Search

Simple Summary: Our study aimed to assess how Tuta absoluta affects different Solanaceae plant species. It was observed that susceptible plants experience diminished growth and reproduction rates, which may be a result of a physiological malfunction. Infestation by T. absoluta caused 100% crop loss to tomato plants, whereas significant yield reduction was observed for potato plants, and no significant feeding effect was observed for eggplant. The affected plants also experienced physiological impairments. This study is essential in that it demonstrates the differential risk of T. absoluta infestations on the production of the tested Solanaceae plant species. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a destructive insect pest toward crops and belongs to the Solanaceae family. Since it was first recorded in South Africa in 2016, the pest has spread extensively and caused tremendous damage to field and tunnel-grown tomato crops. This study aimed to investigate how T. absoluta affects the growth and physiology of three Solanaceae plant species: tomato, potato, and eggplant. These three crops were infested with L1 instar larvae, and their growth and physiology were assessed during insect feeding. The damage to the infested tomato host plant was severe, with T. absoluta destroying 100% of the plants. The tomato plants were distorted 15 days after infestation, that is, before the fruit set. For potato, the defoliation was moderate, but the infested plants produced fewer tubers compared to the uninfested host plants. Eggplant had fewer visible signs of feeding, resulting in no significant difference between the infested and uninfested host plants in terms of growth and physiological functions. Infested tomato and potato plants had stagnant growth, fewer and damaged leaves, a reduced chlorophyll content, a reduced photosynthesis rate, a poor transpiration rate, poor water conductance, and poor intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations. This study closes the knowledge gap on the morphological (growth) and physiological responses of different Solanaceae species to T. absoluta infestation, and it also demonstrates the differential risk of T. absoluta infestations in the production of tomato, potato, and eggplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a devastating invasive pest of tomato crops in several areas around the world including Africa. Here, we comprehensively review and discuss the relevant scientific knowledge on its occurrence, biological and ecological aspects, fortuitous insect natural enemies, and potential advantages and constraints of pest management scenarios adopted against this pest in tomato crops in both Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa. We conclude the manuscript with a comprehensive research agenda providing future priorities towards sustainable control of this important tomato pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Obligate hyperparasitoids are widely considered an important ecological disturbance to biological control of insect pests, as they develop at the expense of primary parasitoids. However, supporting evidence is largely derived from direct trophic interactions in simple food webs. Yet, a multitude of insect pest populations simultaneously support development of several primary parasitoid species in horticultural and natural systems. Since primary parasitoid species in a community can differ in vulnerability to obligate hyperparasitoids, it is desirable to establish if the invulnerable primary parasitoids can take advantage of reduced competition from affected species by increasing their contribution to total primary parasitism levels thereby mitigating effects of hyperparasitism on biological control. To investigate this question, populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Plutellidae), its primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids were monitored on unsprayed cabbage plots at weekly intervals over six consecutive years. Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Braconidae), a dominant primary parasitoid in this system, was a secondary host to three obligate hyperparasitoids: Mesochorus sp. (Ichneumonidae), Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) and Pteromalus sp. (Pteromalidae). The higher efficiency of C. vestalis in utilizing younger host larvae at lower hyperparasitism levels limited host availability to other major primary parasitoids. But, as hyperparasitism levels increased and its populations declined, populations of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Eulophidae) and Diadromus collaris (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae) increased significantly as they parasitized a greater proportion of available hosts. As a consequence, the impact of hyperparasitoids did not result in trophic cascades, as their impact on total primary parasitism levels and infestation levels was insignificant. This study shows that primary parasitoid species that are invulnerable to hyperparasitism can take over the function of vulnerable ones in communities where interspecific interactions among species are strong. Thus, an approach that considers both direct and indirect effects of hyperparasitoids in primary parasitoid communities improves our understanding of the net impact of hyperparasitism on biological control of insect pests. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The potential for using synthetic sex pheromone traps as a simple and practical method of monitoring population densities of insect pests has been investigated in many crop systems. Yet, factors enabling the forecast of infestations based on pheromone trap catches are not fully understood. This study tested the prediction that high survival of immature stages of the target pest is a pre-requisite for trap catches to correlate well with future infestations on the crop. The influence of parasitoids, as an important natural mortality factor of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), larvae and pupae in South Africa, on the ability of pheromone traps to forecast infestations was investigated continuously at weekly intervals over 6 years on unsprayed cabbage. During late October–May, when parasitism levels were high (≥50%), infestations and trap catches were significantly lower than during low parasitism (<50%) observed during June–early October. Because infestations were negatively related to parasitism level, trap catches correlated with infestations better when observations were made in the same week during periods of high parasitism. Conversely, when survival of P. xylostella immature stages was high due to low parasitism levels, trap catches correlated with future infestations well for up to 2 weeks. Thus, trap catches can be used to forecast infestations during September–October, a period that coincides with high P. xylostella infestations as a consequence of low natural control by parasitoids. This is the first study to show that the ability of pheromone trap catches to forecast infestations depends on survival of the immature stages of the target pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]