegen inzicht in de mechanismen die daarbij een rol spelen, noodzakelijk zijn voor een effectieve toepassing van communicatie, ook in professionele settings. De schrijvers richten zich op studenten die communicatie studeren aan de universiteit of het HBO. Tegelijkertijd is het boek van nut voor communicatiespecialisten bij overheden, bedrijven en maatschappelijke organisaties, die verantwoordelijk zijn voor een optimale positionering in een voortdurende veranderende omgeving. Ook voor beleidsmakers, artsen en andere professionals, voor wie strategische communicatie een belangrijk aspect vormt van het dagelijkse werk is dit boek van grote waarde. Een belangrijk deel van hun functioneren hangt af van hun inzicht in de principes van communicatie en de vaardigheid daarmee om te gaan.

Eind vorig jaar is het Innovatie en Demonstratie Centrum (IDC) Bollen en Vaste Planten van start gegaan. Gevestigd bij PPO in Lisse is het doel van het IDC innovaties te realiseren en te stimuleren. 'Ik roep ondernemers in de Bollenstreek op om met vragen te komen,' zegt projectleider Barry Looman.

De milieueffectenkaarten van Telen met toekomst helpen telers bij het kiezen van de meest milieuvriendelijke gewasbeschermingsmiddelen. De verspreiding en het gebruik ervan verschilt per sector. In de boomkwekerijsector zijn de kaarten op grote schaal verspreid. Zeker de helft van de telers kent ze en past ze in meerdere of mindere mate toe. In de bollenteelt is het gebruik nog relatief gering. Om de informatie aantrekkelijker te maken en meer draagvlak te krijgen, zijn de kaarten voor de bollenteelt aangepast aan specifieke wensen.

Bespreking van een aantal interessante bosbouw-sites in binnen- en buitenland

Het Bedrijvenplatform Geo Informatie heeft Wageningen Universiteit onderzoek laten doen naar belemmeringen in het gebruik van overheidsdata. Het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken stelt in de begroting voor 2008 dat overheidsinformatie tegen maximaal verstrekkingskosten beschikbaar moet zijn voor hergebruik. Een duidelijke beleidslijn. Toch ondervinden bedrijven belemmeringen als zij overheidsheids-geo-informatie als grondstof nemen, zij het nauwelijks financiële. Het is de wildgroei in licentievoorwaarden die de meeste ergernis oplevert

Het Praktijkonderzoek Varkenshouderij heeft per systeem alle beschikbare informatie ten aanzien van reductie van ammoniakemissie, de eisen aan de uitvoering, de praktische toepasbaarheid en de extra kosten gebundeld onder de titel: 'Varkensstallen meteen lage ammoniakuitstoot

De samenvoeging van de Landbouwuniversiteit en de instituten van de Directie Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (DLO), enkele kleinere kennisinstellingen, alsmede delen van het praktijkonderzoek tot een Kenniscentrum Wageningen

Themavoordracht waarin twee manieren van kennismobiliteit worden besproken: de doorstromingsrelatie, waarbij kennis wordt gezien als product en doorstroomt van onderzoeksinstituten naar onderwijs en de netwerkrelatie, waarbij kennis wordt gezien als proces tussen onderzoek, onderwijs en bedrijfsleven

Wageningen UR (University & Research centre) ondersteunt met de Wetenschapswinkel maatschappelijke organisaties als verenigingen, actiegroepen en belangenorganisaties. Deze kunnen bij ons terecht met onderzoeksvragen die een maatschappelijk doel dienen. Samen met studenten, onderzoekers en maatschappelijke groepen maken wij inspirerende onderzoeksprojecten mogelijk.

Wageningen UR (University & Research centre) ondersteunt met de Wetenschapswinkel maatschappelijke organisaties als verenigingen, actiegroepen en belangenorganisaties. Deze kunnen bij ons terecht met onderzoeksvragen die een maatschappelijk doel dienen. Samen met studenten, onderzoekers en maatschappelijke groepen maken wij inspirerende onderzoeksprojecten mogelijk.

Conform de EU Strategy 2020 is investeren in een kennisintensieve economie een van de speerpunten van de Nederlandse overheid teneinde overeind te blijven in de mondiale concurrentie. Dat innovatie ook in het huidige kabinetsbeleid een belangrijke plaats inneemt, komt onder meer tot uiting in de vorming van het ministerie van Economische zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie in 2011. Voor doelmatig en effectief beleid ter stimulering van innovatie is het noodzakelijk goed inzicht te hebben in de huidige kennisintensiteit en daarmee samenhangende concurreDe vraag over de kennisintensiteit van het agrocomplex wordt in deze beschouwing uitgewerkt in twee onderdelen. Het eerste onderdeel richt zich op een conceptueel raamwerk rond kennis en de export ervan: hoe leidt kennis (en technologie) tot (meer) export en in welke verschijningsvormen doet kennis zich voor? Het tweede deel richt zich op de operationalisering van het conceptuele raamwerk: hoe meet je de kennis-intensiteit van producten en diensten die door het agrocomplex worden geëxporteerd? Daarvoor worden enkele suggesties gegeven, waarna via een aantal voorbeelden een korte beschouwing volgt over de complexiteit van de relaties tussen kennis, de kennisintensiteit van producten en diensten en export van die goederen en diensten. De beschouwing sluit af met enkele voorstellen voor mogelijke vervolgstappenntiekracht van de Nederlandse economie, en die van het agrocomplex in het bijzonder.

Conform de EU Strategy 2020 is investeren in een kennisintensieve economie een van de speerpunten van de Nederlandse overheid teneinde overeind te blijven in de mondiale concurrentie. Dat innovatie ook in het huidige kabinetsbeleid een belangrijke plaats inneemt, komt onder meer tot uiting in de vorming van het ministerie van Economische zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie in 2011. Voor doelmatig en effectief beleid ter stimulering van innovatie is het noodzakelijk goed inzicht te hebben in de huidige kennisintensiteit en daarmee samenhangende concurreDe vraag over de kennisintensiteit van het agrocomplex wordt in deze beschouwing uitgewerkt in twee onderdelen. Het eerste onderdeel richt zich op een conceptueel raamwerk rond kennis en de export ervan: hoe leidt kennis (en technologie) tot (meer) export en in welke verschijningsvormen doet kennis zich voor? Het tweede deel richt zich op de operationalisering van het conceptuele raamwerk: hoe meet je de kennis-intensiteit van producten en diensten die door het agrocomplex worden geëxporteerd? Daarvoor worden enkele suggesties gegeven, waarna via een aantal voorbeelden een korte beschouwing volgt over de complexiteit van de relaties tussen kennis, de kennisintensiteit van producten en diensten en export van die goederen en diensten. De beschouwing sluit af met enkele voorstellen voor mogelijke vervolgstappenntiekracht van de Nederlandse economie, en die van het agrocomplex in het bijzonder.

De open avond die op 16 augustus 2012 werd gehouden bij KICK, sloot aan op de open dag van het Fruit Kennis Centrum in Randwijk. Willem van Eldik van DLV Plant leidde de bezoekers langs de diverse proeven op de proeftuin. Enkele onderzoekers van PPO en specialisten op het gebied van kokossubstraat vertelden alles over de nieuwste ontwikkelingen.

Binnen universiteiten, kennisinstituten en bij waterbeheerders wordt veel kennis ontwikkeld en vergaard. Om te kunnen blijven innoveren, is het belangrijk deze kennis met elkaar te delen, zodat we stappen kunnen maken richting verdere ontwikkeling van de watersector. Hierin is een wereld te winnen, omdat kennis niet optimaal bekend is, versnipperd is of besloten ligt in moeilijk toegankelijke rapporten. Binnen het STOWA- kennisprogramma Deltaproof spreken de waterschappen de wens uit werk te maken van het ontsluiten van kennis. STOWA pakte de boodschap op en nam het initiatief voor het ontwikkelen van Deltafacts

Er is behoefte aan een eenduidige en uniforme informatievoorziening voor besluitvorming over het natuurbeleid op verschillende bestuurlijke niveaus. Op basis van procesmodellen is de huidige informatievoorziening voor de Europese Vogelrichtlijn en habitatrichtlijn (VHR) in relatie tot de herijkte Ecologische Hoofdstructuur (EHS) en het Stelsel Natuur en Landschapsbeheer (SNL) in beeld gebracht. Op basis hiervan worden EZ en de provincies (via IPO) geadviseerd over de informatievoorziening voor het natuurbeleid, zodat beide partijen mede op basis van het onderhandelingsakkoord decentralisatie natuur tot goede afspraken kunnen komen op zowel strategisch niveau (lange termijn) als op operationeel niveau (korte termijn).

Het idee voor praktijknetwerken voor de land- en tuinbouw is komen overwaaien uit de veehouderij. Ondernemers werken hierbij samen met andere bedrijven om kennis te ontwikkelen en te delen. Ze doen dat met een steuntje in de rug, in de vorm van professionele netwerkbegeleiding.

Binnen universiteiten, kennisinstituten en bij waterbeheerders wordt veel kennis ontwikkeld en vergaard. Om te kunnen blijven innoveren, is het belangrijk deze kennis met elkaar te delen, zodat we stappen kunnen maken richting verdere ontwikkeling van de watersector. Hierin is een wereld te winnen, omdat kennis niet optimaal bekend is, versnipperd is of besloten ligt in moeilijk toegankelijke rapporten. Binnen het STOWA- kennisprogramma Deltaproof spreken de waterschappen de wens uit werk te maken van het ontsluiten van kennis. STOWA pakte de boodschap op en nam het initiatief voor het ontwikkelen van Deltafacts

Het idee voor praktijknetwerken voor de land- en tuinbouw is komen overwaaien uit de veehouderij. Ondernemers werken hierbij samen met andere bedrijven om kennis te ontwikkelen en te delen. Ze doen dat met een steuntje in de rug, in de vorm van professionele netwerkbegeleiding.

Er is behoefte aan een eenduidige en uniforme informatievoorziening voor besluitvorming over het natuurbeleid op verschillende bestuurlijke niveaus. Op basis van procesmodellen is de huidige informatievoorziening voor de Europese Vogelrichtlijn en habitatrichtlijn (VHR) in relatie tot de herijkte Ecologische Hoofdstructuur (EHS) en het Stelsel Natuur en Landschapsbeheer (SNL) in beeld gebracht. Op basis hiervan worden EZ en de provincies (via IPO) geadviseerd over de informatievoorziening voor het natuurbeleid, zodat beide partijen mede op basis van het onderhandelingsakkoord decentralisatie natuur tot goede afspraken kunnen komen op zowel strategisch niveau (lange termijn) als op operationeel niveau (korte termijn).

Het creëren van een veilig voedselaanbod op een economisch verantwoorde wijze. Verschillende aspecten in dit verband zoals de rol van informatievoorziening en de kosten-baten analyse zijn toegelicht. Het economische aspect is wereldwijd nog nauwelijks bekeken

Een dikke honderd mensen uit de wereld van groen onderwijs en onderzoek zochten elkaar eind mei op. Om de basis te leggen voor meer uitwisseling tussen Wageningse kennis en praktische toepassingen in het onderwijs.

Doel van het project ‘Kennis op maat’ is om op een interactieve manier kennis te leveren over een aantal specifieke kennisvragen en onderwerpen van medewerkers van provincies en Nationale Landschappen. De nadruk ligt daarbij op kennisuitwisseling, doorwerking en montage en niet op het uitvoeren van nieuw onderzoek. Het onderzoek komt voort uit een gesignaleerde behoefte aan ondersteuning met kennis en delen van kennis uit diverse studies naar een kennissysteem voor de Nationale landschappen.

In dit werkdocument wordt verslag gedaan van een sociologisch onderzoek naar de kennisverspreiding rond Phytopthora in aardappelen. We beschrijven welke onderwerpen en welke partijen bij de kennisverspreiding zijn betrokken, welke partijen zich met welke onderwerpen bezig houden en welke argumenten zij gebruiken om de belangstelling van de aardappelteler te trekken. Ook wordt aangegeven welke onderwerpen en welke argumenten de aardappelteler zelf het meest aanspreken. Via vergelijking van kennisvraag en kennisaanbod is nagegaan hoe de kennisverspreiding vanuit het onderzoek naar de praktijk kan worden geoptimaliseerd. Centraal in het onderzoek stond de betekenisgeving van primaire producenten, kennisverspreiders, onderzoekers en beleids-makers aan de bestrijding van Phytophthora in aardappelen. De achterliggende veronderstelling was dat een zekere gelijkheid in betekenisgeving cruciaal is voor een soepele kennisverspreiding naar de praktijk. Het onderzoek is gebaseerd op een verkennende analyse van de berichtgeving over Phytophthora in het weekblad Boerderij en op een telefonische enquête bij 25 personen en partijen uit het kennisnetwerk.

In workshops met experts en in participatieve processen wil je zoveel mogelijk kennis beschikbaar hebben, om te kunnen reageren op gedachten en vragen die opkomen. Ook wil je snel weten wat effecten van maatregelen kunnen zijn. Alterra werkt aan tools die dat soort informatie beter beschikbaar maken en zo beleid, besluitvorming en burgerparticipatie verbeteren.

Interactieve samenvatting, met vijf deelaspecten: Klimaateffectatlas, klimaatateliers, maatregeldatabase, DPL (duurzaamheidsprofiel van een locatie) en MKBA