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Fallacia fawensis Al–Handal, Al–Shaheen, Al–Saedy & Wulff sp. nov. (Figs LM 1–10, SEM 11-19) Description: LM observation (Figs 1–10): Cells solitary. Valves are linear lanceolate to elliptical with rounded apices, 7.7–12.3 μm long and 3.5–5.1 μm wide (n=32). Striae are very fine and difficult to resolve in LM. In the larger specimens and in differential interphase contrast (DIC) observation, striae in the middle part of the valve may appear distinctly parallel (Fig. 10). The lateral hyaline areas are indistinct or appear faint in some specimens. The central area is very small, axial area is indistinct. Raphe branches are weakly arched towards the primary side of the valve, proximal raphe endings appear slightly bent. SEM observation (Figs 11–19): Externally, the valve surface is covered with a porous conopeum which extends from the raphe sterna to shortly before valve mantle (Figs 11–14). The conopeum pores are rounded and arranged in transapical lines which appear mostly equidistant. The valve mantle extends to half the distance between valve margin and raphe canal and possesses very small finger–like protrusions which correspond to a row of areolae under the conopeum (Figs 11,15). Raphe sterna are slightly arched, becoming wider around the proximal endings and slightly raised above valve surface (Figs 11,12,15). Raphe proximal endings are gradually widening towards the central area (Fig. 15). Raphe distal endings are deflected to the same side and extend to the valve mantle, surrounded on both sides by two narrow slits (Figs 12,14 white arrows). Before reaching the valve apex, inner margins of raphe sternum come close to each other leaving a very narrow lacuna–like groove through which raphe is connected to the deflected terminal part of the raphe on the mantle (Fig. 14, black arrow). Striae are uniseriate, 26–34 in 10 μm, composed of three longitudinal rows of areolae (Fig. 12). The outer row under the mantle is formed of elongated areolae and the two inner rows are formed of equidistant rounded areolae (Fig. 12). The areolae in the row on both sides of the raphe are terminated before raphe proximal endings leaving a quadrangular central area (Fig. 15). Internally, raphe proximal endings are simple and separated by a slightly elevated and narrow central nodule (Figs 16–18). The distal endings are terminated by a shallow helictoglossae, slightly before valve margin (Fig.19). In all specimens examined, the lateral hyaline areas are not truly hyaline and devoted of striae but are formed of lyrate silica flaps covering the areolae and not connected across the central area (Figs. 16–18). In some specimens, these silica flaps are rather thin where areolae can be seen underneath (Fig. 18, arrows). The inner row of areolae adjacent to raphe is formed of rounded areolae (Figs 18,19), while the outer row is formed of thin and elongated areolae (Fig. 19). Holotype: Permanent slide and material containing frustules of Fallacia fawensis sp. nov., are deposited in the Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany under accession B 40 0045360 (holotype is illustrated in Figs 1,10). Phycobank registration: http://phycobank.org/103157. Type locality: Faw town, western bank of the Shatt Al–Arab River, Southern Iraq (29 o 58´22´´ N, 48 o 28´14´´ E). Etymology: The epithet fawensis refers to the Faw town in southern Iraq where this species was first encountered. Ecology: Fallacia fawensis was a rare epipelic species within the diatom community found on the muddy shores of Shatt Al–Arab River at Faw town, Southern Iraq. Salinity at time of collection was 5.2 and water temperature 38°C. On all slides prepared from the samples, F. fawensis constituted an average of 1.2% of the other taxa and was associated with some common taxa including Entomoneis corrugata (Giffen) Witkowski, Lange –Bertalot & Metzelten (2000:198)(3.75%), Halamphora sp. (4.5%), Nitzschia clausii Hanitzsch (1860: 40) (7.3 %), Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith (1856:89) (9.5%) and Petrodictyon gemma (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann (in Round et al. 1990:638) (7.5%). Fallacia fawensis was not encountered in samples collected from northern parts of Shatt Al–Arab River., Published as part of Al-Handal, Adil Y., Al-Shaheen, Maitham A., Al-Saedy, Rehab N. & Wulff, Angela, 2022, Fallacia fawensis sp. nov., a new brackish water diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from Southern Iraq, pp. 71-78 in Phytotaxa 550 (1) on pages 73-75, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6630696, {"references":["Smith, W. (1856) A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. Vol. 2. A-E. John van Voorst., London, pp. 1 - 107.","Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M. & Mann, D. G. (1990) The diatoms, Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."]}

Fallacia fawensis Al–Handal, Al–Shaheen, Al–Saedy & Wulff sp. nov. (Figs LM 1–10, SEM 11-19) Description: LM observation (Figs 1–10): Cells solitary. Valves are linear lanceolate to elliptical with rounded apices, 7.7–12.3 μm long and 3.5–5.1 μm wide (n=32). Striae are very fine and difficult to resolve in LM. In the larger specimens and in differential interphase contrast (DIC) observation, striae in the middle part of the valve may appear distinctly parallel (Fig. 10). The lateral hyaline areas are indistinct or appear faint in some specimens. The central area is very small, axial area is indistinct. Raphe branches are weakly arched towards the primary side of the valve, proximal raphe endings appear slightly bent. SEM observation (Figs 11–19): Externally, the valve surface is covered with a porous conopeum which extends from the raphe sterna to shortly before valve mantle (Figs 11–14). The conopeum pores are rounded and arranged in transapical lines which appear mostly equidistant. The valve mantle extends to half the distance between valve margin and raphe canal and possesses very small finger–like protrusions which correspond to a row of areolae under the conopeum (Figs 11,15). Raphe sterna are slightly arched, becoming wider around the proximal endings and slightly raised above valve surface (Figs 11,12,15). Raphe proximal endings are gradually widening towards the central area (Fig. 15). Raphe distal endings are deflected to the same side and extend to the valve mantle, surrounded on both sides by two narrow slits (Figs 12,14 white arrows). Before reaching the valve apex, inner margins of raphe sternum come close to each other leaving a very narrow lacuna–like groove through which raphe is connected to the deflected terminal part of the raphe on the mantle (Fig. 14, black arrow). Striae are uniseriate, 26–34 in 10 μm, composed of three longitudinal rows of areolae (Fig. 12). The outer row under the mantle is formed of elongated areolae and the two inner rows are formed of equidistant rounded areolae (Fig. 12). The areolae in the row on both sides of the raphe are terminated before raphe proximal endings leaving a quadrangular central area (Fig. 15). Internally, raphe proximal endings are simple and separated by a slightly elevated and narrow central nodule (Figs 16–18). The distal endings are terminated by a shallow helictoglossae, slightly before valve margin (Fig.19). In all specimens examined, the lateral hyaline areas are not truly hyaline and devoted of striae but are formed of lyrate silica flaps covering the areolae and not connected across the central area (Figs. 16–18). In some specimens, these silica flaps are rather thin where areolae can be seen underneath (Fig. 18, arrows). The inner row of areolae adjacent to raphe is formed of rounded areolae (Figs 18,19), while the outer row is formed of thin and elongated areolae (Fig. 19). Holotype: Permanent slide and material containing frustules of Fallacia fawensis sp. nov., are deposited in the Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany under accession B 40 0045360 (holotype is illustrated in Figs 1,10). Phycobank registration: http://phycobank.org/103157. Type locality: Faw town, western bank of the Shatt Al–Arab River, Southern Iraq (29 o 58´22´´ N, 48 o 28´14´´ E). Etymology: The epithet fawensis refers to the Faw town in southern Iraq where this species was first encountered. Ecology: Fallacia fawensis was a rare epipelic species within the diatom community found on the muddy shores of Shatt Al–Arab River at Faw town, Southern Iraq. Salinity at time of collection was 5.2 and water temperature 38°C. On all slides prepared from the samples, F. fawensis constituted an average of 1.2% of the other taxa and was associated with some common taxa including Entomoneis corrugata (Giffen) Witkowski, Lange –Bertalot & Metzelten (2000:198)(3.75%), Halamphora sp. (4.5%), Nitzschia clausii Hanitzsch (1860: 40) (7.3 %), Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith (1856:89) (9.5%) and Petrodictyon gemma (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann (in Round et al. 1990:638) (7.5%). Fallacia fawensis was not encountered in samples collected from northern parts of Shatt Al–Arab River.

40. Fallacia ny (Cleve) D.G. Mann (Figs 91, 92) Basionym: Navicula ny Cleve. Synonym: Navicula reichardtii var. intermedia M. Peragallo. Type locality: Java, Indonesia. References: Hustedt 1961–1966, p. 369, fig. 1459; Witkowski et al. 2000. p. 209, pl. 70, figs 8–11. Morphometrics: Valves 18–41 (20–48) μm long, 12–21 (12–27) μm wide, and transapical striae 13–15 (ca 16) in 10 μm. Remarks: This species is characterized by strong curves in the same direction, of the terminal ends of raphe. The taxon is distributed in tropical marine waters, and is not found in Europe (Hustedt 1961–1966, Witkowski et al. 2000). The illustrations of this taxon in Witkowski et al. (2000) were obtained from Sao Island of Azores in the western Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean of Kenia, Qurum Beach of Oman, and Shatt-al-Arab Delta in Iraq. It is rare in Rodrigues Island in the western Indian Ocean (Al-Handal et al. 2016). It is a typical tropical diatom inhabiting warmer coasts. This taxon was rarely found as an epiphyte on seaweeds or a benthic in the Seogwipo coast, and is new to South Korea.

40. Fallacia ny (Cleve) D.G. Mann (Figs 91, 92) Basionym: Navicula ny Cleve. Synonym: Navicula reichardtii var. intermedia M. Peragallo. Type locality: Java, Indonesia. References: Hustedt 1961–1966, p. 369, fig. 1459; Witkowski et al. 2000. p. 209, pl. 70, figs 8–11. Morphometrics: Valves 18–41 (20–48) μm long, 12–21 (12–27) μm wide, and transapical striae 13–15 (ca 16) in 10 μm. Remarks: This species is characterized by strong curves in the same direction, of the terminal ends of raphe. The taxon is distributed in tropical marine waters, and is not found in Europe (Hustedt 1961–1966, Witkowski et al. 2000). The illustrations of this taxon in Witkowski et al. (2000) were obtained from Sao Island of Azores in the western Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean of Kenia, Qurum Beach of Oman, and Shatt-al-Arab Delta in Iraq. It is rare in Rodrigues Island in the western Indian Ocean (Al-Handal et al. 2016). It is a typical tropical diatom inhabiting warmer coasts. This taxon was rarely found as an epiphyte on seaweeds or a benthic in the Seogwipo coast, and is new to South Korea., Published as part of Joh, Gyeongje, 2021, Distribution and frequent occurrence of diatom taxa (Bacillariophyta) inhabiting warmer oceans in Seogwipo coast of Jeju Island, southernmost Korea, pp. 1-67 in Phytotaxa 517 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.517.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8061058, {"references":["Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom flora of marine coasts I. Iconographia Diatomologica. Vol. 7. A. R. G. Ganter Verlag K. G., Ruggell, 925 pp.","Al-Handal, A. Y., Compere, P. & Riaux-Gobin, C. (2016) Marine benthic diatoms in the coral reefs of Reunion and Rodrigues Islands, West Indian Ocean. Micronesica 3: 1 - 78. [http: // micronesica. org / volumes / 2016]"]}

41. Fallacia vittata (Cleve) D.G. Mann (Figs 80, 81) Basionym: Diploneis bioculata var. vittata Cleve. Synonym: Diploneis bioculata Cleve; Navicula vittata (Cleve) Hustedt. Type locality: Ceylon (marine). References: Hustedt 1961–1966. p. 371, fig. 1461; Witkowski et al. 2000. p. 215, pl. 70, fig. 21, pl. 71, figs 15, 16; Hein et al. 2008, p. 56, pl. 28, figs 4, 5. Morphometrics: Valves 18–24 (14–50) μm long, 11–13 (5–18) μm wide, transapical striae 18 (14–24) in 10 μm. Remarks: Fallacia vittata is a marine form occurring in tropical oceans, and is very rare in European regions extending from the Mediterranean to the North Sea (Hustedt 1961–1966). The taxon was rare in the Bahamas (Hein et al. 2008), and occurred frequently along the coast of Baja California Peninsula in Mexico (Siqueiros-Beltronesa et al. 2017). It is a typical subtropical diatom inhabiting warmer coasts. It is very rare as benthic diatoms on the sediments along the Seogwipo coast, and is new to South Korea., Published as part of Joh, Gyeongje, 2021, Distribution and frequent occurrence of diatom taxa (Bacillariophyta) inhabiting warmer oceans in Seogwipo coast of Jeju Island, southernmost Korea, pp. 1-67 in Phytotaxa 517 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.517.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8061058, {"references":["Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom flora of marine coasts I. Iconographia Diatomologica. Vol. 7. A. R. G. Ganter Verlag K. G., Ruggell, 925 pp.","Hein, M. K., Winsborough, B. M. & Sullivan, M. J. (2008) Bacillariophyta (diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica Vol. 19. Gantner Publishing, Ruggell, Germany, 303 pp."]}