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Recycling LED lamp technology requires a change from the traditional bulk material-based recovery process. Unlike preceding lighting technology, LED lamps cannot be recycled to meet the regulatory minimum recycling rate of 80% due to multi-materials, including small quantity precious metals, which reduce the sorting efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the challenges have been approached in the scientific literature in this context. The review article investigates the circular solutions to the challenges that the end of life LED lamp management is facing. This review applies PRISMA systematic literature review to locate the relevant studies and investigate whether the proposed processes can increase the recycling rate, using the circular economy strategy as a theoretical framework. Several recycling processes have been proposed in the academic literature. However, the techniques have not been evaluated against the circular economy strategies to identify current gaps and possible ways. This review attempts to fill this gap by assessing the current approaches against the 10 R strategies (refuse, rethink, reconsider, reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recycle and recover). The study suggests that recycling is the dominant strategy, but the higher R strategies such as reuse, repair, and remanufacture have also been discussed as potential life extension strategies. The study concludes by proposing an integrated treatment approach that focuses on higher R’s (reuse, repair, refurbish, remanufacture and repurpose) instead of focusing on lower R’s (e.g., recycling). This research was funded by EIT RawMaterials as part of the project " REDLED: Recycling EnD-of-life LED" with the project number 18039.

Efficiency indicators have been frequently used to assess end-of-life chain performance, mostly. In terms of the percentage of mass sent to re-use, recycling, and/or energy recovery facilities. While legislation gives a standard definition for recycling and recovery rates, stakeholders sometimes redefine them to better fit their own scopes and objectives. Therefore, to accurately interpret the results of an efficiency indicator, during a decision-making process, it’s necessary to fully understand the scope definition used to calculate it. This work discusses the influence of scope definition when establishing performance rates. It does this by introducing further alternative scope definitions and comparing them to those defined by legislation and stakeholders. As a case study, the proposed complementary scopes are applied to the recycling chain of flat panel displays in France.

International audience; Efficiency indicators have been frequently used to assess end-of-life chain performance. While legislations give a standard definition, sometimes stakeholders redefine them to fit their own scopes and objectives. It is therefore necessary to fully understand the indicators calculation scope in order to accurately interpret the results during a decision-making process. This work discusses the influence of scope definition when establishing performance rates using the French e-waste chain and recycling rate as an example. Complementary recycling rates to the one established by WEEE Directive are proposed.

This paper proposes a framework that interrelates the life cycle of the product, remanufacturing and recycling for plastics. The paper analyses the different chemical processes of recycling polymer wastes. We introduce a thermodynamic calculation of the energy consumed and CO $$_2$$ emissions for all types of waste (municipal, electronic, vehicle). The remanufacturing process could reduce the amount of CO $$_2$$ emissions through feedback to the product design stage with robust platforms that extend the product life cycle. In order to meet the requirements of remanufacturing we combine mechanical and chemical recycling solutions. These recycling processes must undergo a thermodynamic analysis to optimize energy and decrease the minimum CO $$_2$$ emissions, i.e. recycling processes in line with the ultimate objective, which is the reduction of CO $$_2$$ emissions and slowing a part of the problem global warming.

International audience; The use of composites in industry is ever increasing. However, end-of-life solutions for composites are still under development. In this paper, a solution linking design strategies with a recycling process for thermoset composite materials is proposed. The recovery solution for these materials is a supercritical water solvolysis process. The needs and multi-disciplinary skills required for taking recycling possibilities into account in the early stages of product design and the necessity to standardize product-recycling capabilities based on design requirements will be discussed. The paper highlights the need for designers to take a functional approach into consideration, including characterization of materials behavior, recycling process limits, constraints and opportunities. This paper will show the first lessons learned from experiments, using this technique.

In order to decrease both energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, the automotive, aeronautics and aerospace industries aim at making lighter vehicles. To achieve this, composite materials provide good opportunities, ensuring high material properties and free definition of geometry. As an example, for cold applications, the use of carbon fiber/thermoset composites is ever increasing, in spite of a high fiber price. But in a global and eco-friendly approach, the major limitation for their use remains their potential recyclability. Recycling a composite means having a recycling technology available, getting a dismantle solution and an access for the product, and disposing identification plus selection possibilities to the materials. Thus, carbon fibers recovery (i.e. recycling and re-processing) would both help design engineers to balance energy efficiency and cost, and open new opportunities for developing second-life composites, dedicated to the manufacture of medium or low loaded parts (non-structural in many cases). A first section presents an overview of composite recycling possibilities. Indeed, environmentally and economically, composite incineration is not attractive (even with an energetic valorization), let-alone burying. Reuse and recycling thus remain the two most interesting options. Aeronautics offers a high potential in terms of fiber deposit. In southwest France, composites recycling will increase in terms of quantity due to dismantling platforms TARMAC (dedicated to civil aircraft applications) and P2P (for the disassembly of ballistic weapons). In addition, from a technical point of view, and even if end-of-life solutions for composites still remain under development, solvolysis (i.e. water under supercritical conditions) already offers the opportunity to recover carbon fibers. The resulting recyclate retains up to 90 percent of the fiber’s mechanical properties. A second part will explore the recycling to design issue (i.e. how recycling processes have to balance the previous aspects of the end-of-life proposal). The recycler clearly becomes a new supplier in the carbon fiber lifecycle, by revalorizing wastes with alternatives to burning. Moreover, increasing carbon fiber shelf life reduces its product life impact. Finally, promoting carbon fiber end-of-life would ensure to link aeronautics, automotive, and leisure and sports industries; but one can create demand for recycled reinforcement, by packaging it in useful and attractive forms for those end-users (e.g. pseudo-continuous fiber, felt, strips, bands, patches, etc.). These sections will be enlightened by several examples from collaborations between I2M and local industries. EcoSD network

L’utilisation des matériaux composites à renfort carbone (CRC) et matrice thermodurcissable tend à se développer fortement dans les industries automobile, aéronautique et aérospatiale, malgré le prix élevé des fibres de carbone. Toutefois, dans une approche globale plus respectueuse de l'environnement, la principale limitation à l’utilisation de ces composites reste leur recyclabilité. Recycler un composite nécessite de disposer simultanément (i) d’un accès au matériau avec la possibilité d'identifier et sélectionner les composites, (ii) d’une solution de démantèlement et (iii) de la technologie de recyclage à proprement parler. Ainsi, la récupération des fibres de carbone permettrait aux concepteurs d’équilibrer coût et efficacité énergétique, tout en proposant les opportunités nouvelles de développer des composites de deuxième génération, destinés en premier lieu à la fabrication de pièces non-structurelles. Après un état des lieux de leurs principales utilisations et de leurs possibilités de recyclage, nous proposons une approche permettant de mettre en relation les acteurs d’une future filière de recyclage des CRC. Cette proposition s’appuie sur deux exemples de collaborations entre l’Institut de Mécanique et d’Ingénierie - Bordeaux et des industries locales. EcoSD network

International audience; The composite use in industry increases. Despite, composite end of life solutions are still under development. We proposed to address a combined definition of both composite design and composite recycling process. This paper will discuss the needs of multi-disciplinary skills in order to take into account recycling possibilities in the design, and to asset recycling product capabilities by the design requirements. This paper highlights the relation between functional approach by designer, characterization for material and mechanics behavior and recycling process limits, constrains and opportunities.

International audience; Ecodesigning a product consists (amongst other things) in assessing what its environmental impacts will be throughout its life (that is to say from its design phase to its end of life), in order to limit them. Some tools and methods exist to (eco)design a product, just like methods that assess its environmental impacts (more often, a posteriori). But it is now well accepted that these are the early design decisions that will initiate the greatest consequences on the product's end-of-life options and their impacts. Thus, the present work aims at analysing traditional design tools, so as to integrate end-of-life possibilities in the form of recommendations for the design step. This proposal will be illustrated by means of a wind turbine design.